LAB ACT 6-

SKELETAL
SYSTEM
 COLEGIO SAN AGUSTIN-BACOLOD
College of Health and Allied Professions BIO101M LABORATORY ACTIVITY MANUAL
Medical Technology Program

LABORATORY ACTIVITY #6
SKELETAL SYSTEM

The skeletal system is comprised of bones, car8lages and ligaments. There are 206 bones in the
human skeleton and is classified according to their shape. In embryos, the skeleton is composed mainly
of hyaline car8lage that becomes more rigid with age.

Desired learning outcomes

After performing this activity, students should be able to:

a. identify several bone markings and functions, the four main kinds of bones, the major
anatomical areas of a longitudinally cut bones and the major elements of an osteon;
b. classify and identify the different parts of the axial and appendicular skeleton;
c. name and identify the different types of joints; and
d. demonstrate the various kinds of movement.

Materials

1. Microscope
2. Skeletal system model
3. Prepared slide (compact bone)
After performing this activity, students should be able to:
a. identify several bone markings and functions, the four main kinds of bones, the major
anatomical areas of a longitudinally cut bones and the major elements of an osteon;
b. classify and identify the different parts of the axial and appendicular skeleton;
c. name and identify the different types of joints; and
d. demonstrate the various kinds of movement.

Materials

1. Microscope
2. Skeletal system model
3. Prepared slide (compact bone)

Procedures

A. Overview of the skeleton

1. Obtain a human skeleton model.
2. Study all the parts of the model.

B. Examining the Microscopic Structure of a Compact Bone

1. Obtain the prepared slide of a compact bone.
2. Examine under the microscope.
3. Record your observation.

C. Joints and Body Movement

1. Study the different types of joint movements.
2. Demonstrate the different types of movements studied.

Guide QuesEons
1. What is an OSTEON or HAVERSIAN SYSTEMS? Describe each component of the osteon.
2. How do the different joints differ from each other? Describe each type of joints.

36
Exclusively prepared for CSAB students
 Bone Shapes
Long Short Flat Irregular
bones bones bones bones
• longer • as wide • thin, • vertebr
than as they flattene ae,
they are are d shape facial
wide short • skull bones
• upper • wrist bones,
and and ribs,
lower ankle scapula
limbs e,
sternum
Skeletal
Anatomy
Overview
• Axial Skeleton
• Appendicular
Skeleton
AXIAL
SKELETON
APPENDICULAR SKELETON

allows movement of our

appendages and supports
our weight in an upright
position
◦ Upper Limbs
◦ Lower Limbs
◦ Pectoral Girdle
◦ Pelvic Girdle
SKULL • Skull
• Cranial Bones (8)
• Facial bones (14)
(8) CRANIAL BONES
SKULL
sutures

• immovable joints that

connect cranial bones

4 principal sutures:

• coronal
• sagittal
• lambdoid
• squamous
SKULL
temporal
bones
• 3 main regions:
• squamous part
• tympanic part
• petrous part
 Temporal Bone

squamous part
• zygomatic process
• zygomatic bone
• mandibular fossa – the
attachment site of
mandible
Temporal Bone

tympanic part
• has the prominent
external auditory
canal (external
acoustic meatus)
Temporal Bone
petrous part
• extends inward toward
the center of the skull
• thick, bony ridge that
houses the middle and
inner ears
Temporal Bone
mastoid process
-a large, bony inferior projection
that can be seen and felt
posterior to the external ear.

styloid process
-serves as an attachment site
for three muscles necessary for
movement of the tongue, hyoid
bone and temporal bone
 Occipital Bone
§ makes up majority of the skull’s
posterior wall and base

§ most prominent feature:

foramen magnum
-the opening where the
brainstem connects to the spinal
cord

§ occipital condyles
-two rounded projections on
either side of the foramen
magnum
-are the points of articulation
between the skull and the 1st
cervical vertebra
 Occipital Bone
§nuchal lines
points of
attachment for
several neck muscles
that move the head
 Sphenoid bone
§ a single bone that extends
completely across the skull
§ somewhat resembles a
butterfly.

§ sella turcica
-the central region of the
sphenoid bone which is
modified to resemble a
structure of a saddle
-contains the pituitary gland
 Sphenoid bone
§ optic foramen

§ foramen rotundum
§ foramen ovale
§ foramen spinosum
 Ethmoid Bone
§ ethmos (sieve)
§ very porous, fragile bone
§ centrally located
§ forms the nasal septum,
large portion of nasal cavity,
medial wall of orbits
crista galli
§ prominent ridge of the
ethmoid bone
§ attachment site for brain
meninges
 Ethmoid Bone
cribriform plate
§ found on each side of the
crista galli
§ houses olfactory bulbs
§ contains numerous
olfactory foramina – allow
olfactory nerves to enter the
nasal cavity
§ perpendicular plate
-forms the superior
portion of the nasal
septum
-divides the nasal cavity
into right and left halves
 Facial Bones
Paired (12)
Maxilla
Zygomatic
Palatine
Lacrimal
Nasal
Inferior nasal concha

Unpaired (2)

Mandible
Vomer
(2) Zygomatic Bone
• cheekbones

(2) Maxilla
• forms the:
• upper jaw
• roof of the mouth
• center of the face
(2) Palatine Bones
• have horizontal plates
that fuse centrally to
form the posterior
portion of the hard
palate
(2) Lacrimal Bones
• smallest of the skull bones
• house the depression
through which the
nasolacrimal duct enters
the nasolacrimal canal,
joining the orbits and nasal
cavity
(2) Nasal Bones
• form the bridge of
the nose

(2) Inferior Nasal

Conchae
§ one of the three
conchae in the nasal
cavity that provide
increased surface area
Mandible
• lower jaw
• only skull bone that
is freely movable
• attaches posteriorly
to the temporal bone
via the mandibular
fossae
• mental foramen -
passage of nerves and
blood vessels to the
chin.
Vomer
§ forms the
posterior portion
of the nasal
septum
The Hyoid Bone
• important for speech and
swallowing
• the only bone in the body not
directly attached to another bone
• muscles and ligaments attach it to
the skull
 Vertebral Column
FUNCTIONS
(1) supports the weight of the head
and trunk
(2) protects the spinal cord
(3) allows spinal nerves to exit the
spinal cord
(4) it provides a site for muscle
attachment
(5) it permits movement of the head
and trunk
46
 Vertebral Column
§ 26 bones
7 cervical vertebra
• C1-C7

12 thoracic vertebra
• T1-T12

5 lumbar vertebra
• L1-L5

1 sacrum

1 coccyx
46
 Vertebral Column
§ The adult vertebral column has
four major curvatures:
§ cervical region - curves anteriorly
§ thoracic region - curves
posteriorly
§ lumbar region - curves anteriorly
§ sacral and coccygeal regions -
curve posteriorly

§ curves form during embryonic

development. 46
Abnormal
Spinal
Curvatures
 General Features of the Vertebrae
§ Each vertebra consists of
a) body
b) vertebral arch
c) various process
 General Features of the Vertebrae
A.) Vertebral Body
-the solid bony disk of each vertebra
that supports the body’s weight

B.) Vertebral Arch

-protects the spinal cord

§ The vertebral body and arch form

a bony circle enclosing vertebral
foramen – occupies spinal cord
 General Features of the Vertebrae
C.) various processes
§ Transverse process
-extends from each side of the arch
between the lamina and pedicle

§ Spinous process
-lies at the junction between the two
laminae

§ 2 superior articular processes

§ 2 inferior articular processes

Regional Differences in Vertebrae
 Vertebral Column
§ Cervical Vertebrae
§ support only the weight of the
head – small bodies
• Atlas:
- 1st vertebra
- does not have a body or a spinous
process
- holds head
• Axis:
- 2nd vertebra
- rotates head
46
 Vertebral Column
§ Thoracic Vertebrae
§ least moveable of the five
regions
-articulation of the thoracic
vertebrae with the ribs
§ support the thoracic cage
§ longer transverse processes

46
 Vertebral Column
§ Lumbar Vertebrae
§ support the majority of the body’s
weight
§ they have massive bodies and
heavy, rectangular transverse
and spinous processes

46
 Vertebral Column
§ Sacrum
§ located between two hip bones
§ formed from 5 separate sacral
vertebrae that fused
§ part of the pelvic girdle -which
provides stable support for our lower
limbs
§ median sacral crest – former spinous
processes that have partially fused
§ sacral hiatus – opening that
terminates vertebral canal; common
anesthesia injection site
Vertebral Column
§ Coccyx
§ tailbone
§ three to five semi-
fused vertebrae
§ smaller
§ neither have vertebral
foramina nor well-
developed processes

46
§ rib cage
§ protects vital organs
§ consists of:
a) thoracic vertebrae
b) ribs with their costal
cartilages
c) sternum
Ribs and Costal Cartilage
12 pairs of ribs
• True ribs (1-7)
-attach directly to sternum
by costal cartilage
• False ribs (8-12)
-do not directly attach to
the sternum
• Floating ribs (11 and 12)
-not attached to sternum
Ribs and Costal Cartilage
§ the costal cartilage are
flexible and permit the
thoracic cage to expand
during respiration
Sternum
§ breastbone
§ 3 parts:
A. manubrium
B. body
C. xiphoid process
APPENDICULAR SKELETON

• allows movement of our

appendages and supports
our weight in an upright
position
• Upper Limbs
• Lower Limbs
• Pectoral Girdle
• Pelvic Girdle
Pectoral Girdle
u Scapula:
ushoulder blade

u Clavicle:
ucollar bone
 Pectoral Girdle
u Scapula
§ supraspinous fossa
§ subscapular fossa
§ infraspinous fossa
§ glenoid cavity - it is the point of
attachment where humerus
connects to the scapula

§ acromion process – extends

from spine to shoulder
§ coracoid process – provides
attachment for chest muscles
 Pectoral Girdle
u Clavicle
§ collarbone
§ connected with scapula at
acromion process
§ only the proximal end is
attached to the rest of the
skeleton
§ first to begin ossification, but
the last to complete this
process.
Upper Limb Bones
u Humerus: arm
u Ulna: forearm
u Radius: forearm
u Carpals: wrist
u Metacarpals: hand
Arm : Humerus
 Arm: Humerus
§ humeral head
-articulates with the
glenoid cavity of the
scapula.

§ anatomical neck
§ surgical neck

§ greater tubercle -
lateral
§ lesser tubercle -
anterior
 Arm: Humerus
§ deltoid tuberosity –
site of attachment
of deltoid muscle

§ condyles: capitulum
and trochlea

§ medial epicondyle
§ lateral epicondyle
§ olecranon fossa
Forearm: Radius and Ulna
The ulna is _________.
§ the same side as the little finger

The radius is ________.

§ the same side as the thumb
Forearm:
ULNA
Radius and Ulna
§ trochlear notch - articulates with the
humerus
proximal end:
§ coronoid process – inserts into a fossa of
the humerus when the elbow is bent
§ olecranon process - inserts into the
olecranon fossa of the humerus when the
elbow is straightened

distal end:
§ head of ulna – articulates with both the
radius and wrist bones
§ styloid process – where ligaments of wrist
attach
Forearm:
RADIUS
Radius and Ulna
§ head of radius – articulates
with humerus
§ radial tuberosity – site of
attachment for biceps brachii
muscle of the arm
§ styloid process - serves as an
attachment location for wrist
ligaments
 Wrist: Carpals
relatively short region between the forearm and the
hand

composed of 8 carpal bones arranged in two rows

•proximal row (lateral to medial): scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

•distal row (medial to lateral): hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium
 Hand: Metacarpals and Phalanges
Metacarpals
§ numbered 1 to 5 – starting with the most
lateral metacarpal bone
§ form a curve
§ distal ends form knuckles of the hand

Digits
§ include one thumb and four fingers

Phalanges
§ small long bones
§ thumb: proximal and distal phalanges
§ fingers: proximal, middle and distal
phalanges
 Pelvic Girdle: Hip Bones and Sacrum

u Where lower limbs attach to body

u Pelvis
uincludes pelvic girdle and coccyx

u Ischium
uinferior and posterior region

u Ilium
umost superior region

u Acetabulum
Hip Bones (Coxal Bone)
Ø Ilium
-largest of the three hip bones
-iliac crest – forms the most superior
border of the ilium

Ø Pubis
-forms the anterior portion of the pelvic
girdle
-joined together by pubic symphysis

Ø Ischium
-more posterior than pubis
-has a thick ischial tuberosity where
posterior thigh muscles attach
Lower Limb Bones

u Femur:
u thigh

u Patella:
u knee cap
u Tibia:
u large lower leg

u Fibula:
u small lower leg
Thigh: Femur Head Head
Greater trochanter
Greater trochanter
Neck
Neck

§ head – connects with the Lesser trochanter

acetabulum of the hip

bone Linea aspera

§ neck
§ trochanters : greater and Body (shaft) of femur

lesser trochanter – sites Medial

of muscle attachment for

epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle

muscles that fasten the Lateral epicondyle Intercondylar fossa

Lateral condyle
Medial

hip to the thigh

condyle
Patellar groove

(a) Anterior view Posterior view

§ body
§ condyles
§ epicondyles (b) Anterior
surface

§ patella or kneecap
Anterior view
Leg: Tibia and Fibula
Tibia or shinbone
• medial
• larger of the two
• major weight-bearing bone of the leg
• tibial tuberosity – point of attachment for
the quadriceps femoris muscle group
• flat proximal condyles

Fibula
• lateral
• does not attach to the femur
• head attached on tibia
Ankle
§ consists of distal ends of tibia
and fibula
§ medial malleolus of the tibia
§ lateral malleolus of the fibula
Foot: Tarsals, Metatarsal, and Phalanges
Tarsals
§ 7 tarsal bones
1. talus (ankle)
2. calcaneus (heel)
3. navicular
4. medial cuneiform
5. intermediate cuneiform
6. lateral cuneiform
7. cuboid

“Tiger Cub Needs MILC”

Metatarsals
§ named 1-5

Phalanges
§ proximal phalanx
§ middle phalanx
§ distal phalanx