Associate Prof. Tamer M.

Barakat
Electronics & Communications Dept.
9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 2
  If a message is described by its sample values,
it can be transmitted via analog pulse
modulation.
 From the figure below we can see that, the
modulated pulse parameter amplitude,
duration or relative position is varied in direct
proportion to the sample values.

9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 3

9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 4
  The amplitudes of a regularly spaced
rectangular pulses vary in direct proportion to
the instantaneous samples of a continues
message signal.

9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 5

 A- Pulse Duration Modulation PDM:
 The samples of the message are used to vary
the duration of the individual pulses.
 The modulating wave vary the time of
occurrence of the leading or trailing edge of the
pulse. Application: to allow the control of the
power supplied to electrical devices, especially
to inertial loads such as motors

9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 6

 PDM Generation:
1. firstly, obtain a PAM signal from 𝑣 𝑡 .
2. Adding the PAM signal to ramp signal (sawtooth).
3. The resultant signal [𝑣𝑃𝐴𝑀 𝑡 + 𝑣1 (𝑡)] is applied to a
comparator with a certain reference (slicing level).
4. The output of the comparator is a PDM signal with
duration:
𝜏 = 𝜏0 + 𝑘 𝑣𝑚 (𝑡)
𝐴 𝜏 sin 𝑛𝑤𝑠 𝜏 2
5. ∵ 𝑣𝑚 𝑡 =
𝑇𝑠 𝑛𝑤𝑠 𝜏 2
𝐴 (𝜏0 +𝑘 𝑣𝑚 (𝑡)) sin 𝑛𝑤𝑠 (𝜏0 +𝑘 𝑣𝑚 (𝑡)) 2
6. ∴ 𝑣𝑃𝐷𝑀 𝑡 =
𝑇𝑠 𝑛𝑤𝑠 (𝜏0 +𝑘 𝑣𝑚 (𝑡)) 2
9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 7
9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 8
 B- Pulse Position Modulation PPM:
 The position of a pulse relative to its unmodulated time of
occurrence is varied in accordance with the message. Application:
PPM Generation:
1. firstly, generate a PDM signal.
2. The PDM signal is differentiated.
3. The differentiated signal is applied to a monostable multivibrator
with negative trigger operation.
4. Hence, the PPM can be expressed by:
∞

𝑣𝑃𝑃𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴0 𝑃 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑘 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑘=−∞
𝐴0 is a constant amplitude.
𝑃( ) is a pulse signal
𝑡𝑘 = 𝑘𝑇𝑠 + 𝑡0 𝑣 𝑘𝑇𝑠 .
Δ𝑡 = 𝑡0 𝑣 𝑘𝑇𝑠 .
𝑡0 is a constant
9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 9
9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 10
9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 11
 A. Recovery of PWM Modulated Signal:
 The procedure of demodulation is as follows:
1. The PWM signal is applied to integrator to generate 𝒗𝟏(𝒕), the
output level of the integrator depends on the pulse duration.
2. Generate a train of pulses 𝒗𝟐 (𝒕).
3. 3. adding 𝒗𝟏 𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒗𝟐 (𝒕).
4. The sum of these signals (𝒗𝟏 𝒕 + 𝒗𝟐 (𝒕)) is then applied to a
clipping circuit with a certain clipping level.
5. The output of the clipping circuit is a PAM signal which applied
to a LPF to obtain the original signal.

9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 12

9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 13
 b. Recovery of PPM signal:
 The procedure of demodulation is as follows:
1. Generate a pulse train of period 𝑇𝑠 .
2. Apply the pulse train to Set input of a bistable multivibrator and
the PPM to the Reset input.
3. The output of the bistable is a PWM signal.
4. The PWM converted to PAM as mentioned previous and then
LPF filtered to get the original signal.

9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 14

9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 15
9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 16
  PAM:
 Ethernet, Some versions of the Ethernet communication standard
are an example of PAM usage. In particular, 100BASE-T4 use
three-level PAM modulation (PAM-3), 1000BASE-T Gigabit
Ethernet uses five-level PAM-5 modulation.
 Electronic drivers for LED lighting, Pulse-amplitude modulation
has also been developed for the control of light-emitting diodes
(LEDs), especially for lighting applications. LED drivers based on
the PAM technique offer improved energy efficiency

9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 17

  PDM:
 its main use is to allow the control of the power
supplied to electrical devices, especially to
inertial loads such as motors.
 In addition, PWM is one of the two principal
algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery
chargers.

9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 18

  PPM:
Pulse position modulation has many purposes, especially
in RF (Radio Frequency) communications. For example,
pulse position modulation is used in remote controlled
aircraft, cars, boats, and other vehicles and is responsible
for conveying a transmitter’s controls to a receiver. Each
pulse’s position may describe an analogue controller’s
physical direction, while the number of pulses may
describe the number of possible commands that the device
may receive.

9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 19

  It is a technique used for transmitting several
analog message signals over a single
communication channel by dividing the time
frame into slots; one slot for each message
signal.
 TDM divided into:
1. Analog TDM (TDM using PAM).
2. Digital TDM (TDM using PCM).

9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 20

9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 21
9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 22
  Where 𝑓𝑚 = highest frequency in the baseband (audio)
signal.
𝑇𝑠
 Each time slot = ,
where 𝑁 is the number of
𝑁
transmitted signals.
 The first time slot may be used for synchronization by
sending a synchronization signal in this slot.
 This synchronization signal is used to synchronize the
receiver switch with the transmitter switch.
 Disadvantages:
 Synchronization.
 Amplitude Distortion.
 3. Cross talk.
9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 23
  Channel BW required to carry TDM-PAM:
- Assume that, the channel
𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝑐 .
- ℎ𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐹 −1 𝐻𝑐 𝑤
𝑤𝑐 sin 𝑤𝑐 𝑡
=
𝜋 𝑤𝑐 𝑡
- To prevent crosstalk:
𝑇𝑠 1
=
𝑁 2𝑓𝑐
𝑁
𝑓𝑐 = 𝐵𝑊 =
2𝑇𝑠
1
But, 𝑇𝑠 = 2𝑓
𝑚
2 𝑁𝑓𝑚
Then, 𝑓𝑐 = = 𝑁 𝑓𝑚
2
∴ 𝑩𝑾 = 𝑵 𝒇𝒎 for TDM-PAM
9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 24
9/26/2017 Associate Prof.Tamer M. Barakat 25