CIE119: Principles of Steel Design

Student’s Activity Sheet Module #13

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

Lesson title: Tension Members Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Paper, Pen, Calculator
At the end of the module, you should be able to: References:
1) Define what tension members are. William T. Segui, Steel Design, 4th Ed.,
2) Use LRFD in solving for the allowable tensile load for bolted American Institute of Steel Construction
connections (AISC), Manual of Steel Construction
3) Use ASD in solving for the allowable tensile load for bolted National Structural Code of the
Philippines, 2010 and 2015
connections

“ The pain you feel today will be the

strength you feel tomorrow. “
A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Review (5 mins)

TENSION MEMBERS

❖ Tension members are structural elements that are subjected to axial tensile forces. They are used in
various types of structures and include truss members, bracing for buildings and bridges, cables in
suspended roof systems, and cables in suspension and cable-stayed bridges. Any cross-sectional
configuration may be used, because for any given material, the only determinant of the strength of a
tension member is the cross-sectional area. Circular rods and rolled angle shapes are frequently used.
Built-up shapes, either from plates, rolled shapes, or a combination of plates and rolled shapes, are
sometimes used when large loads must be resisted. The most common built-up configuration is probably
the double angle section.

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #13

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (4 mins)

Review

What I Know Questions: What I Learned

a) What is the formula for stress?
b) From its moments, how will you
know if a member is bent in
reverse curvature?
c) Why does the value of the
magnification factor be greater
than one?
B.MAIN LESSON

Activity 2: Content Notes (60 mins)

TENSION MEMBERS

❖ If the cross-sectional area of a tension member varies

along its length, the stress is a function of the
particular section under consideration. The presence
of holes in a member will influence the stress at a
cross section through the hole or holes. At these
locations, the cross-sectional area will be reduced by
an amount equal to the area removed by the holes.
Tension members are frequently connected at their
ends with bolts. Other tension members are
connected to a gusset plate, which is a connection
element whose purpose is to transfer the load from
the member to a support or to another member.

❖ A tension member can fail by reaching one of two limit

states: excessive deformation or fracture. To prevent
excessive deformation, initiated by yielding, the load
on the gross section must be small enough that the
stress on the gross section is less than the yield
stress Fy. To prevent fracture, the stress on the net
section must be less than the tensile strength Fu. In
each case, the stress P/A must be less than a limiting
stress F
o The nominal strength in yielding is
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔
o The nominal strength in fracture is
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #13

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

❖ LRFD: In load and resistance factor design, the factored tensile load is compared to the design strength.
The design strength is the resistance factor times the nominal strength.
𝑃𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑃𝑛
o Where Pu is the governing combination of factored loads. The resistance factor ∅ is smaller for
fracture than for yielding, reflecting the more serious nature of fracture.
▪ For yielding, ∅ = 0.90, 𝑃𝑢 ≤ 0.90𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔
▪ For fracture, ∅ = 0.75, 𝑃𝑢 ≤ 0.75𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡
o The smaller of these is the design strength of the member.
❖ ASD: In allowable strength design, the total service load is compared to the allowable strength (Allowable
Load):
𝑃𝑛
𝑃𝑎 ≤
Ω
o Where Pa is the required strength (applied load) and Pn/ Ω is the allowable strength. The subscript
“a” indicates the required strength is for “allowable strength design” but you can think of it as
standing for “applied” load.
▪ For yielding of the gross section the safety factor Ω is 1.67, therefore the allowable load is
𝑃𝑛 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔
𝑃𝑎 ≤ = = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔
Ω 1.67
▪ For fracture of the net section the safety factor Ω is 2.00, therefore the allowable load is
𝑃𝑛 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑃𝑎 ≤ = = 0.5𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡
Ω 2
❖ The exact amount of area to be deducted from the gross area to account for the presence of bolt holes
depends on the fabrication procedure. The usual practice is to drill or punch standard holes with a
diameter 1/16 inch larger than the fastened diameter. To account for possible roughness around the
edges of the hole, the AISC requires the addition of 1/16 inch to the actual hole diameter. This amounts
to using an effective hole diameter 1/8 inch larger than the fastener diameter.

STAGGERED CONNECTIONS

❖ If a tension member connection is made with bolts, the net

area will be maximized if the fasteners are placed in a single
line. Sometimes space limitations such as limit on dimension
necessitate using more than one line. If so, the reduction in
cross-sectional area is minimized if the fasteners are
arranged in a staggered pattern, as shown. Sometimes
staggered fasteners are required by the geometry of a
connection. In either case, any cross section passing
through holes will pass through fewer holes than if the
fasteners are not staggered.
❖ If the amount of stagger is small enough, the influence of an
offset hole may be felt by a nearby cross section, and
fracture along an inclined path such as abcd is possible.
Several approximate methods have been proposed to
account for the effects of staggered holes. Cochrane

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #13

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

proposed that when deducting the area corresponding to a staggered hole, use a reduced diameter given
by
𝑠2
𝑑′ = 𝑑 −
4𝑔
o Where d is the hole diameter, s is the stagger or pitch of the bolts (spacing in the direction of the
load), and g is the gage (transverse spacing).
❖ The AISC specification uses this approach, but in a modified form. If the net area is treated as the product
of a thickness times a net width, and the reduced diameter is used for all holes, the net width in a failure
line consisting of both staggered and unstaggered holes is
𝑠2 𝑠2
𝑤𝑛 = 𝑤𝑔 − ∑ 𝑑 ′ = 𝑤𝑔 − ∑ (𝑑 − ) = 𝑤𝑔 − ∑ 𝑑 + ∑
4𝑔 4𝑔
𝑠2
𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑤𝑛 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑡 (𝑤𝑔 − ∑ 𝑑 + ∑ )
4𝑔
BLOCK SHEAR

❖ For certain connection configurations, a segment or “block” of material at the end of the member can tear
out. For certain arrange of bolts, block shear can also occur in gusset plate. In this connection, block
shear could occur in both the gusset plate and the tension member. For the gusset plate, tension failure
would be along the transverse section, and shear failure would occur on two longitudinal surfaces.

❖ The model used in AISC assumes that failure occurs by rupture (fracture) on the shear area and rupture
on the tension area. Both surfaces contribute to the total strength and the resistance to block shear will
be the sum of the strengths of the two surfaces. The shear rupture stress is taken as 60% of the tensile
ultimate stress, so the nominal strength in shear is 0.6FuA v and the nominal strength in tension is FuA T
where Av is the net area along the shear surface or surfaces and A T is the net area along the tension
surface
𝑅𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑣 + 𝐹𝑢 𝐴 𝑇
❖ For LRFD, the resistance factor ∅ is 0.75, and for ASD, the safety factor Ω is 2.00. Recall that these are
the factors used for the fracture or rupture limit state, and block shear is rupture limit state.

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #13

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

Tension Members
Tensile Load – Yielding (based on gross area)
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔
Where: Gross Area, Ag = width of the plate x thickness of the plate = w x t
Tensile Load – Fracture (based on net area)
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛
Where: Net Area, An = (width of the plate – width of holes) x thickness of the plate

𝐴𝑛 = (𝑤 − ∑ 𝑑ℎ )(𝑡)

Tensile Load – Bolt Shear

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣 𝐴𝑣 = 0.6𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑣
Where: Bolt Area, Av = Area of bolts x number of bolts
𝜋
𝐴𝑣 = (𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 )2 (𝑛)(𝑐)
4

If double shear, c = 2. If single shear, c = 1.

Tensile Load – Bearing
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑝 𝐴𝑏
Where: Bolt Area, Ab = Area of plate subjected to bearing stress from the bolts.
𝐴𝑏 = (𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 )(𝑡)(𝑛)
Tensile Load – Block Shear
𝑃 = 0.6𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑣 + 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑡
Allowable Tensile Load – ASD
𝑷𝒏
𝑷𝒂 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 Ω = 1.67 for yielding and Ω = 2.00 for fracture
𝛀
Factored Tensile Load – LRFD
𝑷𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑷𝒏 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ∅ = 0.90 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅ = 0.75 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

Staggered Riveted Connections

Net Area
𝑠2
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = (𝑤𝑔 − ∑ 𝑑 + ∑ )
4𝑔
Where: S = longitudinal (vertical) center to center spacing of any consecutive holes.
g = transverse (horizontal) center to center spacing (gage) between fastener gage lines.

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #13

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Situation 1
From the bolted connection shown, the diameter of bolts is 18 mm with
the hole diameter equal to 3mm larger than the bolt diameter, the
angular section is 100x75x8mm, with an area of 1340 mm^2. Thickness
of gusset plate is 9 mm. the gusset plate and the angle are A36 steel
with Fy=250 MPa. Fu= 400 MPa. Use ASD.

1. Determine the tensile capacity of the connection based on gross

area.
2. Determine the tensile capacity of the connection based on
effective net area using a reduction factor of 0.85.
3. Determine the tensile capacity of the connection based on block
shear strength.

Tensile capacity of the section based on gross area

Tensile capacity based on block shear
T = 0.60Fy Ag 𝑇 = 0.5(0.6𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑣 + 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑡 )
T= 0.6(250)(1340) 𝑇 = 0.3𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑣 + 0.5𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑡
T= 201000 N 𝐴𝑣 = (256.25 − 3(21) − 10.5)(8)
𝐴𝑣 = 1462 𝑚𝑚2
Ta= 201 N
𝐴𝑡 = (37.5-10.5)(8)
Tensile capacity of the section based on net area 𝐴𝑡 = 216 𝑚𝑚2

T = 0.50Fu Anet 𝑇 = 0.3(400)(1462) + 0.5(400)(216)

dh =18+3=21mm 𝑇 = 0.3(400)(1462) + 0.5(400)(216)
An = (100 − 21)(8) 𝑻𝒂 = 𝟐𝟏𝟖. 𝟔𝟒 𝑲𝑵
An = 632 𝑚𝑚2
T = 0.50Fu Anet
T = 0.50(400)(0.85)(632)
𝐓𝐚 = 𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝟒𝟒 𝐊𝐍

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #13

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Situation 2
Two plates each with thickness t= 16 mm are bolted
together with 6-22mm bolts forming a lap connection.
Bolt spacing are as follows: S1=40 mm, S2=80 mm,
S3=100 mm. Bolt hole diameter= 25mm
Shear stress of the bolt: Fv=120 MPa
Bearing stress of the bolt: Fp=1.2Fu

Calculate the permissible tensile load P under the

following conditions using ASD.
1. Based on shear capacity of bolts.
2. Based on bearing capacity of bolts.
3. Based on block shear.

P
Fv =
A
𝑃 = 𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 (n)(Fv ) 𝑃 = 0.3𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑣 + 0.5𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑡
𝜋
𝑃 = (22)2 (6)(120) 𝐴𝑣 = (200 − 25 − 25 − 12.5)(16)(2)
4 𝐴𝑣 = 4400 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑡
𝐴𝑡 = 1200 𝑚𝑚2

𝑃 = 0.3(400)(4400) + 0.5(400)(1200)
𝑃 = 768000 𝑁
𝑃 = 768 𝐾𝑁

𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 (n)

P
Fp =
A
𝑃 = 𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑡Fp

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #13

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

𝑃 = 0.3𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑣 + 0.5𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑡
𝐴𝑣 = (200 − 25 − 25 − 12.5)(16)
𝐴𝑣 = 2200 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑡
𝐴𝑡 = 1640 𝑚𝑚2

𝑃 = 0.3(400)(2200) + 0.5(400)(1640)
𝑃 = 592000 𝑁
𝑃 = 592 𝐾𝑁

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Situation 3
A staggered riveted connection has rivets arranged as shown. Diameter
of rivets is 28 mm. diameter of holes is assumed to be 2 mm larger than
the rivet.
1. Determine the distance “b” so that the net area in 1-2-3-4 is
equal to the net area in 1-2-4.
2. Using the computed “b”, solve for the net width.
3. What is the maximum tensile force P that the riveted
connection could carry if the allowable tensile stress is 0.6Fy?
(60−𝑏)2
4(180)

𝑏2 (60−𝑏)2
360 4(180)

452 𝑏2 602 (60−81.99)2

+ +
4(90) 4(90) 4(90) 4(180)
𝑏2
360
𝑏2
360

452 (60−𝑏)2
+ = 0.6𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝐹𝑦 = 272.31(10)(0.6)(248)
4(90) 4(180)
(60−𝑏)2
4(180)

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 CIE096: Professional Integration 4 for CE (Design
CIE119: and Construction)
Principles of Steel Design
Teacher’s
Student’s ActivityGuide
SheetModule
Module#9 #13

Name: ______________________________________________________
Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class
Classnumber:
number:_______
______
Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________
Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________
Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (30 mins)
Problem 9.3
Practice Problem 1 (Use ASD)
Refer to the figure. The butt connection shows 8-22 mm diameter A325 bolts spaced as follows:
S1 = 40 mm, S2 = 80 mm, Allowable tensile stress on the gross area =
S3 = 50 mm, S4 = 100 mm 0.6Fy
Thickness of plates (top / bottom), t1=12 mm Allowable tensile stress on the net area =
Thickness of plates (middle), t2=16 mm 0.5Fu
Yield Strength, Fy = 248 MPa Bearing stress on projected area, Fp = 1.5 Fu
Ultimate Strength, Fu = 400 MPa Allowable bolt shear stress, Fv = 120 MPa

a) Calculate the allowable tensile load, T(kN) based on tension on the gross area of the plate.
b) Calculate the allowable tensile load, T(kN) based on tension on the net area of the plate. Assume the
hole diameter is 3mm more than the bolt diameter.
c) Calculate the allowable tensile load, T(kN) based on bolt shear.
d) Calculate the allowable tensile load, T(kN) based on tension on the bearing on the projected area of
the plate.
Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (6 mins)

Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Question: Try to solve the sample problems and practice problems using LRFD.

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #13

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)
1) What is the most important thing that you have learned today?
2) Which part of today’s lesson do want to learn more about?
3) What topic was difficult for you to understand?

FAQs

1) What is the difference in computational effort for the two different approaches?
a. Regardless of the method used, the two nominal strengths must be computed. With LRFD, the
nominal strengths are multiplied by resistance factors. With ASD, the nominal strengths are
divided by load factors. Up to this point, the number of steps is the same. The difference in effort
between the two methods involves the load side of the relationship. In LRFD, the loads are
factored before adding. In ASD, in most cases, the loads are simply added. Therefore, for tension
members, LRFD requires slightly more computation.

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #14

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

Lesson title: Connections (Part 1) Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Paper, Pen, Calculator
At the end of the module, you should be able to: References:
1) Define what welded connections are. William T. Segui, Steel Design, 4th Ed.,
2) Use LRFD in solving for the allowable tensile load for welded American Institute of Steel Construction
connections (AISC), Manual of Steel Construction
3) Use ASD in solving for the allowable tensile load for welded National Structural Code of the
Philippines, 2010 and 2015
connections

“ Make your life a masterpiece; imagine no

limitations on what you can be, have, or do. “
A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Review (5 mins)

WELDED CONNECTIONS

❖ Structural welding is a process whereby the parts to be connected are heated and fused, with
supplementary molten metal added to the joint. For example, the tension member lap joint can be
constructed by welding across the ends of both connected parts. A relatively small depth of material
will become molten and upon cooling, the structural steel and the weld metal will act as one
continuous part where they are joined. The additional metal, sometimes referred to as filler metal, is
deposited from a special electrode which is part of an electrical circuit that includes the connected
part, or base metal. In the shielded metal arc welding process, current arcs across a gap between
the electrode and base metal, heating the connected part and depositing part of the electrode into
the molten base metal. A special coating on the electrode vaporizes and forms a protective gaseous
shield, preventing the molten weld metal from oxidizing before it solidifies. The electrode is moved
across the joint, and a weld bead is deposited, its size depending on the rate of travel of the electrode.
As the weld cools, impurities rise to the surface, forming a coating called slag that must be removed
before the member is painted or another pass is made with the electrode.

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #14

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (4 mins)

Review

What I Know Questions: What I Learned

a) What is welding?
b) What is the effective area being
considered in the shear capacity
of the weld.
c) What is the factors used in ASD
and LRFD?

B.MAIN LESSON

Activity 2: Content Notes (70 mins)

FILLET WELDS

❖ The design any analysis of fillet welds is based on

the assumption that the cross section of the weld is a
45º right triangle. Any reinforcement or penetration is
neglected. The size of a fillet weld is denoted w and
is the length of one of the two equal sides of this
idealized cross section. Standard weld sizes are
specified in increments of 1/16 inch. Although a
length of fillet weld can be loaded in any direction in
shear, compression, or tension, a fillet weld is
weakest in shear and is always assumed to fail in this
mode. Specifically, failure is assumed to occur in
shear on a plane through the throat of the weld. For
fillet welds made with the shielded metal arc process,
the throat is the perpendicular distance from the
corner, or root, of the weld to the hypotenuse and is
equal to 0.707 times the size of the weld.

𝑃
𝑓𝑣 =
0.707𝑤𝐿
o Where fv = critical shearing stress, P = load the weld is subjected to, L = length of weld, and w =
weld size. If the weld ultimate shearing stress is used in this equation, the nominal load capacity
of the weld can be written as:
𝑅𝑛 = 0.707𝑤𝐿𝐹𝑣
▪ Where Fv = 0.6 Fu

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #14

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

❖ Types of Welds
o Groove or Butt Welds
▪ The use of groove welds is to connect
structural members that are aligned in the
same plane. The weld should have the same
strength as the pieces joined since groove
welds are intended to transmit the full load of
the members they join. Backing plate is
needed under the weld to prevent droplets of
metals.
o Plug and Slot Welds
▪ Slot and plug welds are principally used to
transmit shear in a lap joint when the size of
the connection limits the size of the available
for fillet or other edge welds.
o Tee Welding Joint
▪ Tee welding joints are formed when two members
intersect at a 90° angle which makes the edges come
together in the center of a plate or component. Tee
Joints are considered a type of fillet weld, and can also
be made when a pipe or tube is welded onto a base
plate. Extra care is required to ensure effective
penetration into the roof of the weld.
o Lap Weld
▪ Lap welding joints are used most often to joint two
pieces with differing thicknesses together. Also
considered a fillet type, the weld can be made on one
or both sides. A Lap Joint is formed when 2 pieces
are placed in an over lapping pattern on top of each
other.
o Edge Weld
▪ Edge welding Joints are often applied to sheet metal
parts that have flanging edges or are placed at a
location where a weld must be made to attach to
adjacent pieces. Being a groove type weld, Edge
Joints, the pieces are set side by side and welded on
the same edge. For heavier applications filler metal is
added to melt or fuse the edge completely and to
reinforce the plate

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #14

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

❖ Summary of Formulas (from previous module)

Allowable Tensile Load – Yielding (based on gross area)
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔
Where: Gross Area, Ag = width of the plate x thickness of the plate = w x t
Allowable Tensile Load – Fracture (based on net area)
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒 = 𝐹𝑢 𝑈𝐴𝑔
Allowable Tensile Load – Block Shear
𝑃𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑣 + 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑡
Allowable Tensile Load – Shear Capacity
𝑃𝑛 = (0.707𝑡)(0.6𝐹𝑢 )(𝐿)
Allowable Tensile Load – ASD
𝑷𝒏
𝑷𝒂 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 Ω = 1.67 for yielding and Ω = 2.00 for fracture
𝛀
Factored Tensile Load – LRFD
𝑷𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑷𝒏 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ∅ = 0.90 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅ = 0.75 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Situation 1
The 150mmx18mm plate is welded to a 300mmx18mm plate
by a 10mm fillet weld. The steel is A36 and the electrode was
E70 (SMAW). Use ASD
For welding: For steel plate:
Fu=438.8 MPa Fy=250MPa
Fu=400 MPa

1. Determine the tensile load of the welded lap joint based

on shear capacity of fillet weld.
2. Determine the tensile load of the welded lap joint based
on gross area of plate.
3. Determine the tensile load of the welded lap joint based
on net area of the plate using U=0.85.
4. Determine the tensile load of the welded lap joint based
on block shear.

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Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

𝑇 = 0.707𝑡𝐿(0.30)𝐹𝑢 𝑇 = 0.60𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

𝑇 = 𝐴𝑣 𝐹𝑣 + 𝐴𝑡 𝐹𝑡
𝑇 = 0.50𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒 𝐴𝑣 = 125(2)(18)
𝐴𝑣 = 4500 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑡 = 150(18)
𝐴𝑡 = 2700 𝑚𝑚^2

𝑇 = 4500(0.3)(400) + 2700(0.5)(400)

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Situation 2
A 76mm x 76mm x 6mm angular section shown is welded to
an 8-mm thick gusset plate. Steel is A36 with Fy=248 MPa,
Fu= 400MPa. The electrode used is E60 with Fu= 414 MPa.
The length L1 is 65mm, the length L2 is 125 mm and the
cross-sectional area of the angle is 926 mm^2. Use ASD.
2
Allowable stresses according to NSCP.
Tension on gross area, Ft=0.60Fy
Tension on net area, Ft=0.50Fu
Shear on net area, Fv=0.30Fu

1. Determine the tensile load of the welded lap joint based on shear capacity of fillet weld.
2. Determine the tensile load of the welded lap joint based on gross area of plate.
3. Determine the tensile load of the welded lap joint based on net area of the plate using U=0.85.
4. Determine the tensile load of the welded lap joint based on block shear.

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Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

𝑇 = 0.707𝑡𝐿(0.30)𝐹𝑢 𝑇 = 0.50𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒

𝑇 = 𝐴𝑣 𝐹𝑣 + 𝐴𝑡 𝐹𝑡
𝑇 = 0.60𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 𝐴𝑣 = (65 + 125)(8)
𝐴𝑣 = 1520 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑡 = 76(8)
𝐴𝑡 = 608𝑚𝑚^2

𝑇 = 1520(0.3)(400) + 608(0.5)(400)

Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (20 mins)

Practice Problem 1 (Use ASD)

The angle 150x100x10 mm is connected to the gusset plate. The size of weld is 8 mm and using E70
electrodes. The load is acting at the center of gravity of the angle. (Use ASD)

a) Determine the required length of the weld required at the toe of the angle.
b) Determine the required length of the weld required at the heel of the angle.

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Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (6 mins)

Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Question: Try to solve the sample problems and practice problems using LRFD.

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)
1) What is the most important thing that you have learned today?
2) Which part of today’s lesson do want to learn more about?
3) What topic was difficult for you to understand?

FAQs

1) In choosing which safe load will govern? Do you choose the largest or smallest?
a. If you choose the largest load, the bolted or welded connection will fail considering the other
stresses. Therefore, choose the smallest load.
2) What’s the most common error committed in solving problems involving bolted/welded connections.
a. You have to remember to consider if the bolted/welded connection is under single shear or double
shear. Sometimes, its condition, whether if it is single shear or double shear, is not mentioned,
you have to infer that from the given cross section in the problem. Also, check the area that you
are considering, since each stress has their respective areas to be considered. Know the basic
principles of stress so you can visualize the different stresses easier.

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #15

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

Lesson title: Connections (Part 2) Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Paper, Pen, Calculator
At the end of the module, you should be able to: References:
1) Define what eccentrically loaded bolted connections are. William T. Segui, Steel Design, 4th Ed.,
2) Identify the most critical rivet under eccentrically loaded American Institute of Steel Construction
conditions. (AISC), Manual of Steel Construction
3) Calculate the maximum shearing stress in eccentrically National Structural Code of the
Philippines, 2010 and 2015
loaded bolted connections.

“ Let your hopes, not your hurts, shape

your future. “
A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Review (5 mins)

ECCENTRICALLY LOADED CONNECTIONS

❖ An eccentric connection is one in which the resultant of the applied loads does not pass through the
center of gravity of the fasteners or welds. If the connection has a plane of symmetry, the centroid of
the shear area of the fasteners or welds may be used as the reference point, and the perpendicular
distance from the line of action of the load to the centroid is called the eccentricity. Although a majority
of connections are probably loaded eccentrically, in many cases the eccentricity is small and may be
neglected.

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #15

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (4 mins)

Review

What I Know Questions: What I Learned

a) What does an eccentrical load
mean?
b) What is the formula for the polar
moment of inertia?
c) How do we get the moment
(couplet) for eccentrical loads?

B.MAIN LESSON

Activity 2: Content Notes (90 mins)

ECCENTRICALLY LOADED BOLTED CONNECTIONS

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Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

❖ The framed beam connection shown in (figure a) is a typical eccentric connection. This connection, in
either bolted or welded form, is commonly used to connect beams to columns. Although the eccentricities
in this type of connection are small and can sometimes be neglected, they do exist and are used here for
illustration. There are actually two different connections involved: the attachment of the beam to the
framing angles and the attachment of the angles to the column. These connections illustrate the two
basic categories of eccentric connections: those causing only shear in the fasteners or welds, and those
causing both shear and tension.
❖ If the beams and angles are considered separately from the column as shown in (figure b) it is clear that
the reaction R acts at an eccentricity e from the centroid of the areas of the fasteners in the beam web.
These fasteners are thus subjected to both a shearing force and a couple that lies in the plane of the
connection and causes torsional shearing stress.
❖ If the column and the angles are isolated from the beam as shown in (figure c) it is clear that the fasteners
in the column flange are subjected to the reaction R acting at an eccentricity e from the plane of the
fasteners, producing the same couple as before. In this case, however, the load is not in the plane of the
fasteners, so the couple will tend to put the upper part of the connection in tension and compress the
lower part. The fasteners at the top of the connection will therefore be subjected to both shear and
tension.
❖ Although we used a bolted connection here for illustration, welded connections can be similarly
categorized as either shear only or shear plus tension.
❖ The fastener shear areas and the load are shown separate from the column and bracket plate. The
eccentric load P can be replaced with a same load acting at the centroid plus the couplet, M = Pe, where
e is the eccentricity. If this replacement is made, the load will be concentric, and each fastener can be
assumed to resist an equal share of the load, given
𝑃
𝑃𝑑 =
𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠
❖ The fastener forces resulting from the couple can be found by considering the shearing stress in fasteners
to be the result of torsion of a cross section made up of the cross-sectional areas of the fasteners. If such
an assumption is made, the shearing stress in each fastener can be found from the torsion formula
𝑀𝑟
𝑓𝑣 =
𝐽
o Where:
▪ r= distance from the centroid of the area to the point where the stress is being computed.
In some references, “r” is denoted by “d”.
▪ J= polar moment of inertia of the area about the centroid.
o And the stress fv is perpendicular to r. Although the torsion formula is applicable only to right
circular cylinders, its use here is conservative, yielding stresses that are somewhat larger than
the actual stresses.

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #15

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #15

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

❖ If the parallel-axis theorem is used and the polar moment of inertia of each circular area about its own
centroid is neglected, J for the total area can be approximated as

𝐽 = ∑ 𝐴𝑑 2
𝑀𝑟
❖ Provided all fasteners have the same area, A. We can also write 𝑓𝑣 = . And the shear force in each
∑ 𝐴𝑑2
𝑀𝑟
couple is 𝑃𝑚 = 𝐴𝑓𝑣 = 𝐴(∑ .
𝐴𝑑 2
𝑀𝑟𝑦 𝑀𝑟𝑦
𝑃𝑚𝑥 = 2
=
∑𝑑 ∑(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

𝑀𝑟𝑥 𝑀𝑟𝑥
𝑃𝑚𝑦 = =
∑ 𝑑 2 ∑(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

2
𝑃𝑚 = √(𝑃𝑚𝑥 )2 + (𝑃𝑚𝑦 )

𝑃𝑚
𝑓𝑣 =
𝐴
oWhere x and y is the distance of each rivet or bolt or fastener in y-direction or in x-direction to the
centroid of the group of rivet or bolt. While rx and ry is the distance of the bolt/rivet that we are
solving for in x-direction and y-direction to the centroid of the group of bolt or rivet.
❖ The maximum shear load will be given by:
𝟐
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = √(𝑷𝒅𝒙 + 𝑷𝒎𝒙 )𝟐 + (𝑷𝒅𝒚 + 𝑷𝒎𝒚 )

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Situation 1
From the figure shown, diameter = 22 mm,
determine the following:

1. Shear stress due to load alone.

2. Most critical rivet
3. Shear stress due to moment
4. Maximum shear stress

Solution
Shear stress due to load alone

𝑃 160𝑘𝑁 1000 𝑁
𝑃𝑑 = = = 26.667 𝑘𝑁 𝑥
𝑛 6 1 𝑘𝑁

𝑃𝑑 = 26 667𝑁
𝑃𝑑 26 667
𝑓𝑣 = =𝜋 𝒇𝒗 = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐴 (22)2
4

Most critical rivet

The most critical rivet is the most stressed rivet among the group of rivets shown. In the figure the most critical rivet
is rivet number 6 for most of its force resist the load P or in opposition with the direction of our torque.

Shear due to moment

M=160(3/5)(300)-160(4/5)(200)

M=3200 KN-mm
∑(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 902 (6) + 1002 (4) = 88600𝑚𝑚2
𝑀𝑟𝑦 3200(100)
𝑃𝑚𝑥 = 2 2 = = 3.61 𝐾𝑁
∑(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 88600
𝑀𝑟𝑥 3200(90)
𝑃𝑚𝑦 = = = 3.25𝐾𝑁
∑(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 88600
2 + 𝑃2 =√ 3.612 + 3.252 =4.86 KN
𝑃𝑚 = √𝑃𝑚𝑥 𝑚𝑦

𝑃𝑚 4.86𝑥103
𝑓𝑣 = = 𝜋 = 12.79 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴 (22)2
4

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Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

Maximum shear stress

4
160 ( )
Pdx = 5 = 21.33
6
3
160 ( )
Pdy = 5 = 16
6

2
Pmax = √(Pdx + Pmx )2 + (Pdy + Pmy )

Pmax = √(21.33 + 3.61)2 + (16 + 3.25)2

Pmax = 31.51

𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 31.51𝑥103
𝑓𝑣 = = 𝜋 = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟖𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐴 (22)2
4

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Situation 2
The angular section has a thickness of 8 mm and both
angle and the column are A36 steel, Fy= 250 MPa and
Fu= 400 MPa. Bolt diameter is 22 mm A325 high
strength bolts in standard holes. Assume that the angle
and column are adequate. Diameter of hole is 3 mm
greater than the bolt diameter.

Allowable shearing stress of bolts = 145 MPa

1. Determine the max reaction of bolt “a”.

2. Determine the reaction of the most stressed
rivet.
3. Determine the ratio of the actual to the allowable
shearing stress of the most stressed bolt.

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Solution
Max Reaction at bolt “a”

0
𝑃𝑑𝑥 = =0
4
38
𝑃𝑑𝑦 = = 9.5 𝐾𝑁
4

M=38(325)=12350 N-mm

∑(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 68.752 (2) + 142.752 (2) = 50781.25 𝑚𝑚2

𝑀𝑟𝑦 12350(0)
𝑃𝑚𝑥 = = = 0
∑(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 50781.25
𝑀𝑟𝑥 12350(68.75)
𝑃𝑚𝑦 = 2 2 = = 16.72 𝐾𝑁
∑(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 50781.25

Pmax@a = √(0 + 0)2 + (9.5 + 16.72)2

Pmax@a = 26.22 KN
Or
Pmax@a = 16.72 + 9.5
𝑃𝒎𝒙 =
Pmax@a = 26.22 KN
𝑃𝒎𝒚
𝒅𝒚
Max Reaction at the most stressed bolt.

𝑀𝑟𝑦 12350(0)
𝑃𝑚𝑥 = = = 0
∑(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 50781.25
𝑀𝑟𝑥 12350(143.75)
𝑃𝑚𝑦 = 2 2 = = 34.96 𝐾𝑁
∑(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 50781.25
Pmax = 34.96 + 9.5
Pmax = 44.46 KN
Ratio of the actual to the allowable shearing stress of the most stressed bolt

Pmax 44.46x103
𝑓𝑣 = = π = 116.96 𝑀𝑃𝑎
A (222 )
4
𝟏𝟏𝟔.𝟗𝟔
Ratio= = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏
𝟏𝟒𝟓

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Situation 3
The bracket shown is attached with 3-19 mm bolts
arranged in an equilateral triangle layout. A force is
applied with a moment are 500 mm measured to the
centroid of the bolt group. The maximum shear stress in
the bolts is limited to 100 MPa

1. Determine the polar moment of inertia of a bolt

about the centroid
2. Determine the maximum force P that the
connection can support
3. Determine the torsional shear stress of each bolt

Solution
𝟐
𝒓 = (𝟐𝟑𝟎)
𝟑

𝒙𝟐 = (𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟑𝟑)𝟐 − (𝟕𝟔. 𝟔𝟕)𝟐

∑(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 132.782 (2) + 76.672 (2) + 153.32 (1) = 70527.7 𝑚𝑚2

𝑀𝑟𝑦 500𝑃(76.67)
𝑃𝑚𝑥 = ∑(𝑥 2 = = 0.544𝑃 𝐾𝑁
+𝑦 2 ) 70527.7
𝑀𝑟𝑥 500𝑃(132.78)
𝑃𝑚𝑦 = 2 2
= = 0.941𝑃 𝐾𝑁
∑(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 70527.7

Pdx = 0 𝑃 𝒎𝒙 𝑃𝒎𝒙
𝑃 𝑃𝒎𝒚
Pdy =
3
2
Pmax = √(Pdx + Pmx )2 + (Pdy + Pmy )
2 𝑃𝒎𝒙
𝑃
Pmax = √(0 + 0.544𝑃)2 + ( + 0.941𝑃)
3
Pmax = 1.385 P

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Pmax
𝑓𝑣 =
A
1.385P
100 = π
(19)2
4

2
Pm = √(Pmx )2 + (Pmy )

Pm = √(0.544𝑃 )2 + (0.941𝑃)2
Pm = √(0.544(20.471) )2 + (0.941(20.471))2
Pm = 22.25 KN
Pm 22.25𝑥103
𝑓𝑣 = = π = 78.48 𝑀𝑃𝑎
A (19)2
4
Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (6 mins)

Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Question: Make a step-by-step procedure on how to calculate the maximum shearing stress experienced by
eccentrically loaded bolted connections.

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)
1) What is the most important thing that you have learned today?
2) Which part of today’s lesson do want to learn more about?
3) What topic was difficult for you to understand?

FAQs
1) How to find for the most critical rivet?
a. It is the rivet which gives the most amount of force resisting the torque. Also, it is called Maximum
shear force in bracket connections.

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #16

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

Lesson title: Connections (Part 3) Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Paper, Pen, Calculator
At the end of the module, you should be able to: References:
1) Define what eccentrically loaded welded connections are. William T. Segui, Steel Design, 4th Ed.,
2) Identify the most critical weld under eccentrically loaded American Institute of Steel Construction
conditions. (AISC), Manual of Steel Construction
3) Calculate the maximum shearing stress in eccentrically National Structural Code of the
Philippines, 2010 and 2015
loaded welded connections.

“ We must accept finite disappointment,

but never lose infinite HOPE “
A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Review (5 mins)

ECCENTRICALLY LOADED CONNECTIONS

❖ An eccentric connection is one in which the resultant of the applied loads does not pass through the
center of gravity of the fasteners or welds. If the connection has a plane of symmetry, the centroid of
the shear area of the fasteners or welds may be used as the reference point, and the perpendicular
distance from the line of action of the load to the centroid is called the eccentricity. Although a majority
of connections are probably loaded eccentrically, in many cases the eccentricity is small and may be
neglected.

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #16

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (4 mins)

Review

What I Know Questions: What I Learned

a) What are the two shear forces to
be considered when dealing with
eccentrically loaded connections?
b) What is the most critical
connection when dealing with
eccentrically loaded connections?

B.MAIN LESSON

Activity 2: Content Notes (90 mins)

ECCENTRICALLY LOADED WELDED CONNECTIONS

❖ Eccentric welded connections are analyzed in much the same way as bolted connections, except that
unit lengths of weld replace individual fasteners in the computations.

❖ The load bracket shown may be considered to act in the plane of the weld- that is, the plane of the throat.
If this slight approximation is made, the load will be resisted by the area of weld. Computations are
simplified, however, if a unit throat dimension is used. The calculated load can then be multiplied by 0.707
time the weld size to obtain the actual load.
❖ An eccentric load in the plane of the weld subjects the weld to both direct shear and torsional shear.
Since all elements of the weld receive an equal portion of the direct shear, the direct shear stress is

𝑃 𝑃𝑑𝑥 =
𝑃𝑥 𝑃𝑦
𝑃𝑑 = 𝐿 𝑃𝑑𝑦 =
𝐿 𝐿
o Where L is the total length of the weld and numerically equals to the shear area, because a unit
throat size has been assumed.
o Where 𝑃𝑑𝑥 and 𝑃𝑑𝑦 are the x- and y- components of the applied load.

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Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

❖ The shearing stress can be found from the torsion formula just like in bolted connections.
𝑀𝑟
𝑓𝑣 =
𝐽
o Where:
▪ r= distance from the centroid of the area to the point where the stress is being computed.
In some references, “r” is denoted by “d”.
▪ J= polar moment of inertia of the area about the centroid.

𝐽 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦
𝐿2
𝐽 = ∑ 𝐿( + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
12

o Where:
▪ L = length of each weld
▪ x= distance of the center of gravity of each weld to the centroid of the whole weld along
the x-direction.
▪ y= distance of the center of gravity of each weld to the centroid of the whole weld along
the y-direction.
o Combining all of these, we would get
𝑀𝑟𝑦 𝑀𝑟𝑦
𝑃𝑚𝑥 = =
𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦 ∑ 𝐿2
𝐿( + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
12
𝑀𝑟𝑥 𝑀𝑟𝑥
𝑃𝑚𝑦 = =
𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦 ∑ 𝐿2
𝐿(12 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

2
𝑃𝑚 = √(𝑃𝑚𝑥 )2 + (𝑃𝑚𝑦 )

𝑃𝑚
𝑓𝑣 =
𝑡𝑒
❖ The maximum shearing load can be easily obtained using Pythagorean theorem and addition of the
respective x and y components of the resulting loads.
𝟐
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = √(𝑷𝒅𝒙 + 𝑷𝒎𝒙 )𝟐 + (𝑷𝒅𝒚 + 𝑷𝒎𝒚 )

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #16

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Situation 1
The plate is connected to the column using 8mm fillet welds.

1. Shear stress due to load alone

2. Shear stress due to moment
3. Maximum shear stress

Solution

𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
𝑓𝑣 = = =
𝐴 𝑡𝑒 𝐿 0.707𝑡𝐿
𝑃
𝑓𝑣 =
140000 0.707𝑡𝐿
𝑓𝑣 =
0.707(8)(250 + 250) 𝑃 140000 𝑁
𝑃𝑑 = = = 280
𝒇𝒗 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟓𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝐿 250 + 250 𝑚𝑚
𝑃𝑑 280
𝑓𝑣 = =
0.707𝑡 0.707(8)

𝒇𝒗 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟓𝟎𝟒 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝐿2 2502
𝐽 = ∑ 𝐿( + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 250 ( + 02 + 1002 ) (2) = 7604177.67 mm^3
12 12
𝑀𝑟𝑦 59500(1000)(100) 250
𝑃𝑚𝑥 = = 𝑀𝑟𝑥 59500(1000) ( )
𝐿2 7604166.67 𝑃 = = 2
∑𝐿( + 𝑥 +𝑦 )2 2 𝑚𝑦
12 𝐿2 7604166.67
∑ 𝐿 ( + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2)
12
𝑁
𝑃𝑚𝑥 = 782.47 𝑁
𝑚𝑚 𝑃𝑚𝑦 = 978.08
𝑚𝑚

2 + 𝑃2 2 2
𝑃𝑚 = √𝑃𝑚𝑥 𝑚𝑦 √ 782.47 + 978.08 = 1258.52 N/mm

𝑃𝑚 1258.56
𝑓𝑣 = = = 222.51 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑡𝑒 0.707(8)

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #16

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

𝑃𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵
𝑃𝒅𝒚 = = 𝟐𝟖𝟎
𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎

2
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √(𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑚𝑥 )2 + (𝑃𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃𝑚𝑦 )

𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √(0 + 782.47)2 + (280 + 978.08)2

𝑁
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1481.56
𝑚𝑚
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 141.56
𝑓𝑣 = = = 𝟐𝟔𝟏. 𝟗𝟓𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑡𝑒 0.707(8)

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Situation 2
Two framing angles are welded to the web of a wide flange using A36 steel (Fy=250 MPa) and E70 electrodes
Fu= 485 MPa.

1. Determine the polar moment of inertia of the group of welds.

2. Determine the fillet weld size for the connection shown.

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #16

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

Solution

𝐴1 = 63.5(1)(2)
𝐴1 = 125
𝐴2 = 300(1)
𝐴2 = 300
𝐴𝑥̅ = 𝐴1 𝑥1 + 𝐴2 𝑥2
62.5
425𝑥̅ = 125( ) + 300(0)
2
𝑥̅ = 9.19 𝑚𝑚
𝐿2
𝐽 = ∑ 𝐿( + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
12
2
62.52 62.5 2
3002
𝐽 = 62.5(2) ( +( − 9.19) + 150 ) + 300( + 9.192 + 02 )
12 2 12
𝐽 = 5189357.384 mm3

400 KN

200 KN 200 KN

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #16

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

𝑃𝒅𝒙
𝑃𝒅𝒚

𝑃𝒎𝒚

𝑃𝒅𝒙

𝑃𝒅𝒚
𝑃𝒎𝒚

𝑀𝑟𝑦 13162000(150) 𝑁
𝑃𝑚𝑥 = = = 380.45
𝐿2 5189357.384 𝑚𝑚
∑ 𝐿( + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
12
𝑀𝑟𝑥 13162000(62.5−9.19) 𝑁
𝑃𝑚𝑦 = 𝐿2
= = 135.21
∑ 𝐿( +𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ) 5189357.384 𝑚𝑚
12 𝑃𝒅𝒙 =
𝑃𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
200000 𝑁
𝑃𝑑𝑦 = = 470.588
300+62.5+62.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑃𝒅𝒚 =
2
Pmax = √(Pdx + Pmx )2 + (Pdy + Pmy )

Pmax = √(0 + 380.45)2 + (470.588 + 135.21)2

𝑃𝒎𝒚 =
N
Pmax = 715.355
mm
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 715.355
𝑓𝑣 = = = 0.3(485)
𝑡𝑒 0.707(𝑡)

𝑃𝒎𝒂𝒙

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #16

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Situation 3
A welded bracket shown is required to resist a load 90 KN. The
steel A36 ( Fy= 250 Moa) and the welding is to performed by
using E70 electrodes (SMAW) Fu= 485MPa.

1. Determine the polar moment of inertia of the group of

welds.
2. Determine the force on the weld due to the torsional
moment and applied load.
3. Determine the size of the fillet weld

𝐴1 = 150(1)(2)
𝐴1 = 300
𝐴2 = 300(1)
𝐴2 = 300
𝐴𝑥̅ = 𝐴1 𝑥1 + 𝐴2 𝑥2
150
600𝑥̅ = 300( ) + 300(0)
2
𝑥̅ = 37.5𝑚𝑚
𝐿2
𝐽 = ∑ 𝐿( + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2)
12
2
1502 150 3002
𝐽 = 150(2) ( +( − 37.5) + 1502 ) + 300( + 37.52 + 02 )
12 2 12
𝐽 = 10406250 mm3

𝑀𝑟𝑦 32615000 (150) 𝑁

𝑃𝑚𝑥 = = = 470.126
𝐿2 10406250 𝑚𝑚
∑ 𝐿( + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2)
12
𝑀𝑟𝑥 32615000 (150 − 37.5) 𝑁
𝑃𝑚𝑦 = = = 352.93 𝑃𝒅𝒙
𝐿2 10406250 𝑚𝑚 𝑃𝒅𝒚
∑ 𝐿( + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2)
12

2
Pm = √(Pmx )2 + (Pmy )

N
Pm = √(70.126)2 + (352.93)2 Pm = 587.86
mm

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #16

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

𝑃𝒎𝒙 =470.126

𝑃𝒎𝒚 =352.93

𝑃𝒅𝒚 =150

𝑃𝒎𝒂𝒙

𝑃𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
90000 𝑁
𝑃𝑑𝑦 = = 150
300 + 150 + 150 𝑚𝑚

2
Pmax = √(Pdx + Pmx )2 + (Pdy + Pmy )

𝑁 2
Pmax = √(0 + 470.126 ) + (150 + 352.93)2
𝑚𝑚

N
Pmax = 688.45
mm
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 688.455
𝑓𝑣 = = = 0.3(485)
𝑡𝑒 0.707(𝑡)

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #16

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (6 mins)

Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Question: Make a step-by-step procedure on how to calculate the maximum shearing stress experienced by
eccentrically loaded welded connections.

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)
1) What is the most important thing that you have learned today?
2) Which part of today’s lesson do want to learn more about?
3) What topic was difficult for you to understand?

FAQs

1) How to find for the most critical point in welds?

a. It can be found in the furthest point in the length of the welds

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #17

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

Lesson title: CONNECTIONS Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Paper, Pen, Calculator
At the end of the module, you should be able to: References:
1) Use LRFD in solving for the allowable tensile load for bolted William T. Segui, Steel Design, 4th Ed.,
and welded connections. American Institute of Steel Construction
2) Calculate the maximum shearing stress in eccentrically (AISC), Manual of Steel Construction
loaded connections. National Structural Code of the
Philippines, 2010 and 2015

“ EFFORT is the foundation of all achievements

and is the single greatest competitive
advantage and quality you must consistently
apply to achieve your dreams. “
PROBLEM SET

Instructions:

1. Use a short coupon bond. Draw a border 2 cm from the edge of the paper.
2. Write a title block at the top part of the coupon which would follow this format.

3. Use a highlighter, color of which should be specified by your instructor for the whole section, to fill
the color section of the title block
4. The title block would only be located on the first page. For the succeeding pages, a border would
suffice.
5. Write the given problem, then your solution. BOX your final answers.

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #17

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

Practice Problem 1
Refer to the figure. The butt connection shows 8-22mm diameter A325 bolts spaces as follows:

𝑆1 = 60𝑚𝑚 𝑆2 = 100𝑚𝑚 𝑆3 = 60𝑚𝑚 𝑆4 = 120𝑚𝑚

𝑡1 = 12 𝑚𝑚
𝑡2 = 16 𝑚𝑚

𝐹𝑦 = 250 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝑢 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎

a) Calculate the allowable tensile load, T (KN) based on tension on the gross area of the plate.
b) Calculate the allowable tensile load, T (KN) based on tension on the net area of the plate. Assume
the hole diameter is 3 mm more than the bolt diameter.
c) Calculate the allowable tensile load, T (KN) based on bolt shear.
d) Calculate the allowable tensile load, T (KN) based on tension on the bearing on the projected area of
the plate.

Practice Problem 2
The lap join shown consists of bolts 22mm
in diameter in 25 mm diameter hole. The
plated are A36 steel with Fy= 250 MPa and
Fu= 400 MPa. Use x1=50mm, x2=
160mm, x3=60mm and plate thickness t=
12mm for this problem.

a) Determine the value of load P based on bolt shear.

b) Determine the value of load P based on bearing on projected area on plate.
c) Determine the value of load P based on block shear.

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #17

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

Practice Problem 3
A 150 x 100 x 13 mm angle is to be welded to a gusset plate with the 150-mm leg against the plate. The
angle carries a centroidal load of 400 kN. Assume the allowable shearing stress through the throats of
the welds is 145 MPa.
a) What length of 8-mm side fillet welds will be required along the toe?
b) What length of 8-mm side fillet welds will be required along the heel?

Practice Problem 4
A 90mm x 90mm x 6mm angular section shown is
welded to an 8-mm thick gusset plate. Steel is A36 with
Fy=248 MPa, Fu= 400MPa. The electrode used is E70
with Fu= 485 MPa. The length L1 is 80mm, the length 1
L2 is 150 mm and the cross-sectional area of the angle
is 1060 mm^2.
2

𝐹𝑡 = 0.60𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑡 = 0.50𝐹𝑢
𝐹𝑣 = 0.30𝐹𝑢

a) Determine the tensile load of the welded lap joint based on shear capacity of fillet weld.
b) Determine the tensile load of the welded lap joint based on gross area of plate.
c) Determine the tensile load of the welded lap joint based on net area of the plate using U=0.85.
d) Determine the tensile load of the welded lap joint based on block shear.

Practice Problem 5
The bracket connection shown carries an eccentric load P at an
eccentricity e= 400 mm. The column and bracket are A36 steel.
Diameter of bolt is 22mm in standard holes. Assume that the
column flanges an bracket are thick enough that single shear in
bolts will control. Shear capacity of one bolt is 45 KN.
a) Determine the polar moment of inertia.
b) Determine the maximum load P that can be supported by the
bracket shown.
c) Determine the torsional load on the critical bolt.

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #17

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

Practice Problem 6
A 150 x 100 x 13 mm angle is to be welded to a gusset plate with the 150-mm leg against the plate. The
angle carries a centroidal load of 400 kN. Assume the allowable shearing stress through the throats of
the welds is 145 MPa.
a) What length of 8-mm side fillet welds will be required along the toe and along the heel?

Practice Problem 7
The force P is acting along the centroidal axis of the welds at a distance “a” from weld (L2). Do not include
end turns.

𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑢
𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑢

𝐹𝑢
𝐹𝑢

a) Which of the following gives the maximum tensile force P based on tension in the of the angles?
Use U= 0.85
b) If L1= 50 mm and L2= 130 mm, which of the following gives the allowable load P based on shear in
the weld?
c) If P= 540KN, which of the following gives the required length of weld at the right (L2), so that each
fillet is equally stressed in shear?
P

Gusset Plate

`
2

End Returns
a = 21

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