FYE110: Reasoning with Data

Unit 3: Presenting Data: Visualizations

Zayed University

College of Natural and Health Sciences

Fall 2024

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 Outline

1 Introduction

2 Organize Qualitative Data

Frequency Tables
Bar Graph
Pie Charts
Infographic

3 Organize Quantitative Data

Frequency Distribution
Histogram
Line Chart
Radar plot
Other Common Graphs

4 End of Unit 3 Questions

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 Introduction

Table of Contents

1 Introduction
2 Organize Qualitative Data
Frequency Tables
Bar Graph
Pie Charts
Infographic
3 Organize Quantitative Data
Frequency Distribution
Histogram
Line Chart
Radar plot
Other Common Graphs

4 End of Unit 3 Questions

Department of Mathematics and Statistics FYE110: Reasoning with Data Fall 2024 3 / 92
 Introduction

Introduction

In the first two units we covered Problem, Plan, and Data collection. Now
we will start the analysis phase. Visualization is considered as first stage in
analysis, we start exploring data using tables, graphs and charts.

In this unit you will learn:

Selecting the appropriate visualization depends on understanding whether
the data is qualitative (nominal, ordinal) or quantitative (continuous,
discrete).
Using software (Excel and other tools) to create meaningful and accu-
rate visualizations.
Proficiency in reading and interpreting data visualizations is essential,
particularly in a world where data representation goes beyond tradi-
tional graphs like pie charts and bar graphs.

Department of Mathematics and Statistics FYE110: Reasoning with Data Fall 2024 4 / 92
 Introduction

Few questions when it comes to choosing the graph:

When presenting a graph, it is important to thing, ask and answer relevant

questions, such as:
a What is the data type?
b Which graph is the most appropriate ones that can represent a data?
c What is the purpose of the graph?
d How can you choose the appropriate vocab for a graph presentation?
e Does the graph predict the future?
f Which tool are you going to use for creating the graphs?

Department of Mathematics and Statistics FYE110: Reasoning with Data Fall 2024 5 / 92
 Organize Qualitative Data

Table of Contents

1 Introduction
2 Organize Qualitative Data
Frequency Tables
Bar Graph
Pie Charts
Infographic
3 Organize Quantitative Data
Frequency Distribution
Histogram
Line Chart
Radar plot
Other Common Graphs

4 End of Unit 3 Questions

Department of Mathematics and Statistics FYE110: Reasoning with Data Fall 2024 6 / 92
 Organize Qualitative Data

Organizing Qualitative Data

Remember
☛ Qualitative variables are those variables that take on categories or label
values.

Common methods to represent these variables include

1 Bar charts

2 Pie charts

3 Other Infographics

But before that, we have to learn how to organize the variables.

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 Organize Qualitative Data Frequency Tables

Frequency, Relative Frequency and Percent

Frequency distribution
A frequency distribution is a tabular summary of data showing the num-
ber absolute frequency of observations in each class, and the summary
table that presents the data is called frequency distribution.

The relative frequency for each class is the frequency of the class
divided by the total number of observations.
Absolute Frequency
Relative Frequency =
Total Number of Observations

Percentage, multiply the relative frequency by 100 and put % sign at

then end.
Percent = Relative Frequency × 100

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 Organize Qualitative Data Frequency Tables

Important Points with Distribution tables

Keep in mind when working with distribution table:

1 Excel is a very useful tool for constructing a frequency distribution,
especially when working with large sample sizes.
2 The last (total) row is optional, but it serves as a good check for
your calculations. The frequencies should sum to the total number
of observations, the relative frequencies should sum to 1.00, and the
percentages should add up to 100%, subject to minor rounding errors.
3 There is no strict rule for ordering the classes. You can arrange them
alphabetically or from highest to lowest, depending on what makes the
most sense for your analysis.

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 Organize Qualitative Data Frequency Tables

Example: Which traffic violation is most common?

A recent survey revealed that there were 200 traffic violations committed
by university students over the past year.

Violations Frequency
Speeding 65
Using Cell Phones 36
No Signals 32
Tailgating 25
Slow speed 25
Bright Lights 8
Using Two Parking Spots 9
Total 200

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 Organize Qualitative Data Frequency Tables

Example: Which traffic violation is most common?

1 Apply PPDAC Cycle: How can the data on traffic violations help in
designing a new awareness campaign on safe driving?

Figure: PPDAC for safe driving campaign

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 Organize Qualitative Data Frequency Tables

Example: Which traffic violation is most common?

2 Complete frequency table, to get better understanding:

Violations Relative Frequency Percentage
Speeding 0.325 0.325 × 100 = 32.5%
Using Cell Phones 0.18 0.18 × 100 = 18%
No Signals 0.16 0.16 × 100 = 16%
Tailgating 0.125 0.125 × 100 = 12.5%
Slow speed 0.125 0.125 × 100 = 12.5%
Bright Lights 0.04 0.04 × 100 = 4%
Two Parking Spots 0.045 0.045 × 100 = 4.5%
Total 1 100%

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 Organize Qualitative Data Frequency Tables

Example: Which traffic violation is most common?

3 Findings and Conclusion

▶ Speeding violation was highest violation drivers had committed.

▶ Second most common traffic violation was using phone while driving.

▶ Tailgating and Slow speed have same proportion of violations.

We should generally recommend the campaign should focus on two

major issues: speeding, which is the most frequent violation, and using

cell phones while driving, which ranks second.

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 Organize Qualitative Data Frequency Tables

Activity: Design Tourist Poster

You are tasked with analyzing tourism data to create a promotional poster
highlighting key destinations in the UAE.

A systematic random sample of visitors to UAE during last month was

obtained, and the favorite destination of each visitor is given in the following
table:
Malls AlAin Zoo Louver Museum AlAin Zoo
AlAin Zoo Malls Qasr Al Watan Yas Island
Louver Museum Qasr Al Watan Malls Sir Baniyas Island
Qasr Al Watan Yas Island Qasr Al Watan Yas Island
Louver Museum Qasr Al Watan Malls Louver Museum
Louver Museum Yas Island Sir Baniyas Island Louver Museum

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 Organize Qualitative Data Frequency Tables

Activity: Design Tourist Poster

1 What is the type of data have been collected?

2 Organize the data in frequency distribution table.

Destinations Frequency Relative Frequency

Total
3 What are the main findings?

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 Organize Qualitative Data Bar Graph

Bar Graphs (Column Chart)

Bar Graph
A bar graph or bar chart is used to present categorical data with rectangular
bars with heights proportional to the values that they represent. The bars
can be plotted vertically or horizontally. A vertical bar chart is sometimes
called a column chart.

Figure: Food Waste in UAE Hospitality Sector

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 Organize Qualitative Data Bar Graph

When you could use a bar graph?

There are also many types of bar charts, demonstrating the versatility of
this chart type, and it is important to choose the right bar chart for the
right context.
1. Comparisons between categories or classes
2. Bar graphs are particularly effective when comparing different cate-
gories.
3. Grouping of quantitative variables For example, aggregating data by
time periods (e.g., dividing sales data by quarters like 2024-Q1, 2024-
Q2, etc.)

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 Organize Qualitative Data Bar Graph

Example: Top 10 Countries in 2022, PISA Scores

700,000 pupils took the PISA test representing 29 million across the world.
PISA scores used as a metric to compare quality, equity and efficiency in
learning outcomes across countries.

Figure: The best performing countries and economies

Findings A uniform performance among the top 10 countries.

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 Organize Qualitative Data Bar Graph

Example: Horizontal Bar Graph

Horizontal bar graph is useful to compare many countries, showing the

variation in school day lengths across different countries. These data are
extracted from world population review.

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 Organize Qualitative Data Bar Graph

Example: Double Bar Graph

Double Bar Graph may be used to compare categorical data obtained from
two (or more) different groups. In this example, CEO survey on AI expected
affect on their businesses report.

Findings Middle East shows higher expectations for the positive impact of
AI compared to the global average across all categories.
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 Organize Qualitative Data Bar Graph

Best practices for using bar charts

1 Maintain rectangular forms for your bars

Figure: Keep Columns in 2D Format and Flat

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 Organize Qualitative Data Bar Graph

Best practices for using bar charts

2 Use a common zero-valued baseline to ensure accurate comparisons of
bar lengths. Without a zero baseline, the chart becomes biased, lead-
ing to misrepresentation when comparing groups. This is because the
ratio of bar lengths no longer reflects the actual ratio of the values,
potentially misleading viewers.

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 Organize Qualitative Data Bar Graph

Making Bar Graph with Excel

Excel is a useful tool when it comes to creating charts, here is a step-by-step

guide on creating a bar graph using excel.

This tutorial shows how to make bar graph.

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 Organize Qualitative Data Bar Graph

Activity: Visualize Your Data a Bar Graph

Use Excel to create a bar graph to visualize the following data:

Violations Frequency
Speeding 65
Using Cell Phones 36
No Signals 32
Tailgating 25
Slow speed 25
Bright Lights 8
Using Two Parking Spots 9
Total 200

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 Organize Qualitative Data Pie Charts

Pie Chart For Qualitative Variables

Pie Chart
A pie chart is another graphical representation of a frequency distribution
for nominal categorical data. Pie chart shows how a whole is divided into
parts and can use either proportions or percentages.

Pie charts emphasize proportions of qualitative data, commonly for nomi-

nal type of data, making them ideal for showing percentages among these
categories.

Figure: Google Revenue in 2024-Q2

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 Organize Qualitative Data Pie Charts

Example: Land Use in UAE By Crop Type

According to open data on bayanat.ae, the dataset below shows irrigated

land use (Unit: donum) in the United Arab Emirates classified as per the
crop type, for the year 2022.

Remark For such data the pie chart is useful to show the proportion of land
use by crop.

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 Organize Qualitative Data Pie Charts

Activity: Highest level of education

Pie charts and bar graphs can show the distribution (either counts or per-
centages) of the highest level of education among people of age 25 or over.

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 Organize Qualitative Data Pie Charts

Activity: Highest level of education

Based on the previous chart answer the following:
What is the type of the variable?

How many possible values of the variable?

What is the percentage of people age 25 or over who have a bachelor’s

degree but not an advanced degree?

Give a short description of both graphs?

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 Organize Qualitative Data Pie Charts

Multiple Pie Charts

In the 2023, ASDA’A Arab Youth Survey, When asked to if they believe
that “Social media negatively impacts mental health”.

Remark: When dealing with multiple data sets, you need to use separate
pie charts. Unlike bar graphs, it’s not possible to combine multiple data
sets into a single pie chart.
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 Organize Qualitative Data Pie Charts

Making Pie Chart with Excel

Again Excel can be used to make pie charts, here is a step-by-step guide on
creating a bar graph using excel.

This tutorial shows how to make a pie charts.

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 Organize Qualitative Data Pie Charts

Activity: Construct Pie Chart Using Excel

The following dataset extracted from bayanat.ae shows the number of ac-
cidents for the year 2018, answer the following questions and provide your
analysis.
Calculate the relative frequency and the per-
centage. Emirate Accidents
What is the total number of accidents across Abu Dhabi 1469
all emirates? Dubai 1214
Sharjah 433
Provide an appropriate graph (pie chart or
Ajman 177
bar graph) for the given data.
Um AlQuwain 52
What conclusion can be drawn from the Fujairah 166
graph in this study? Ras AlKhaimah 52
Would you say these accidents proportional
to Emirate size?

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 Organize Qualitative Data Infographic

Infographic

Infographics enhance audience engagement by providing a concise overview

of a topic, and they contribute to data visualization and storytelling by
simplifying complex information.

Infographic
An infographic is a way of communicating information graphically. It has
a combination of texts, images, icons and data representation (graphs).

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 Organize Qualitative Data Infographic

Example: Infographic Convey Data In Easy Way

Explore what teens choose to share and keep private and with whom in the
following infographics.

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 Organize Qualitative Data Infographic

Activity: Concerns related to Covid-19

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 Organize Qualitative Data Infographic

Activity: Interpretation

What percentage of employees selected anxiety as the emotion they

felt most strongly during the last month?
What percentage of employees aged 30-45 are at least somewhat con-
cerned about the return of Covid-19 later this year?
Which age group shows the highest percentage of being very concerned
about the return of Covid-19 later this year?
How does the percentage of employees with a household member con-
sidered at higher risk vary across different income levels?
Compare the levels of concern about the return of COVID-19 between
employees aged 18-29 and those aged 65+. What do you notice?

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 Organize Qualitative Data Infographic

Activity: Dubai Population Report

In 2018 Report. Open the report and share some of your findings about
Dubai Population in 2018.

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 Organize Qualitative Data Infographic

Tools to Make Infographics

Take a look at some tools on this scale of easy to more difficult to use,
depending on your level of skill and interest:

Tools for Infographic

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 Organize Qualitative Data Infographic

Guideline for Beginners to Good Infographic

Once you have your data, know your goal, and have visualized your data,
then assemble your infographic. This can be complicated and typically
requires many elements. Here is a guide for designing infographics discuss
the following:
Information flow
Color
Font
Shapes

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 Organize Qualitative Data Infographic

Avoid These Common Mistakes with Infographics

1 Make one big point avoid overly complex graphs.

Figure: Confusing Inforgraphic, Danny Dorling

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 Organize Qualitative Data Infographic

Avoid These Common Mistakes with Infographics

2 Use clear title and labels

Figure: Inforgraphic with No Clear Title, CDC Twitter Account

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 Organize Qualitative Data Infographic

3 Overall Review Take a final look at your graph, and ask do the data
match up to the size?
Could you spot what’s wrong here?

Figure: Misleading Inforgraphic CNN.com

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 Organize Qualitative Data Infographic

Activity: Create Your Own Infographic

Choose a topic related to your country that interests you (e.g., culture,
tourism, economy, environment).
1 Collect reliable data
2 Use your data to create a visually appealing infographic.
3 Your infographic should clearly present key information, and highlight
important points.
4 Focus on making the data easy to understand for your audience.
5 Use design elements like information flow, color, font, shapes, and
simple text to enhance clarity.

Department of Mathematics and Statistics FYE110: Reasoning with Data Fall 2024 42 / 92
 Organize Quantitative Data

Table of Contents

1 Introduction
2 Organize Qualitative Data
Frequency Tables
Bar Graph
Pie Charts
Infographic
3 Organize Quantitative Data
Frequency Distribution
Histogram
Line Chart
Radar plot
Other Common Graphs

4 End of Unit 3 Questions

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 Organize Quantitative Data Frequency Distribution

Frequency Distribution

A frequency distribution is a table that partitions data into classes or

intervals of equal width and shows how many data values are in each
class. The frequency, f , of a class is the number of data entries in
the class.
Constructing a Frequency Distribution:
1 Determine the number of non-overlapping classes.
Use between 5 and 15 classes.
Datasets with a larger number of values usually require a larger number
of classes.
2 Determine the width of each class.
Largest value – Smallest value
Approximate Class Width =
Number of classes
3 Determine the class limits (boundaries).
Class limits must be chosen so that each data item belongs to one and
only one class (Avoid overlapping or unclear class limits).

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 Organize Quantitative Data Frequency Distribution

Example: Computer Repair

The price of computer repair can vary greatly by region and repair shop.
Hiring a computer repair technician to get you back up and running, you
will likely spend between 50 and 110 Dhs. The following sample data set
lists the repair price per hour (in Dhs) for 50 repair shops in UAE.

91 78 93 57 75 52 99 80 97 62
71 69 72 89 66 75 79 75 72 76
104 74 62 68 97 105 77 65 80 109
85 97 88 68 83 68 71 69 67 74
62 82 98 101 79 105 79 69 62 73
Construct a frequency distribution using 6 classes.

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 Organize Quantitative Data Frequency Distribution

Example: Frequency distribution

Sort the data in ascending order:

52 57 62 62 62 62 65 66 67 68
68 68 69 69 69 71 71 72 72 73
74 74 75 75 75 76 77 78 79 79
79 80 80 82 83 85 88 89 91 93
97 97 97 98 99 101 104 105 105 109
109−52
Class width= 6 = 9.5 ≈ 10
Determine class boundaries and assign observations to classes:
Repair Cost(Dhs) Frequency
50 but less than 60 2
60 but less than 70 13
70 but less than 80 16
80 but less than 90 7
90 but less than 100 7
100 but less than 110 5
Total 50

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 Organize Quantitative Data Frequency Distribution

Relative and Percent Frequency Distributions

A relative frequency distribution lists the categories and the propor-

tion with which each occurs.
Frequency
Relative Frequency =
Total number of values
In the percent frequency distribution, the percentage in each group
is its relative frequency multiplied by 100%.
Frequency
Percent Frequency = × 100%
Total number of values
When comparing the distributions of two or more groups, relative or
percent frequency is more useful than knowing the frequency for each
group.

Department of Mathematics and Statistics FYE110: Reasoning with Data Fall 2024 47 / 92
 Organize Quantitative Data Frequency Distribution

Example: Relative and Percent Frequency

Relative Percent
Repair Cost(Dhs) Frequency Frequency Frequency
50 but less than 60 2 0.04 4%
60 but less than 70 13 0.26 26%
70 but less than 80 16 0.32 32%
80 but less than 90 7 0.14 14%
90 but less than 100 7 0.14 14%
100 but less than 110 5 0.1 10%
Total 50 1 100%

Insights Gained from the percent frequency distribution:

Only 4% of the repair costs are in the 50 to less than 60 class.
30% of the repair costs are under 70 Dhs.
The greatest percentage (32% or almost one-third) of the repair costs
are in the 70-79 Dhs range.
10% of the repair costs are 100 Dhs or more.
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 Organize Quantitative Data Frequency Distribution

Exercise
A sample of 400 college freshmen was asked how many hours per week
they spend on social media platforms. The following frequency distribution
presents the results.
Number of hours Frequency
1.0-3.9 50
4.0-6.9 68
7.0-9.9 106
10.0-12.9 78
13.0-15.9 63
16.0-18.9 35

a Construct a relative frequency distribution.

b How many students spend on social media platforms 13 to less than
16 hours per week?
c What percentage of students spend on social media platforms less than
10 hours per week?
d What percentage of students spend 13 or more hours per week?
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 Organize Quantitative Data Histogram

Histogram

Histogram
Histogram is a graphical display that gives an idea of the shape of the
quantitative data distribution which is similar to the bar chart showing the
distribution of qualitative data.

The class boundaries (or class midpoints) are shown on the horizontal
axis while frequency is measured on the vertical axis.
Bars of the appropriate heights can be used to represent the class
frequency (or percent).
Unlike a bar chart, a histogram has no natural separation between
rectangles of adjacent classes. A space indicates that there are no
observations in that interval.
Look for: Central or typical value, extent of spread or variation, general
shape, location and number of peaks, presence of gaps and outliers
(unusual extreme points).
Department of Mathematics and Statistics FYE110: Reasoning with Data Fall 2024 50 / 92
 Organize Quantitative Data Histogram

Shapes of Histogram

A histogram is perfectly symmetric if its right half is a mirror image

of its left half. Histograms that are not symmetric are referred to as
skewed.
▶ A histogram with a long right-hand tail is skewed to the right,
or positively skewed.
▶ A histogram with a long left-hand tail is skewed to the left,
or negatively skewed.
In practice: Symmetric distributions occur in test scores, heights, and
IQ scores. Left-skewed distributions appear in difficult exam scores and
retirement age, while right-skewed distributions are common in house
prices, income, and population lifespans.
A histogram is unimodal if it has only one peak, or mode, and bimodal
if it has two clearly distinct modes.

Department of Mathematics and Statistics FYE110: Reasoning with Data Fall 2024 51 / 92
on page 79. equal. If a distribution is skewed left, the mean is less than the median and the
Organize Quantitative Data Histogram
median is usually less than the mode. If a distribution is skewed right, the mean
is greater than the median and the median is usually greater than the mod
Common Distribution Shapes
Examples of these commonly occurring distributions are shown.

40 40
35 35
30 30
25 25
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5

Symmetric Distribution Uniform Distribution

are many
stributions. 40 40
ape cannot 35 35
etric, 30 30
A 25 25
20 20
y 15 15
f 10 10
5 5
f
the
Skewed Left Distribution Skewed Right Distribution

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 Organize Quantitative Data Histogram

Example: Computer Repair

The distribution of the repair cost is slightly skewed to the right centered
around 80.
Department of Mathematics and Statistics FYE110: Reasoning with Data Fall 2024 53 / 92
 maze?
Organize Quantitative Data Histogram
d. Is the histogram most accurately described as skewed
to the right, skewed to the left, or approximately
Exercise symmetric?
21. Cholesterol: The following histogram shows the distribution of
serum cholesterol level (in milligrams per deciliter) for a sample
The following histogram
of men. Use shows thetodistribution
the histogram answer the following ofquestions:
serum cholesterol level
(in milligrams per deciliter) for a sample of 200 men. Use
a. Is the percentage of men with cholesterol levels above 240 the histogram to
closest to 30%, 50%, or 70%?
10answer
11 12 the following questions:
b. In which interval are there more men: 240–260 or 280–340?

0.20
Relative Frequency
0.15

0.10

0.05

0
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340
20 21 22 23 24 Serum Cholesterol

22. Blood pressure: The following histogram shows the

distribution of systolic blood pressure (in millimeters of
a What percentage of men with cholesterol levels above 240?
mercury) for a sample of women. Use the histogram to answer
Inpresents
ncy histogram
b which interval are there
the following more men: 240–260 or 280–340?
questions:
ple of 100 male college a. Is the percentage of women with blood pressures above 120
c How many men closestwithtocholesterol
25%, 50%, or 75%? levels between 260 and 280?
b. In which interval are there more women: 130–135 or
d Is the histogram140–150?
most accurately described as skewed to the right,
skewed to the left, 0.20 or approximately symmetric?
ncy

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 Organize Quantitative Data Histogram

Activity: Describe Athlete Performance

The following figure displays the long-jump distances (in meters) for 40 male
athletes participating in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. Describe
the histogram?

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 Organize Quantitative Data Histogram

Dubai Prices Properties

A sample of 262 apartment prices was selected from the Property Finder
database. Below is a histogram showing the distribution of the prices.

Is the distribution symmetric, left-skewed, or right-skewed? Explain what this

shape tells you about apartment prices in Dubai.
Identify the range or central cluster of prices where most apartments are
priced. Is this near the lower, middle, or higher end of the distribution?
Estimate the lowest and highest prices for 2-bedroom apartments.
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 Organize Quantitative Data Histogram

Choosing Number of Classes (Bins)

Avoid histograms with large bin widths that group data into only a
few bins. A histogram constructed with large bin widths will show the
distribution as a “skyscraper”. This does not give good information
about variability in the distribution.
Avoid histograms with small bin widths that group data into lots of
bins. A histogram constructed with small bin widths will show the
distribution as a “pancake.” This does not help us see the pattern in
the data.
Check how changing number of bins affect the shape of the histogram

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 Organize Quantitative Data Line Chart

Line Chart

Line Chart
A line chart is a type of graph that displays data points connected by
straight lines, typically used to show trends over time

A common use of line chart is to observe quantitative data that are measured
at regular intervals over period of time. Data that are observed over time
are called time series data.

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 Organize Quantitative Data Line Chart

Characteristics When Examining Line Chart

➢ Overall trend. A trend is a long-term increase or decrease over time.

➢ Seasonal variation. These are patterns which repeat themselves over

time; e.g., each week, each month, each year, etc.

➢ Sharp deviations. These are unusual observations that deviate greatly

from the overall pattern.

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 Organize Quantitative Data Line Chart

Number of students In UAE Schools

Below are number of students registered in UAE private and public schools
according to MOE, Open-data
Academic Year Total
2017-18 254,434
2018-19 226,279
2019-20 509,657
2020-21 790,292
2021-22 929,395
2022-23 1,294,802
2023-24 755,020

Analysis: Overall, the trend shows that the number of students registered in
UAE schools has seen increasing for the past 7 years. In academic year 2019-
2020, the number of students nearly doubled and kept steadily increasing
until 2022-2023, reaching more than 1 million student.

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 Organize Quantitative Data Line Chart

Example: Life Expectancy in UAE

The graph below shows changes on the average life expectancy. The trend
shows a steady and significant rise in average life expectancy in years over
the past 71 years.

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 Organize Quantitative Data Line Chart

Non-Oil Sector Business Activity

According to a SP Global report, we notice an unusual deviation on 2020

which is caused by pandemic between 2019 – 20.

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 Organize Quantitative Data Line Chart

Activity: Costs and Benefits of Solar Energy

This plot compares the monthly peak electricity demand (in megawatts,
MW) and the projected electricity production. It compares the Abu Dhabi’s
highest monthly electricity demand with how much electricity the solar plant
is expected to produce.
1

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 Organize Quantitative Data Line Chart

Activity: Costs and Benefits of Solar Energy

Based on the chart above answer the following questions:

In which months the demand surpass the production?

In which month was the peak electricity export occurs?

As per the article what could be the reasons behind the decrease in
electricity production from May to August?

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 Organize Quantitative Data Line Chart

Making Line Chart with Excel

3. Click Line with Markers.

1. Select the range A1:D7.

Result:

2. On the Insert tab, in the Charts group, click the Line symbol.

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 Organize Quantitative Data Radar plot

Radar Plot
Radar Plot
A radar plot is used to visualize multidimensional quantitative variables,
each represented on its own axis.

Application Example FIFA top 25 players, radar charts can be used in

sports to chart players’ strengths and weaknesses by representing various
statistics related to the player that can tracked along the central axis of the
chart.

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 Organize Quantitative Data Radar plot

Use of Radar Plot For Comparison

Using a radar chart to compare different entities. To compare the rating
scores between male and female employees within an IT company, across
several areas punctuality, communication skills, technical knowledge, team-
work, and others.

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 Organize Quantitative Data Radar plot

What the Language You Tweet Says About Your Occupation

In this paper, researchers analyzed tweets and identified a relationship be-

tween a person’s occupation and the language they use. Eight job categories
were examined: Marketing, Administrator, Start-up, Editor, Software Engi-
neer, Public Relations, Office Clerk, and Designer.

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 Organize Quantitative Data Radar plot

Making Radar Chart with Excel

Step 1: Organize your data Step 3: Insert the Radar chart

Step 4: Make sure the labels are clear

Step 2: Select your data

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 Organize Quantitative Data Radar plot

Activity: Charts For Quantitative Data With Excel

Instructions:
Open the Excel file and navigate to the first sheet.
For each dataset, follow the instructions to create a chart, describe it,
and summarize your findings.

Sheet 1: Villa Prices with 3 Bedrooms in Dubai

Task: Construct a histogram to visualize villa prices.
Guide: Analyze the shape, central tendency, skewness, and outliers.
Findings: What are the typical prices and are there unusual ranges?

Sheet 2: Vaccine Coverage in 190 Countries

Task: Create a histogram showing vaccine coverage across countries.
Guide: Compare coverag

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Activity: Charts For Quantitative Data With Excel

Sheet 3: UAE GDP per Capita from 1970-2023

Task: Construct a line chart to show GDP trends over time.
Guide: Highlight significant economic changes over the years.
Findings: Describe growth patterns or significant shifts.

Sheet 4: Students’ Activities and Performance

Task: In the radar chart sheet, ask two of your friends to provide some
information about their studying habits: (Average grade, time spent
on hobbies, etc...)
Plot a radar chart in Excel using the data.
Comment: Provide a brief commentary on the graph, noting any in-
teresting findings, common habits, or uncommon features. Mention if
any patterns can be recognized from the radar plot.

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Graphical Displays in Media

Here are some basic characteristics that all plots, graphs, and pictures should
exhibit:
The data should stand out clearly from the background.
There should be clear labeling that indicates
▶ the title or purpose of the picture.
▶ label the axes, bars, pie segments, and so on.
▶ the scale of each axis, including starting points.
A source should be given for the data.

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Aesthetic Learning Experience Analysis Instrument

In Journal of Visual Literacy 2016, the authors designed an instrument to

assess how well an infographic supports engagement, cognitive processing,
and the overall learning experience by focusing on several key components:
A Immediacy Does the infographic create urgency or excitement and
encourage users to take action
B Malleability Can users apply the content in various ways and derive
personal meaning from it?
C Compellingness Does the infographic grab and hold attention, present
novel or provocative ideas, and use storytelling effectively?
D Resonance Does it help users connect the content to their own expe-
riences, evoke emotions, and appear credible?
E Coherence Is the infographic’s message clear, well-formed, and logi-
cally structured?

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Conclusion

We now live in a world where information is potentially unlimited.

Information is cheap, but meaning is expensive. Where is the
meaning? Only human beings can tell you where it is. We’re
extracting meaning from our minds and our own lives.
— George Dyson

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 Organize Quantitative Data Radar plot

Common Mistakes in Infographics

Using the wrong graphs/charts for their particular purpose For ex-
ample, when presenting vaccine coverage percentages among a sample of
countries,

A line chart should be

avoided, as the data does
not represent a time series
or any temporal changes.

Histogram on the other

hand, is a good way to rep-
resent these quantities di-
vided into classes.

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Common Mistakes in Infographics

Overuse of Colors in Infographics Using too many colors in an infographic

can create visual clutter and distract from the main message. A limited
color palette enhances clarity and guides the viewer’s attention, making the
information easier to understand. Choose a cohesive color scheme that
complements their content rather than overwhelms it.

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Common Mistakes in Infographic (3)

Set zero-baseline in graphs/charts: In Q2 2024, Dubai Police’s Command
and Control Centre handled over 2.1 million calls, with 97% answered within
10 seconds (three rings).

Note that not starting the

baseline from zero can lead to
misleading interpretations of
the data. Presenting the 97%
as significant drop from 99%
suggesting a significant drop.
A proper baseline is crucial
for accurately conveying
changes in data trends.

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 Organize Quantitative Data Radar plot

Activity: Assess the Infographic

The following graph presents the common injuries for boys in popular high
school sports, showing the number of injuries per 10,000 competition plays.
Based on the graph, which sport has the highest occurrence of head injuries
among players?

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 Organize Quantitative Data Radar plot

Data Map

Data Map
A data map is a visual representation that displays data geographically,
using a map as the backdrop to show patterns, trends, and relationships in
a specific location.

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Activity: SDG Clean Cooking Fuels by Country

One of the targets of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is to

ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services.

Using the data map, write a brief paragraph that answers the following questions:
What can you conclude about the UAE’s progress toward this Development Goal?
Comment on the progress globally?

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Animated Infographs

Gapminder is a free tool designed to provide a fact-based worldview. It

is used by millions of people, including teachers, journalists, and decision-
makers worldwide. This tutorial, will explain how to use Gapminder.

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 End of Unit 3 Questions

Table of Contents

1 Introduction
2 Organize Qualitative Data
Frequency Tables
Bar Graph
Pie Charts
Infographic
3 Organize Quantitative Data
Frequency Distribution
Histogram
Line Chart
Radar plot
Other Common Graphs

4 End of Unit 3 Questions

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Multiple Choice Question 1

Question: Which type of graph is best suited for showing the frequency
distribution of age groups in a population?
1 Pie chart
2 Histogram
3 Radar chart
4 Line chart

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Multiple Choice Question 2

Question: When would a radar chart be most appropriate?

1 Comparing market share among competitors
2 Displaying monthly sales trends over a year
3 Comparing different attributes of products, such as price, quality, and
durability
4 Showing the population of different countries in a region

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Multiple Choice Question 3

Question: A pie chart is most suitable for displaying:

1 Changes over time
2 Parts of a whole
3 Geographic distribution of the variable
4 Frequency distributions

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Multiple Choice Question 4

Question: A line chart is used primarily to:

1 Compare categories at one point in time
2 Show trends over time
3 Display proportions of a whole
4 Show the distribution of data

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True or False Question 5

Question: A histogram is best used to display continuous data, such as the

distribution of heights in a class.
True
False

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True or False Question 6

Question: Map data can be used to represent population density by as-

signing the same color gradient to represent different regions, regardless of
their population density.
True
False

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True or False Question 7

Question: A radar plot is most suitable for comparing performance ratings

across multiple criteria.
True
False

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Open-Ended Question 8

Question: Examine the following frequency distribution. There are errors

in the way the classes are organized, such as unequal class widths and
gaps between classes. Identify these errors and create a revised, accurate
frequency distribution.

Faulty Frequency Distribution:

Class Interval Frequency

50–59 3
60–65 5
66–74 7
75–80 4
82–89 6
90–100 2

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Open-Ended Question 9

Question: Examine the graph provided. Critique the graph by identifying

any errors or missing elements. Use the data to suggest improvements.

1 What type of data is this graph

showing?
2 What are some issues you ob-
serve in this graph?
3 Use the data provided to make
an appropriate graph. Make sure
to include clear labels, titles, and
units.

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Open-Ended Question 10

Question: What are the steps to create a frequency distribution for quan-
titative data? Use the following SAT scores as a sample dataset and outline
the process for creating a frequency distribution:

Sample SAT Scores:

1250, 1300, 1450, 1380, 1420, 1500, 1280, 1340, 1400, 1350, 1100, 1570
1320,1270, 1460, 1310, 1430, 1290, 1370, 1410, 1390, 1480, 1420, 1170

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