Physical and Physiological Aspects of Physical Education MODULE-2

Dimension of Physical
Education and Yog

5
PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION Note

Anand is an athlete and is the medal winner in the 100 mt race in School annual
sports meet. He is aspiring to compete in inter school and district athletic
competition, for which he has to improve his performance through training from
athlete experts. He consulted his school Physical Education teacher, who
accompanied him to the district stadium of his locality and met the athletic coach
of the stadium. The stadium coach listened to Anand and his school Physical
Education Teacher and started suggesting Anand. The suggestions focused around
essentials required to improve performance, benefits of exercise, type of exercise
and training required to improve physiological and physical aspects of Anand.
Anand could not understand the suggestions and was expecting his Physical
Education Teacher to make him understand as to how physical activity can affect
cardiovascular system, respiratory system and muscular system through exercises
and training. On returning from the district stadium, school Physical Education
Teacher started to explain the concepts discussed by the athletic coach to Anand,
which are included in this chapter.

OBJECTIVES

After studying this lesson, you will be able to:

explain the concept, types and components of
physical activity;
explain the concept and effects of exercise on the muscular system;
learn the effects of exercise on the respiratory system;
count the effects of exercise on the circulatory system and
explain the concept of Yog Physiology.

5.1 CONCEPT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Exercise can be defined as “the collective efforts done by the body to perform a
specific task” or any body movement done by the muscles, regulated by brain
that results in energy expenditure. Here we are talking about physical activities
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that include your anatomical posture, physiological systems, psychological
efforts, social environment etc. Without physical, mental, emotional and social
efforts physical activity can not be performed. There are ranges of physical
activities which can be divided into three sections: aerobic activities, anaerobic
activities and flexibility exercises. We have to understand the different types of
activities, before we could understand their effects on different systems of our
body. You are advised to do warmup, before you start any workout and after
Note completion of workout you are advised to do cooling down.

5.1.1 Warm Up
Warm up are those exercises which are performed before any workout with a
purpose of physiological and psychological preparation. We can divide warming
up into two parts: general warm up and specific warm up. In general warm up,
an individual does general physical movements like sport jogging, stretching,
calisthenics etc. In specific warm up, an individual does physical movement
specific to those group of muscles which are in major form involved in specific
skill.

Source- https://darebee.com/workouts/4-minute-warmup-workout.html
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Note

Fig.5.1a: Warming up Exercises

Source- https://darebee.com/workouts/4-minute-warmup-workout.html

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Note

Fig.5.1b: Warming up Exercises

5.1.2 Effects of Warm up on Body Systems

Enhances the body core temperature by 1 degree Celsius which brings basal
metabolic rate (BMR) higher, resulting in better physical work capacity.
Red blood cells carry more oxygen resulting in alertness and make you full
of energy.
Increases the stroke volume as per demand of the activity.
Improves range of motion in joints.
Enhances coordination, agility, reaction time.
Increase in muscle blood flow,
Increase in the speed of nervous impulse
Nerve receptors work faster

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Improves flexibility and physical performance
prevents sports injuries.

5.1.3 Types of Activity

Types of
Physical
Activity Note

Aerobic Anaerobic
activities activities

Fig.5.2: Types of Physical Activity

Aerobic Activities
Aerobic activities are those activities which are performed continuously with
low and moderate intensity by the large groups of muscles, oxgen uptake is
high. These activities require oxygenated blood for working muscles. For
example, walking, running, skipping, swimming, rowing, hiking. Production of
lactic acid in muscles in these activities is low.

Anaerobic Activities
Anaerobic activities are those activities which are performed in intervals with
moderate to high intensity and low volume. The activity is either too fast or too
intensive in which working muscle is unable to receive appropriate amount of
oxygenated blood that triggers lactate acid formation. Sprinting, weight training
etc. are suitable examples.

5.1.4 Components of Physical Activity

Effect of exercise or physical activity on body system depends on below
mentioned factors:
Types of Physical Activity: Different physical activities have varied energy
demand, involvement of body parts, coordination & equipment used which
produces a wide-range of load. Examples: running, weight lifting, playing
tennis, playing kick boxing, badminton etc.
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Intensity of Activity: amount of physical power that the body uses during
the activity is known as intensity of activity. It may also be calculated by
the amount of force or energy exerted in relation to time. Example: intensity
in running can be measured by calculating the speed which may further be
illustrated in units as m/sec or km/hr. in weight lifting intensity can be
measured in Weight in Kgs or in tons etc.
Volume of the Activity: Work done during exercise or activity is known as
Note volume of activity. It can be measured by duration, distance and frequency
of an activity. Example in running activity volume can be measured in
second, minutes, hours or in meter, km. etc. in weight lifting volume can be
measured in repetition / time.

5.2 MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Muscular system permits movement of the body, maintain posture and circulates
blood throughout the body. There are more than 600 muscles and 206 bones in
our body that help us to produce force and movement. It permits movement of
the body, maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body muscles
contracts and relaxes. The muscles are of three types and have different
characteristics and functions which are mentioned below:

Fig.5.3: Types of Muscles

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Smooth muscles – It is an involuntary muscle which is not under control of
conscious functioning of nervous system. These muscles are located in our
organs like digestive system, respiratory system etc.
Cardiac muscles – As per its name this type of muscle tissues are found in
heart. It contracts automatically and quickly and repeatedly forcing the blood
the throughout body. It work rhythmically without any fatigue. They are
involuntary muscles in nature, so are not under conscious control.
Skeletal muscles – known as striated muscle due to its appearance, skeletal Note
muscle are under voluntary control or the conscious control. Contraction of
this type of muscle results in pulling of the bones and creates movements.
There are different types of activities which are controlled by the skeletal
muscles. There are three types of muscle contractions:

Isometric Pushing the Wall, Planks etc.

contraction

Isotonic Bicep Curl, Push-Ups etc.

contraction

Iso-kinetic Cybex Isokinetic Exercise

contraction Machine etc.

Fig. 5.4:Types of Muscle Contractions

i) Isometric contraction: during the process of contraction tension occurs

but no visible change in the length of the muscle. Example pushing the
wall, planks etc.

Fig. 5.5: Isometric Exercises

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ii) Isotonic contraction: when muscle’s shortening and lengthening process
is visible while lifting a constant load. Example bicep curl, push ups etc.

Note

Fig. 5.6: Isotonic Exercises

iii) Iso-kinetic contraction: it is executed on a constant pace where muscle

shortening is maximal over full range of motion. Example XYZ isokinetic
exercise machine.

Fig.5.7: Iso-kinetic Exercise

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DO YOU KNOW?

Skeletal muscles are composite of muscle fibres which can be divided in to

two categories: Type I is also known as slow-twitch fibres and Type II known
as fast-twitch. Our body has both categories of fibres; the composition may
change depending upon the training:
a) Type I (slow-twitch) fibres contracting slowly with less force, fatigue
comes slowly which suits for long duration aerobic activities eg. Long Note
distance races, Aerobics etc.
b) Type II (fast-twitch) fibres contract faster and produce great force but
fatigue comes faster; anaerobic activities suit this types of fibres eg. Short
distance races, 100 M, 200 M etc.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 5.1

1) Which type of muscle is under control of conscious functioning of nervous

system?
2) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
a) If you have 80% of ................................................................................
fibres in your muscles, then you can give good timings in sprint rather
than marathon.
b) When we do exercise biceps curl repetition then we do ...............
..............................................................................................................
muscle contraction.
c) In weightlifting, somebody is lifting the weight of 80% of his capacity
that is known as .....................................................................
d) Contraction is executed on consistent pace where muscle shortening is
maximum over full range of motion .........................................................

ACTIVITY 5.1

Prepare a chart of 10 Isometric exercises and 10 Isotonic exercises.

Hint: Search on Internet

5.2.1 Effects of Exercises on Muscular System

When we do exercise, our muscle system responds differently according to long
term or short term activity. These responses are known as acute responses caused
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effects has been shown in the figure below:
Effect of Exercise on
Muscular System

Short Term Long Term

Note

Increased blood Hypertrophy

supply (Increase in cell size)

Increased body Increased tendon and

temperature ligaments strength

Increase in number
Micro tears and size of
mitochondria

Accumulation of
Lactate (Lactic acid Increased tolerance
in muscles) to lactate

Increase muscle Increase fat

flexibility oxidation

Increase in storage of
glycogen

Increased tolerance
to lactate

Increase in
myoglobin stores
Fig.5.8:Effect of Exercise on Muscular system
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Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid
Deltoid
Triceps Pectoralis major
Biceps Serratus anterior
Latissimus dorsi
External oblique
Thenar muscles
Note
Extensors of the hand Rectus abdominis
Tensor fasciae latae
Gluteus maximus

Iliotibial tract
Semitendinosus
Yastus lateralis Sartorius
Quadriceps
Rectus femoris
Biceps femoris
(hamstrings)

Peroneus Gastrocnemius
longus
Tendo calcaneus
Tioialis
(Achilles tendon)
Anterior
soleus

Fig.5.9:Muscular system

Source- <a href="https://kidskonnect.com/science/muscular-system/">Muscular Sytem Facts

& Worksheets: https://kidskonnect.com</a> - Kidskonnect, June 7, 2018

5.2.1.1 Short Term Effects of Exercise on Muscular System

Increased blood supply
As an effect of involvement in exercise our metabolic rate (rate of energy
produced and released by the muscles) also increases gradually. Blood does
not only work as to import oxygen but also to remove waste products like
carbon dioxide.
Increased muscle temperature
Effect of short term activity includes rise of the temperature of the body
that happens because of chemical break down of fats and carbohydrates.
Increase muscle flexibility
Due to increase in temperature during the activity muscles become more
flexible, it means greater range of motion and possibilities of injuries are
also reduced.
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Accumulation of Lactate
When we do short duration high intensity activity then we experience burning
sensation in our muscle, this results due to accumulation of lactate acid in
our muscles which results in insufficient supply of oxygen.
Micro tears
In weight training, we put our muscle under stress that results in little tears
Note in muscle fibres. Micro tears in our muscle cause pressure on nerve and
never endings.

5.2.1.2 Long Term Effects of Exercise on Muscular System

Hypertrophy
Increase in size of the muscle due to increase in the size of muscle cell is
known as hypertrophy. Continuous weight training results in increasing the
size of muscle and strength.
Increased tendon and ligaments strength
Tendons are those connective tissue bands which connect bone to muscles
and ligaments are those bands which connect one bone to another. Regular
strength training activity increases the strength as well as flexibility of both
and it has a positive impact on cartilages.
Increase in number and size of mitochondria
As you know continuous weight training leads to hypertrophy, size of muscle
fibres also increase. In muscle fibres there are mitochondria which are also
known as power house, they produce energy because of increase in fibres.
Their space also becomes bigger and their size also increases which leads
to better aerobic and anaerobic performance.
Increase in myoglobin stores
Myoglobin is protein is found in muscle tissue which is responsible for
caring and storing of oxygen in skeletal muscles. Continuous and intensive
activity increase the quality and quantity of myoglobin stored in your
muscles. Myoglobin transports oxygen to mitochondria which produce
energy.
Increase in storage of glycogen
Long duration activity like running done continuously for several days can
improve the storage of glycogen in your muscles. Muscle glycogen does
not need oxygen to give energy. It means that if you have good storage of
glycogen then you can do long term and intensive activity.

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Increase in oxidation/metabolism
After doing continuous activity for a long period your body is able to produce
energy from fats through aerobic glycolysis process. It becomes an easy
process to get energy from fat, during the process of training.
Increased tolerance to lactate
Muscles can tolerate lactic acid and clear it fast during anaerobic training,
in aerobic training due to increase in blood volume body gets more oxygen Note
and removes lactate for our body.

5.3 EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Alveilar duct
1 Alveoli
3 Capillaries
2
4 Diaphragm
5 Epiglottis
6
Esophagus
8
7 9 Frontal sinus
12 10 Laryngeal pharynx
13 Larynx and vocal cords
11
Left lung
12 Mediastinum
Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Right bronchus
Right lung
15 Sohenoidal sinus
19
16
Terminal bronchole
Trachea
17

18

Fig.5.10: Respiratory System

System consists of series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling
carbon dioxide. These organs are nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
and alveoli. Respiration is exchange of oxygen and carbon di oxide in our body.

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Effect of Exercise on
Respiratory System

Short Term Long Term

Note

Respiratory Rate Lung volume

Increases Increases

Tidal volume Increases Pulmonary Diffusion

Increases

Rate of Gas exchange Residual Volume

Increases Increases

Efficiency of
respiratory muscles
Increases
Fig.5.11: Effect of exercise on respiratory system

5.3.1 Short Term Effects of Exercise

Respiratory Rate Increases
During activity our muscles require oxygen and produce carbon dioxide; to
match the demand lungs have to work hard in this process so that lungs can
pump more oxygen into blood and out to the muscles. Our breathing rate
increases, sometimes it may reach to 40 breaths per minute as their resting
breathing rate is around 15 per minute.
Tidal volume Increases
The volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one breath is known as tidal volume.
As you know pulmonary ventilation increases because of size in tidal volume
and respiratory rate to meet increased oxygen demands.

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Rate of Gas exchange Increase
The rate of diffusion of gas between alveoli and blood also increases, during
maximal exercise exchanging capacity for oxygen increases by 300%. Their
short term effects provides many long term benefits.

5.3.2 Long Term Effects of Exercise

Efficiency of respiratory Muscles Increases
Note
The strength and endurance of respiratory muscles increases due to rapid
inhalation and exhalation to meet the oxygen demand by the body. That may be
seen in larger lung volumes of trained persons.
Lung volume Increases
Endurance activity done for long period results in increase of volume and capacity
of lungs. Larger volume of air exhale after deepest possible inhale is known as
vital capacity. Vital capacity increases up to 5-6 liters as compared to inactive
individual who is having 3-4 liters.
Pulmonary Diffusion Increases
During the maximal activity alveoli size increases, which provide more space to
exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Residual Volume Increases
The volume of air that remains in lungs after maximal expiration is known as
residual volume. During the activity residual volume increases which helps to
exchange the gases in normal limits, it is a store house where air can remain.
Optimum amount of oxygen flow in our body helps in concentration, alertness,
makes immune system stronger, gives energy etc., it has also emotional and
social benefits.

DO YOU KNOW?

The air that is inhaled is about 20-percent oxygen, and the air that is exhaled
is about 15-percent oxygen, so about 5-percent of the volume of air is
consumed in each breath and converted to carbon dioxide. Therefore, a human
being uses about 550 liters of pure oxygen (19 cubic feet) per day.
https://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/respiratory/
question98.htm

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5.4 EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM

Our body requires oxygen during long term activities; this need is fulfilled by
the circulatory system. This system consists of blood, heart and vessels. This
system not only carries oxygen but also supplies nutrition to cells and tissues,
removes waste product, and carries hormones etc. Circulatory system is affected
Note in following ways (Fig. 5.12) during exercise.

Blood Flow

Heart Rate Blood

Stroke
Volume Size of
Effect of Heart
Exercise on
Circulatory

Blood
pressure Resting
Heart Rate

Cardiac
Output Lactic acid

Fig.5.12: Effects of Exercise on Circulatory System

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Basilar artery
Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
External jugular vein
Subclavian artery Internal jugular vein
Subclaian vein Vertebral arteries
Cephalic vein Common carotid arteries
Axillary vein
Axillary artery Pulmonary arteries
Aorta Pulmonary veins
Note
Superior vena cava Heart
Inferior vena cava
Descending aorta
Celiac trunk
Branchial artery
Hepatic veins
Basilica vein
Median cubital vein Renal veins
Cephalic vein Renal artery
Ulnar artery Gonadal vein
Radial artery Gonadal artery
Common iliac vein
Common iliac artery
Internal iliac artery
Palmar digital arteries Internal iliac vein
Digital artery External iliac vein
External iliac artery

Great saphenous vein

Femoral artery
Femoral vein

Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Small saphenous vein
Anterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial artery
Peroneal artery
Anterior/posterior tibial veins
Dorsal venous arch
Dorsal digital vein
Arcuate artery
Dorsal digital arteries

Fig.5.13:Circulatory Systems

Heart Rate Increase

During the activity heart rate increases, resting heart rate is ranging 60-80
beat per minute. The rate and intensity of heart contraction is affected by
type of activity, volume, intensity of activity, age, environment etc.

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Stroke Volume increases
Amount of blood pumped in every heart beat is known as stroke volume. It
is a prime factor to determine the endurance capacity of an individual, due
to small heart volume in females their stoke volume is also lower as compared
to males. In resting position, an individual who is not involved in activity,
his heart pump 70 ml/ bt and in same state an individual who does regular
activity their heart pump 100 ml/bt.
Note
Cardiac Output increases
The amount of blood pumped in one minute by the heart is known as cardiac
output, it can be calculated by heart rate x stoke volume. Due to increase in
heart rate and stock volume cardiac output also increases.
Blood pressure increases
Participation in Physical activity immediately increases the blood pressure.
Upper limit is known as systolic and lower limit known as diastolic pressure.
There are factors which affect the blood pressure like age, sex, disease,
exercise, psychological factors etc.; It depends on the type of activity.
However prolonged participation in physical activity, maintains the blood
pressure level.
Blood Volume increases
Activity results in increase in blood volume due to increase in blood plasma
and the number of red blood cells. Increase in volume of blood plasma
results in decrease of blood thickness which leads to better blood circulation.
Blood Flow increases
Active muscles need more oxygen and nutrition, that requirement can be
fulfilled by more flow of the blood. Reasons of Increase in blood flow are
increase in blood volume, increase in capillaries etc.
Size of Heart
Long term continuous activity changes the function and structure of the
heart. It is a pumping machine which supplies blood to the whole body.
Continuous activities not only increases the ability of contraction but also
increase the size of left ventricle.
Lactic acid
Long term effect of activity includes lower level of accumulation of lactic
acid, due to good circulation of blood which contains good amount of
oxygen.

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Resting Heart Rate
Due to good circulation and hypertrophy of heart the resting heart rate
decreases.

DO YOU KNOW?

Note
Normal Blood pressure Range is systolic = 120- diastolic = 80 mmHg
Athletic Heart is a syndrome in which human heart is enlarged, and the
resting heart rate is lower than normal.
An average adult heart rate ranging between 60 beats per minute to 80
beats per minute, on an average 72 beats per minute.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 5.2

Choose the correct option.

1) Amount of blood pumped in every heart beat is known as:
a) Cardiac Output
b) Blood Volume
c) Stoke volume
d) Residual Volume
2) Which of the following is not an outcome of exercise on muscular system?
a) Increased tendon and ligaments strength
b) Hypertrophy
c) Pulmonary Diffusion Increases,
d) Increase in myoglobin stores
Complete the sentence with one of the term given below.
3) Increase in storage of glycogen is an effect of exercise and comes under
........................
a) Circulatory system
b) Respiratory system
c) Muscular system
d) None of above
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4) Explain the role of Heart while doing activity.
.....................................................................................................................
5) By what name is the volume of inhaled and exhaled air in one breethe known?
.....................................................................................................................
6) Explain the impact of increase in volume of blood pressure.
......................................................................................................................
Note
7) Explain the role of prolonged activity on the heart rate.
......................................................................................................................

5.5 GENERAL BENEFITS OF EXERCISES

Weight
Control
Strong Reduce the
Muscles and risk of
Bones cancers

Strengthen
Boost Benefits of Cardiovascular
Energy level Exercises and
Respiratory
Systems

Risk of
Heart Quitting
Diseases Smoking
Decreases Control
blood sugar
and insulin
levels
.

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DOU YOU KNOW?

Our body has

37.2 trillion Cells
200 different types of cells
100 billion skin cells
Note
100 billion neurons in brain
127 million retinal cells
6 litres of blood
42 billion blood vessels
30 trillion red blood cells
23040 breaths per day
115200 heart beats per day
Heart pumps nearly 1.5 million barrels of blood during a lifetime
640 muscles
360 joints
206 bones in adult
300 bones in children

5.6 CONCEPT OF YOG PHYSIOLOGY

Before learning yog, an individual must have the understanding about anatomical
and physiological aspects because incorrect and unsafe practices can lead to
medical problems and it may also create new problems. An individual must
know the individual differences and effects of yog on our body. Yog has been
practised for thousands of years for development of physical, mental and spiritual
personality. Physiological aspects of yog can be observed in shuddhi kiriyas,
pranayama and asanas.

5.6.1 Physiological Aspects of Shuddhi Kriyas

These help to prevent respiratory disease like bronchitis, asthma etc.
These help to remove excess of mucus from our body, to cure cold and
cough.

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Education and Yog These help to cure digestive system disorders like acidity, indigestion,
constipation etc.
These clean colon, removes gas and makes passage clear.
Nauli massages muscles, intestine, excretory organs etc.
Jal neti removes pollution from nasal passages and allows air flow without
obstruction; and stimulates nerve passing from nose to improve the
Note functioning of brain.

Physiological Aspects of Pranayam

Helps in cooling the body systems and relaxes the eyes, nose and ears.
Helps to cure the disease like blood pressure and purify the blood
Its increases the flow of oxygen in blood that keep body fit and healthy.
It strengthens the nervous system, relax the function of brain.
It tones the organs and digestion.

Physiological Aspects of Asanas

Asanas improve strength, flexibility and aerobic capacity.
These provide positive changes in toning of muscles.
These improves ability to recover from injury
These has positive effect’s on isometric and isotonic muscle contractions.
Play important role in disease like arthritis, back pain, hypertension, various
respiratory diseases, sinusitis, diabetes, obesity, indigestion.
Help in reduction in blood pressure, cholesterol, body fat, blood glucose
level.
Improve the functioning of respiratory system, immune system, digestive
system.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 5.3

Fill in the blanks to make the sentences meaningful.

1) Through shuddhi kriyas digestive disorders like ........................,
.......................... and ....................................... can be cured.
2) Practice of pranayama strengthens the nervous system and improves its
...........................
3) Asanas help to gain ...................................................... of muscle.
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WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT

Three types of physical activities are: aerobic activities, anaerobic activities

and flexibility exercises.
Warming up is the series of exercises done before the main activity which
has physiological and psychological benefits.
In human body we can classify muscles in three groups as per their Note
characteristic and functions; that are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and
skeletal muscle.
Types, intensity, volume of the physical activity are the component of load.
Skeleton muscle has two types of fibres namely slow-twitch fibres and fast-
twitch ones.
Effects of exercises on muscular system include increased blood supply,
muscle temperature, muscle flexibility, accumulation of lactate acid, micro
tears, DOMS, hypertrophy, increased tendon and ligaments strength, number
and size of mitochondria, myoglobin stores, storage of glycogen, storage of
fat and tolerance to lactate.
Effect of exercise on respiratory system includes increase in respiratory
rate, tidal volume, rate of gas exchange, efficiency of respiratory muscles,
lung volume, pulmonary diffusion and residual volume.
Effect of exercise on circulatory system includes increase in heart rate, stroke
volume, cardiac output, blood pressure, blood volume, blood flow, size of
heart, lactic acid and resting heart rate.
General benefits of exercises include weight control, strong muscles and
bones, boost in energy level, risk of heart diseases decreases, control on
blood sugar and insulin levels, quitting smoking, strengthening
cardiovascular and respiratory systems and reduction in the risk of cancers.
Physiological effects of shuddhi kiriyas, pranayam and asana

TERMINAL QUESTIONS

List the effects of exercises on our Cardiovascular System.

Explain the long term effects of exercise on muscular system.
Explain the short term effects on cardiovascular system.
Describe the changes that come in Respiratory system after physical activity.
How does Yog affect the Physiological values of an individual?
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GLOSSARY
Fatigue: weakness in something, such as a metal part or structure, often
caused by repeated bending.
Metabolic Rate: the amount of energy used by an animal per unit of time.
Accumulation: a mass or quantity of something that has gradually gathered
or been acquired.
Note Glycolysis: the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and
pyruvic acid.
Contraction: the act, process, or result of making or becoming smaller or
shorter and broader.
Osteoporosis: a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and
fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or
deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.

ANSWERS TO INTEXT QUESTIONS

5.1
1. Skeletal muscle,
a) Fast,
b) Isotonic,
c) Intensity,
d) Isokinetic

5.2
1. Stroke volume,
2. Pulmonary Diffusion Increases,
3. Muscular system,
4. To Pump the blood,
5. Tidal Volume,
6. Blood circulation,
7. Decrease
5.3
1. Acidity, indigestion and constipation,
2. Functions,
3. Tones

Physical Education and Yog

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