Scribd
Upload
68 views1 page

Assessment in Learning 1 - Measures of Central Tendency and Variation

Ready to print and download

Uploaded by

eunagrande
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
68 views1 page

Assessment in Learning 1 - Measures of Central Tendency and Variation

Ready to print and download

Uploaded by

eunagrande
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 1

Measures of Central Tendency and Variation

Central tendency and variation are two measures used in statistics to summarize data. Measure of central
tendency shows where the center or middle of the data set is located, whereas measure of variation shows
the dispersion among data values.

Measures of central tendency Measures of variation

Mean: average of data values, Standard deviation: measure of how much data
values are deviated away from mean.
∑𝑥𝑥 ∑𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥̅ = or 𝜇𝜇 =
𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁
∑(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥̅ )2 ∑(𝑥𝑥−µ)2
(sample* mean) (population** mean) 𝑠𝑠 = � or 𝜎𝜎 = �
𝑛𝑛−1 𝑁𝑁
(sample* standard deviation) (population** standard deviation)
� or 𝝁𝝁 denotes mean; 𝚺𝚺 denotes summation notation; 𝚺𝚺𝒙𝒙
𝒙𝒙
denotes the sum of data values; n or N denotes the
number of values in a sample
Variance: square of the standard deviation.

E.g. Find the standard deviation and variance of following


E.g. Find the mean of following values: {2, 3, 5, 2, 4, 2,}
values: {2, 3, 5, 2, 4, 2,}
Solution:
Solution:
a. Find Σ𝑥𝑥, and n;
a. Compute the mean, 𝑥𝑥 or 𝜇𝜇.
Σ𝑥𝑥 = 2 + 3 + 5 + 2 + 4 + 2 =18; n = 6
∑𝑥𝑥 18 b. Find 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 or 𝑥𝑥 − 𝜇𝜇 for each individual value.
b. 𝑥𝑥̅ = = =3 c. Find the square for each individual value from step b,
𝑛𝑛 6
(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥)2 or (𝑥𝑥 − 𝜇𝜇)2.
d. Calculate the sum of all of the squares, ∑(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥)2 or
∑(𝑥𝑥 − 𝜇𝜇)2.
Median: “middle value” or the average of “middle e. Divide the sum by the number of values, N or n-1.
two values” in a data set when the numbers are f. Compute the square root of the number from step e.
arranged in an order.
Calculating standard deviation
E.g. Find the median of following values: 𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙 − 𝒙𝒙 (𝒙𝒙 − 𝒙𝒙)𝟐𝟐
{2, 3, 5, 2, 4, 2} 2 2-3 = -1 (-1)2 = 1
3 3-3 = 0 (0)2 = 0
Solution: 4 4-3 = 1 (1)2 = 1
a. Sort the numbers in an order (ascending order): 2, 2, 2, Σ(x − x)2 = 2
3, 4, 5 2
b. Compute the average of two middle numbers if the ‘n’ 𝑥𝑥 = 3 | 𝑠𝑠 = � = √1 = 1
3−1
2+3
(n=6) is an even number: = 2.5
2
c. Median is 2.5 Standard deviation, s = 1; Variance, s2 = 1
(NB: If the ‘n’ is an odd number, then find the middle value after
sorting the numbers in an order) Range: difference between the maximum value and
the minimum value in a data set,
Mode: value that occurs with greatest frequency. Range = maximum value – minimum value
E.g. Find the mode of following values: E.g. Find the range of following values: {3, 2, 4}
{2, 3, 5, 2, 4, 2}
Solution: Subtract the lowest value from the biggest value
Solution: Most common number/Mode is 2. = 4-2 = 2
*Sample: Subset of a population; **Population: Entire collection of elements or objects or individuals used in the study.

Reference:
Brase, C. H., and Brase, C. P. (2012). Understandable Statistics: Concepts and Methods (10th ed.). Cengage Learning.

You might also like