SRM VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603 203

DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK

IV SEMESTER

1904402 - DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS

Regulation – 2019

Academic Year 2022 – 23

Prepared by

Dr. B. Muthu Senthil, Professor/CSE

Dr. V. Dhanakoti , Professor/CSE
Dr. L. Karthikeyan , Assistant Professor (Sel.Grade) / CSE
 SRM VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603 203.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK
SUBJECT CODE/NAME: 1904402 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS

SEM / YEAR: IV/II

UNIT I - INTRODUCTION
Notion of an Algorithm – Fundamentals of Algorithmic Problem Solving – Important Problem Types –
Fundamentals of the Analysis of Algorithmic Efficiency –Asymptotic Notations and their properties. Analysis
Framework – Empirical analysis - Mathematical analysis for Recursive and Non-recursive algorithms –
Visualization
PART – A
Q.
No Questions BT Level Competence
1. Define algorithm and list the desirable properties of an algorithm. Remember BTL-1
2. Define best, worst and average time complexity. Remember BTL-1
3. How to measure the algorithm running time? BTL-2 Under
Understand
4. List the steps to write an Algorithm. Analyze BTL-4
5. Prove that if f(n)=O(g(n)) ad g(n) = O(f(n)), then f(n)=ϴ g(n). Apply BTL-6

6. Evaluate an algorithm for computing gcd(m,n) using Euclid’s Evaluate BTL-5

Algorithm
7. Design the equality gcd(m,n)=gcd(n,m mod n) for every pair Create BTL-6
of positive integers m and n.
8. What do you mean by the “Worst Case efficiency” of an Remember BTL-1
algorithm?
9. Identify how you will measure input size of algorithms. Remember BTL-1
10. Explain the various types of problems that can be solved using Analyze BTL-4
algorithm.
11. Apply the common technique for proving the correctness of an Apply BTL-3
algorithm.
12. How will you measure the total running time for a problem?
13. List the most important problem types. Remember BTL-3
14. List the application of Graph problems.. Remember BTL-3
15. Define Big ‘Theta’ notation. Apply BTL-1
16. Define Big ‘Oh’ notation. Remember BTL-1
17. Define Big ‘Omega’ notation. Remember BTL-1
18. Formulate the order of growth. Compare the order of growth n! Create BTL-6
n
and 2 .
19. Differentiate between Best, average and worst case efficiency. Understand BTL-2
20. Discuss the concepts of asymptotic notations and its properties. Understand BTL-2
Analyze the order of growth. Analyze BTL-4
2
20. (i).F(n) = 2n + 5 and g(n) = 7n. Use the Ω (g(n)) notation.
21. Differentiate Algorithm VS Program. Evaluate BTL-5
22. Express the recurrence relation for recursive algorithm. Evaluate BTL-5
Discuss the General plan for analyzing efficiency of Non Understand BTL-2
23. recursive & Recursive algorithms.
Discuss the following questions by consider the definition based Understand BTL-2
24. algorithm for adding two n by n matrices.
1. What is basic operation?
2. How many times it is performed as a function of the matrix order
n?
3. How many times it is performed as a function of the total number
of elements in the input matrices?

PART - B
1. Give the General Plan for Analyzing the Time Efficiency of
Recursive Algorithms and use recurrence to find number of moves Remember BTL-1
for Towers of Hanoi problem n
2. (i) Consider the following algorithm for the searching problem. (8)
ALGORITHM Linear search (A[0,……….n-1],key)
// Searches an array for a key value by Linear search.
//Input: Array A [0…..n-1] of values and a key value to
search.
//Output: Returns index if search is successful.
For i← 0 to n-1 do
If [key== A[i])
Return i. Apply BTL-3
a) Apply this algorithm to search the list 10,
92,38,74,56,19,82,37 for a key value 74.
b) Is this algorithm efficient?
c) When can this algorithm be used?

(ii) What are the most important problem types are used to illustrate
different algorithm design techniques and methods of algorithm
analysis. (5)
 Write the asymptotic notations used for best case, worst case and
average case of algorithms. (7)
Create an algorithm to find the maximum element in an array. Give
3. best, worst and average case complexities. (6) Create BTL-6
4. For each of the following algorithms, Analyze BTL-5
i) Compute n! (7)
ii)Asses & find the largest element in a list of n numbers with
respect to the following conditions: (6)
(a). A natural size metric for its inputs.
(b). Its basic operation.
(c). Whether the basic operation count can be different for inputs of
the same sizes.

Discuss various methods used for mathematic analysis for

5. recursive and non-recursive algorithms. (13) Understand BTL-2

What are the rules of manipulate Big Oh expressions and

Understand BTL-2
6. about the typical growth rates of algorithms? (13)
7. Illustrate briefly on Big oh Notation, Omega Notation and Evaluate BTL-3
Theta Notations. Depict the same graphically and explain. (13)
8. (i)Define a Mathematical analysis of recursive algorithms. (4) Remember BTL-1
(ii)Examine the efficiency of factorial of some number n with
the help of General plan. (9)
9. (i)Define a Mathematical analysis of Non-recursive algorithms. (5) Remember BTL-1
(ii) Tell about the efficiency of finding the element with
maximum value in a given Array with the help of General plan. (8)
10. (i)Define Towers of Hanoi problem. (3) Remember BTL-1
(ii)Describe the time complexity of Towers of Hanoi problem. (10)
11. Explain in detail about Analysis Framework with a suitable
(13) Analyze BTL-4
Example
12. Analyze the recursive and non-recursive versions of the
factorial function.
i) Examine how much each function requires as ‘n’
becomes large. (7)
ii) Find the time complexity and space complexity (6) Evaluate BTL-3
13. Evaluate the recurrence relations.
(i). x (n) = x (n-1) + 5 for n>1. (7) Apply BTL-4
(ii). X (n) = x(n/3) +1 for n >1,x(1) =1. (Solve for n = 3k) (6)
14. Discuss in detail about the fundamentals of algorithmic
problem solving. (13) Understand BTL-2
15. Examine the recurrence relation efficiency of converting
(13)
the bits in binary expansion. Analyze BTL-5
16. Evaluate the recurrence relation for finding fibonocci
(13) Apply BTL-4
series.
17. Explain in detail basic asympototic efficeincy classes with
its comments (13) Understand BTL-2
 PART C
1. Evaluate the following equalities are correct: Evaluate BTL-5
2 2
i)5n -6n=ϴ(n ) (4)
n
ii)n!=O(n ) (4)
3 6 2 3
iii)n +10 n =ϴ(n ) (4)
2 n 2 n
iv)2n 2 +n logn=ϴ(n 2 ) (3)
2. Evaluate the following recurrences completely Evaluate BTL-5
i ) T(n) = T(n/2) +1, where n=2k for all k≥0 (4)
ii) T(n) = T(n/3) + T(2n/3) + cn, where ‘c’ is a
constant and ‘n’ is the input size. (4)
iii) Explain the steps involved in problem solving (7)
3. Design a consecutive integer checking algorithm and middle- Create BTL-6
school procedure algorithm. (15)
Design the steps of mathematical analysis for recursive and non-
4. recursive algorithm with an example of each. (15) Create BTL-6
Give the backward substituion plan to find the Time Efficiency of
Recursive Algorithms and use recurrence to find number of moves
for Towers of Hanoi problem. (15) Create BTL-6

UNIT II - BRUTE FORCE AND DIVIDE-AND-CONQUE

Brute Force – Computing an – String Matching - Closest-Pair and Convex-Hull Problems - Exhaustive
Search - Travelling Salesman Problem - Knapsack Problem - Assignment problem.

PART – A
Q.No Questions BT Level Competence
1. State Brute force approach. Remember BTL-1
2. Examine a brute force algorithm for string matching problem. Apply BTL-3
3. Give an example of a text of length n and a pattern of length m
that constitutes a worst case input for the brute force string
Create BTL-6
matching algorithm. Formulate and find how many character
comparisons will be made for such input.
4. Define the term exhaustive search. Remember BTL-1
Examine a brute force algorithm for counting the number of
5. Apply BTL-3
vowels in a given text.
Give an example problem that cannot be solved by a Brute force
6. approach and also how to decide? Remember BTL-1

7. Describe brute force approach. What are the advantages and Analyze BTL-4
disadvantages of this approach?
8. Define closest pair problem. Remember BTL-1

9. Define convex hull problem. Remember BTL-1

10. Formulate is the length of the step-in jump search? Create BTL-6

11. Analyze the objective of the knapsack problem? Analyze BTL-4

12. Describe the concepts of Travelling Salesman Problem. Analyze BTL-4

13. You are given a knapsack that can carry a maximum weight of 60. Understand BTL-2
There are 4 items with weights {20, 30, 40, 70} and values {70, 80,
90, 200}. What is the maximum value of the items you can carry
using the knapsack? of the following methods can be used to solve
the Knapsack problem?
14. What is the time complexity of the brute force algorithm used to Apply BTL-3
solve the Knapsack problem?
Define the Time complexity of knapsack 0/1 where n is the number
15. of items and W is the capacity of knapsack. Understand BTL-2

16. Give an example for knapsack problem. Understand BTL-2

Evaluate the methods can be used to solve the Knapsack

17. problem? Evaluate BTL-5

Given items as {value,weight} pairs {{60,20},{50,25},{20,5}}. The

capacity of knapsack=40. Find the maximum value output assuming
18. items to be divisible and non-divisible respectively. Evaluate BTL-5

19. Define Assignment problem. Remember BTL-1

What is the advantage of recursive approach than an iterative
20. approach? Understand BTL-2

21. Give an example for a Assignment problem. Understand BTL-2

22. Analyze the concpt of shorest hamiltonian circuit problem? Apply BTL-3
23. Give the basic operation involved in finding the closest pair problem. Understand BTL-2
24. Formulate Euclidean distance.
PART – B
1. Explain the concepts of the following. Evaluate BTL-5
(i)Brute force string matching Algorithm. (7)
(ii)Closest pair and convex hull problems by brute force (6)
Can you design a more efficient algorithm than the one based on the
brute-force strategy to solve the closest-pair problem for n points x1,
2. x2,...,xn on the real line? (13) Understand BTL-2
i)What is the closet pair problem? (3)
ii)Explain the brute force approach to solve closest-pair with an
example. (6)
3. iii)Derive the time complexity. Analyze BTL-4
What is brute force strategy and explain the sequential
4. search with suitable example problem. (13) Analyze BTL-4
5. Examine in detail about Exhaustive search techniques. (13) Remember BTL -1
i)What is the convex hull problem? (3)
ii)Explain the brute force approach to solve convex-hull with an
example. (6)
6. iii)Derive the time complexity. (4) Remember BTL-1
Determine the number of character comparisons made by the brute-
force algorithm in searching for the pattern GANDHI in the text

THERE_IS_MORE_TO_LIFE_THAN_INCREASING_ITS_SPEE
D
Assume that the length of the text—it is 47 characters long—is
7. known before the search starts (13) Create BTL-6
How many comparisons (both successful and unsuccessful) will be
made by the brute-force algorithm in searching for each of the
8. following patterns in the binary text of one thousand zeros? (13) Remember BTL-1
Explain the Bruteforce method to find the two closest points in a set
9. of n points in k-dimensional space. (13) Apply BTL-3
10. Solve travelling sales man problem using brute force technique. (13)

. Apply BTL-3
11. Solve shortest hamiltonian circuit problem using brute force
technique. (13)

Apply BTL-3
Explain the brute force method for the travelling sales man problem
12. and give the algorithm with your own example. Understand BTL-2
Explain the brute force method for the knapsack problem and give
13. the algorithm. (13) Understand BTL-2
(i)List out the procedures to solve travelling salesman problem. (6)
14. (ii)Describe the Knapsack problem by using Exhaustive search. (7) Understand BTL-2
Find and Analyze the optimal solution for the assignment
problem given below. (13)
Job 1 Job 2 Job 3 Job 4

4 3 8 6

5 7 2 4
16 9 3 1
15. 2 5 3 7 Analyze BTL-4
 Define Assignment problem. Examine the optimal solution for the
16. assignment problem with one example (13) Remember BTL-1
Give an example of the assignment problem whose optimal solution
17. does not include the smallest element of its cost matrix. (13) Evaluate BTL-5

PART – C
1. Solve using Brute force approach to evaluate and find whether Evaluate BTL-5
the given string follows the specified pattern and return 0 or 1
accordingly.
Examples:
1)Pattern “abba” input: “redblueredblue” should return 1
2)Pattern “aaaa” input: ”asdasdasdasd” should return 1
3)Pattern “aabb” input: “xyzabcxyzabc” ” should return 0 (15)

Consider the problem of counting, in a given text, the number of

substrings that start with an A and end with a B. For example,
there are four such substrings in CABAAXBYA.
i). Design a brute-force algorithm for this problem and determine
its efficiency class. (8)
2. ii) Design a more efficient algorithm (7) Evaluate BTL-5

There are 4 people who need to be assigned to execute 4 jobs( one

person per job) and the problem to find an assignment with the
minimum total cost. The assignment costs is given below, solve
3. the assignment problem by exhaustive search. (15) Create BTL-6

4. Formulate and give an example of a text of length n and a pattern Create BTL-6
of length m that constitutes a worst-case input for the brute-force
string-matching algorithm. Exactly how many character
comparisons will be made for such input? (15)
Does a hamiltonian path or circuit exists on the graph below
problem using brute force technique. (15)

5. Create BTL-6
 UNIT III - DIVIDE-AND-CONQUER TECHNIQUE
Divide and Conquer Methodology – Binary Search – Merge sort – Quick sort – Heap Sort -
Multiplication of Large Integers– Closest-Pair and Convex - Hull Problems.
PART – A
Q.
No Questions BT Level Competence
1. Define Divide and conquer methodology. Remember BTL-1
2. List the sorting methods would be most suitable for sorting a list. Remember BTL-1
3. Prove asymptotic complexity in terms of n. Apply BTL-3
4. Evaluate total number of comparisons made in quick sort for Evaluate BTL-5
sorting a file of size n.
5. Design the correct order of the efficiency of the following sorting Create BTL-6
algorithms according to their overall running time comparison.
6. How do you measure the efficiency of an algorithm for divide Remember BTL-1
and conquer method?
7. Examine an algorithm for binary search. Apply BTL-3
8. Identify The number of swapping’s needed to sort the numbers 8, Remember BTL-1
22, 7, 9, 31, 19, 5, 13 in ascending order, using bubble sort.
9. How many approaches can be applied to solve quick hull problem Analyze BTL-4
10. Explain the various types of problems does quick hull belong. Analyze BTL-4
11. Apply the common technique for proving to find the ‘n’ points Apply BTL-3
that lie in a convex quadrilateral.
12. Define space complexity of merge sort. Remember BTL-1

13. Define worst case time complexity of merge sort. Remember BTL-1

14. Formulate the Pattern of Problems in Divide and Conquer Create BTL-6
approach
15. Differentiate between Merge sort and Heap sort efficiency. Understand BTL-2
16. Discuss the concepts of Quick sort and its properties. Understand BTL-2
17. What is heap sort explain with example? Apply BTL-3
18. Examine an recurrence relation for multiplication of large numbers. Evaluate BTL-5
19. What is the first step of heap sort? Understand BTL-2
20. Analyze quick sort with example? Analyze BTL-4
Analyze the Run Time of Merge Sort . Analyze BTL-4
21.
22. Evaluate the Time Complexity of binary search tree. Evaluate BTL-5
23. A machine needs a minimum of 200 sec to sort 1000 elements by Understand BTL-2
Quick sort. What is the minimum time needed to sort 200
elements will be approximately
24. Apply Quick sort on a given sequence 7 11 14 6 9 4 3 12. What is Understand BTL-2
the sequence after first phase, pivot is first element?
 PART-B
1 Explain in detail about the closest pair and convex hull problems Remember
13 BTL -1
by using Divide and conquer method.
2 Analyze in detail about divide and conquer strategy with a 13 BTL -3 Apply
scenario.
3 What is divide and conquer strategy and explain the binary
13 BTL -4 Analyze
search with suitable example problem.
4 What is divide and conquer strategy and explain the
13 BTL -4 Analyze
multiplication of large numbers with suitable example problem.
5 Illustrate an algorithm for Quicksort and write its time BTL -3 Apply
13
complexity with example list are 5,3,1,9,8,2,4,7.
6 Describe in detail about the operation of binary search algorithm BTL -2 Understand
for the input -15, -6 , 0, 7 , 9, 23, 54, 82, 101,112, 125,131,142,151 13
if you are searching for the element 9.
7 Analyze the pros and cons of convex hull problem and the BTL -4 Analyze
13
solution involved in detail.
8 Discuss in detail and write an algorithm to sort a given list BTL -2 Understand
of elements using heap sort. Show the operation of the 13
algorithm, on the list 14,12,9,8,7,10,8.
9 Write the algorithm for quicksort. Provide a complete Evaluate
analysis of quick sort for the given set of numbers 13 BTL -5
12,33,23,43,44,55,64,77 and 76.
10 Describe in details about the three processing steps in Quick sort. 13 BTL -1 Remember
11 Write the algorithm to perform the working of multiplication of 13 BTL -1 Remember
large numbers with an example.
12 (i)Find the number of comparisons required to search for ‘6’ 7 BTL -3 Apply
in the given Sequence of numbers: 10, 19, 7, 9, 6, 15.
(ii)Analyze the time efficiency and drawbacks of merge sort
algorithm. 6
13 Write a program implementing the divide-conquer algorithm 13
BTL -1 Remember
for the closest pair problem.
14 Write the mergesort algorithm and explain it with an
example. Derive the worst case and average case time 13 BTL -2 Understand
complexity.
15 (i) Multiply 23 * 14 using divide and conquer strategy 7
BTL -6 Create
(ii)Compute the complexity for multiplication of large numbers. 6
16 Write the max-heap algorithm and explain it with an
example. Derive the worst case and average case time BTL -6 Create
13
complexity.
17 Write a program implementing the divide-conquer 13
BTL -2 Understand
algorithm for the convex-hull problem.

PART – C
Solve heap-sort by applying the Divide and Conquer method and
1. Analyze the time and space complexity of Divide and conquer
methodology for the array having elements: 16, 10, 15, 9, 5, 12, Create BTL-6
14.
Solve 2138 × 4967 by applying the Divide and Conquer method
and Analyze the time and space complexity of Divide and conquer Evaluate BTL-5
2. methodology
 Examine that the procedure SEARCH of binary search algorithm Evaluate BTL-5
gives the Smallest possible expected search time if all elements in
the universal set are equally likely to be sought. (15)
3.
(i) Design a Quick sort algorithm (7) Create BTL-6

(ii) Develop Best, worst and Average case analysis for Quicksort
4. method. (8)
5. Create BTL-6
Discuss the topic on merge sort. Illustrate the algorithm with
numeric Example. Predict the complete analysis for the same.
Is merge sort stable sorting algorithm? Justify your answer. (15)

UNIT IV - DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING AND GREEDY TECHNIQUE

Dynamic programming – Principle of optimality - Coin changing problem, Computing a Binomial
Coefficient – Floyd‘s algorithm – Multi stage graph - Optimal Binary Search Trees – Knapsack Problem
and Memory functions. Greedy Technique – Container loading problem - Prim‘s algorithm and Kruskal's
Algorithm – 0/1 Knapsack problem, Optimal Merge pattern - Huffman Trees.
PART – A
Q.
No Questions BT Level Competence
1. What is dynamic programming? Remember BTL-1

2. How is a transportation network represented? Apply BTL-3

3. Compare memorization method vs tabulation method. Analyze BTL-4
Estimate the space and time complexity of computing a
4. Binomial Coefficient. Understand BTL-2

5. State the principle of optimality. Remember BTL-1

6. Define Transitive closure of a directed graph. Remember BTL-1

7. What is the constraint for binary search tree insertion? Remember BTL-1

8. Compare Divide & Conquer and Dynamic Programming. Apply BTL-3

9. Discover the pseudo code of the Warshall’s algorithm. Apply BTL-3

10. Summarize feasible and optimal solution. Understand BTL-2

11. Contrast Greedy algorithm and Dynamic programming. Apply BTL-3

12. List the properties of Dynamic programming approach Remember BTL-1

13. Define the minimum spanning tree problem. Remember BTL-1

14. Explain how the Binomial coefficient is computed. Evaluate BTL-5

Estimate the time and space complexity for Warshall’s
15. algorithm. Understand BTL-2
16. Demonstrate the obstacles in constructing a minimum spanning Apply BTL-3
 tree by an exhaustive search.

17. Estimate the space and time complexity of a prim’s algorithm. Understand BTL-2
18. Analyze the time complexity of optimal Binary search Tree algorithm. Analyze BTL-4
19. Distinguish prim’s and Kruskal’s algorithm. Understand BTL-2
20. Summarize Huffman trees and its applications Evaluate BTL-5
21. Integrate Minimum spanning tree concepts and Prim’s algorithm. Create BTL-6
22. Develop an algorithm for memory function knapsack problem. Create BTL-6
23. Analyze the time complexity for Binomial coefficient algorithm. Analyze BTL-4
24. Analyze the time complexity of multi stage graph algorithm Analyze BTL-4

1. Consider the following distance network.

a) Write the floyd’s algorithm and generate the final distance matrix.
(7)
Analyze BTL-4
b) Analyze the shortest path and the corresponding
distance from the source node to the destination node
as indicated in each of the cases 1-6, 5-1 and 5-2 (6)

2. i) Illustrate all-pair shortest path problem algorithm. (4) Apply BTL-3

(ii)Calculate the all-pair shortest path problem for the diagraph with
the weighted matrix given below. (9)
3. Explain how multistage graph for finding the single-source shortest Understand BTL-2
paths for the given graph. (13)

Describe and compute binomial coefficient by the formula Analyze BTL-4

4.
C(n, k) = C(n − 1, k − 1) +C(n − 1, k). (13)
5. Analyze the algorithm by applying the following keys and Evaluate BTL-5
probabilities to obtain the optimal binary tree. (13)

6. i) Consider 4 elements a1< a2< a3< a4with q0=0.25, q1=3/16, Evaluate BTL-5
q2=q3=q4=1/16, P1=1/4, P2=1/8, P3=P4=1/16.
Construct the optimal binary search tree as a minimum cost tree
(7)
ii) Construct the table of values Wij, Cij, Vij computed by the
algorithm to compute the roots of optimal sub trees. (6)

7. Plan the following instance of the 0/1, knapsack problem given the Create BTL-6
knapsack capacity in W=5 using dynamic programming and
explain it.

8. (i)Define Huffman tree. List the types of Encoding in Huffman tree. (8) Remember BTL-1
(ii)Write the Huffman’s algorithm. Construct the Huffman’s tree for the
following data and obtain its Huffman code. (5)

9. (i) Describe minimum spanning tree using Kruskal’s algorithm with an Remember BTL-1
example. (7)
(ii) Comparison between Prim’s and Kruskal’s algorithm and identify
the time complexity of those algorithms. (6)

10. (i)Write and analyze the prim’s algorithm. (5) Remember BTL-1
 (ii)Describe minimum spanning tree using Prim’s algorithm. (8)

11. (i)List out the short notes on optimal binary search tree. (7) Remember BTL-1
(ii) Label the optimization technique used for optimal binary
search algorithm. (6)

Explain the steps in building Huffman Tree.Find the codes for

the alphabets given below according to the frequency.
Let _(Space)= 4 A= 2 , E = 5 , H = 1, I = 2, L = 2, M = 2 , P = 2
12. R = 1,S =2 , X = 1 (13) Analyze BTL-4
13. (i) Examine Coin changing problem with a suitable example (7) Apply BTL-3
(ii)Illustrate how the problem can be solved by dynamic
programming approach. (6)
Compare memorization method vs tabulation method with an
14. example. Apply BTL-3
Explain 0/1 knapsack problem using dynamic programming
15. approach in detail. Understand BTL-2
Explain multistage graph and explain memory functions problem in
16. detail. (13) Apply BTL-3
Illustrate how the problem of optimal merge pattern can be solved
17. using dynamic programming approach. Apply BTL-3

PART – C
1. Asses and solve all-pair shortest path problem for the digraph Evaluate BTL-5

with the weight matrix given below: (15)

A B C D
A 0 ∞ ∞ 3
B 2 0 ∞ ∞
C ∞ 7 0 1
D 6 ∞ ∞ 0

(i)What is optimal merge pattern? (4)

(ii)How greedy method is useful to obtain an optimal merge pattern. (6)
2. (iii)Give the example of optimal merge pattern. (5) Evaluate BTL-5

3. Apply Warshall’s algorithm to find the transitive closure of the Create BTL-6
 digraph defined by the following adjacency matrix

0 1 0 0
(0 0 1 0)
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
i) Prove that the time efficiency of Warshall’s algorithm is cubic
(7)
ii) Explain why the time efficiency of Warshall’s algorithm is
inferior to that of the traversal-based algorithm for sparse graphs
represented by their adjacency lists. (8)
Apply the greedy technique to find the minimum spanning tree
4. using Prim's algorithm for the given graph. (15) Create BTL-6

Apply the technique to reduce the size of the given message using huffman
coding technique. (Fized size & Variable Size)
5. Message : BCCABBDDAECCBBAEDDCC Create BTL-6
 20. UNIT
Give some V - COPING
examples of P andWITH
NP problem.
THE LIMITATIONS OF ALGORITHM Understand
POWER BTL-2
Lower - Bound Arguments - P, NP NP- Complete and NP Hard Problems. Backtracking – n-Queen
problem - Hamiltonian Circuit Problem – Subset Sum Problem. Branch and Bound – LIFO Search and
FIFO search - Assignment problem – Knapsack Problem – Travelling Salesman Problem -
Approximation Algorithms for NP-Hard Problems – Travelling Salesman problem – Knapsack problem.
PART – A
Q.
Questions BT Level Competence
No
1. What are tractable and non-tractable problems? Remember BTL-1
2. Compare class P and class NP. Analyze BTL-4
3. Define NP hard problem. Remember BTL-1
4. Discuss the principle of backtracking. Understand BTL-2
5. How is the accuracy of approximation algorithm measured? Evaluate BTL-5
6. State Hamiltonian Circuit problem. Remember BTL-1
What are the additional items required for branch and bound?
7. Analyze BTL-4
compare backtracking technique.
8. Point out some examples of lower bound. Analyze BTL-4
9. Describe the term state space tree. Remember BTL-1
10. Define Knapsack problem. Remember BTL-1
11. Discuss the term best first branch bound. Understand BTL-2
12. State whether backtracking always produces optimal. Create BTL-6
Decide the termination point of the search path in a state space
13. Evaluate BTL-5
tree of branch and bound algorithm.
14. Show formal definition of the n-queens problem. Understand BTL-2
15. Describe the term state space tree. Understand BTL-2
What is Hamiltonian path? Generalize that Hamiltonian cycle
16.
is an undirected graph. Create BTL-6
What does NP-hard mean? Demonstrate approximation
17. Apply BTL-3
algorithm for NP hard problem.

18. How is lower bound found by problem reduction?

Understand BTL-2
19. Examine the subset sum problem. Analyze BTL-4
20. Define NP complete problem. Evaluate BTL-5
21. Compare polynomial time vs Exponential time. Apply BTL-3
22. How maximum matching is done in a Bipartie graph? Remember BTL-1

23. Describe stable marraige problem. Apply BTL-3

24. State 8 Queens problem. Apply BTL-3

 PART-B
1. Explain in detail about the Backtracking with an example. 13 Remember BTL-1
2. (i) Evaluate the subset sum problem with set as {3, 5, 6, 7, 2}and the 7
sum =15.Derive all the subsets.
(ii)
Evaluate BTL-5
6

3. (i) Identify an example for the best-case input for the branch
and bound algorithm for the assignment problem. 7 Apply BTL-3
(ii) Describe NP-hard and NP-completeness. 6
4. Using Back-Tracking enumerate how can you solve the
following problems.
(i)4-queens problem.
7 Apply BTL-3
(ii)Hamiltonian circuit problem. 6
5. Find the optimal solution using Branch and Bound for the
following assignment problem.

13 Apply BTL-3

6. Consider the travelling salesperson instance defined by the

following cost matrix.

13 Understand BTL-2

Draw the state space tree and show the reduced matrices
corresponding to each of the node.
7. (i)Explain how to implement an algorithm for Knapsack problem
7
using NP-Hard approach. Analyze BTL-4
(ii)Distinguish between the P and NP problems. 6
8. Describe about the following:
(i)Approximation algorithms for the knapsack problem. 6 Remember BTL-1
(ii) Approximation algorithms for Traveling sales man problem. 7
9. (i)Explain the backtracking problem.
7
(ii) Analyze and explain elaborately on backtracking Analyze BTL-4
algorithm. 6
10. Write an algorithm for subset sum and explain with an example. 13 Apply BTL-2
11. Explain in detail about assignment problem using branch and bound
13 Remember BTL-1
technique.
12. Apply Branch and Bound algorithm to solve the travelling salesman
13 Create BTL-6
problem for
13. With an example, summarize how the branch and bound
technique is used to solve 0/1 knapsack problem.
13 Evaluate BTL-5
14. There are 5 distinct numbers {1,2,5,6,8}. Identify the
combinations of these numbers such that the sum is 9. Use the 13 Understand BTL-2
backtracking model to arrive at the solution.
15. With an example, Exaplin how the backtracking approach
13 Analyze BTL-4
is used to solve Hamiltonian circuit problem.
16. Explain in detail about the LIFO and FIFO search. 13 Remember BTL-1
17. Write down the difference between Backtracking and Brach and
13 Understand BTL-2
Bound.

PART-C
1. Explain the 4-Queen's problem using backtracking. Write the
algorithms. Give the estimated cost for all possible solutions of 4- 15 Create BTL-6
Queen's problem. Specify the implicit and explicit constraints.
2. Find a Hamiltonian circuit or disprove its existence in the graph
given below.

15 Evaluate BTL-5

3. Solve the following instance of Knapsack problem by branch and

bound algorithm.

15 Create BTL-6

4. Let w={5,7,10,12,15,18,20} and m=35.Compute all possible

subset of w whose sum is equivalent to m. Draw the portion of 15 Evaluate BTL-5
state space tree for this problem.
5. Evaluate the following instance of the knapsack problem using the
branch and bound algorithm. Knapsack capacity W=10.
Item Weight Value
1 4 $40 15 Evaluate BTL-5
2 7 $42
3 5 $25
4 3 $12