UNIT-1

What is IoT/Defnition of IoT

1. The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a system of interrelated, internet-
connected objects that are able to collect and transfer data over a wireless
network without human intervention.
2. The goal behind the Internet of things is to have devices that self report in
real-time, improving efficiency and bringing important information to the
surface more quickly than a system depending on human intervention.
3. The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—
“things”—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for
the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems
over the internet. These devices range from ordinary household objects to
sophisticated industrial tools. With more than 7 billion connected IoT devices
today, experts are expecting this number to grow to 10 billion by 2020 and 22
billion by 2025. Oracle has a network of device partners.
4.
Benefits of the internet of things
1. More data means better decisions
With added sensors, these devices are able to collect a large amount of data on
many different areas. Many companies are realising the power of this
technology and it is leading to a large increase in the market. In fact, the total
market value of IoT is set to grow to over $3 trillion annually by 2026*
2. Ability to track and monitor things
These devices would have the ability to keep an eye out on the current quality
of goods at home. Knowing the state of your items will allow a homeowner to
know when they need to replace an item, without them having to consistently
check the quality themselves.
3. Lighten the workload with automation
Having a device doing most the work for you means that you can save more
time and cost. This greatly reduces human efforts. It also results in devices
being created that need little to no human intervention, allowing them to
operate entirely on their own.
4. Increases efficiency by saving money and resources
As well as saving time for the device owner, it can also result in cost savings.
For example, if lights automatically turn themselves off the moment you leave
the room, you could save a lot of money on you electricity bills.

5. Better quality of life

All the benefits lead to an increased quality of life. Having your devices track
and order things for you, turn light switches off for you, and help manage
important tasks that you may not have the time to do yourself certainly takes
away a lot of stress.
Need of IoT
We are focusing on the need for the internet of things in this section

1. Disaster management:

With the smart devices enabled with the internet of things are able to know about the
forest fires and other calamities with the fine-grained accuracy all the time.

Smart devices can efficiently handle the situation of these and even can also let know
before begin informing the containment team timely so that they can respond quickly
and efficiently as well.

The smart disaster management system also applies the aftermath of the avalanches,
mudslides as well as earthquakes.

2. Urban management:

Increasing traffic is one of the most growing concerns among the developing nations
and handling these is an issue that is not possible to manage efficiently by the
administration.

So IoT devices can play a vital role in the automating of traffic management that can
adequately notice and command the flow of traffic.

In the smart management system, the paring application efficiently guides the people
for parking of cars to open places and also eliminates the possibility of wasted time &
energy. It also mitigates the waste that exceeds the inclinations of the current system
greatly.

3. Smart healthcare:

IoT devices have been implemented in the health sector in a great number and they
are producing exemplary results as well.

Wearable devices implemented in the health sector have the capability of detecting
various health problems at a time and even they can also inform before its occurrence.

After the detection of the particular disease, these devices inform family members
immediately to control it. These devices also provide detailed information about the
drugs to the responders.
4. Interactive performance:

With the help of effective data analytics, you can efficiently interact with others in
real-time. Besides, location, timing, and searching type can also be tracked by the
company to know about the real need of the customers.

Here, it can be said that the dynamic interactions are created through the internet of
things devices with the demonstration in multiple sizes at a time.

5. Superior functionalities:

After the IoT devices usage, advanced features give pleasant experiences to the users
that are almost equal to the mobile payment.

Great functionalities of the internet of things devices help in the execution of efficient
operation during various stages.

6. Convenient usage:

Smart devices enabled with the IoT feature are becoming more popular these days and
the most common reason about it is the suitable control.

Many IoT devices are implemented in your home that helps in making it smarter. For
example, a smart refrigerator and Amazon Dash Board button are some examples of
internet of things implementation that can record items to inform earlier.

Thus the internet of things helps people drastically in making their life easier and thus
also saves time.
Characteristics of IoT
In today’s technological world IoT figures prominently in technology discussions due
to its rapid growth. There are multiple ways to define IoT. There are the following
characteristics of IoT as follows. Let’s discuss it one by one.

1. Connectivity –
Connectivity is an important requirement of the IoT infrastructure. Things of IoT
should be connected to the IoT infrastructure. Anyone, anywhere, anytime can
connectivity should be guaranteed at all times Without connection, nothing makes
sense.

2. Intelligence and Identity

The extraction of knowledge from the generated data is very important. For example,
a sensor generates data, but that data will only be useful if it is interpreted properly.
Each IoT device has a unique identity. This identification is helpful in tracking the
equipment and at times for querying its status.

3. Scalability –
The number of elements connected to the IoT zone is increasing day by day. Hence,
an IoT setup should be capable of handling the massive expansion. The data
generated as an outcome is enormous, and it should be handled appropriately.

4. Dynamic and Self-Adapting (Complexity) –

IoT devices should dynamically adapt themselves to the changing contexts and
scenarios. Assume a camera meant for the surveillance. It should be adaptable to
work in different conditions and different light situations (morning, afternoon, night).

5. Architecture –
IoT architecture cannot be homogeneous in nature. It should be hybrid, supporting
different manufacturers ‘products to function in the IoT network. IoT is not owned by
anyone engineering branch. IoT is a reality when multiple domains come together.

6. Safety –
There is a danger of the sensitive personal details of the users getting compromised
when all his/her devices are connected to the internet. This can cause a loss to the
user. Hence, data security is the major challenge. Besides, the equipment involved is
huge. IoT networks may also be at the risk. Therefore, equipment safety is also
critical.
Things + Protocols = Physical design of iot The physical design of an IoT system is referred to as the
Things/Devices and protocols that are used to build an IoT
system. All these things/Devices are called Node Devices and
every device has a unique identity that performs remote
sensing, actuating, and monitoring work. and the protocols
Physical Design of IoT that are used to establish communication between the Node
devices and servers over the internet.

Physical Design of IoT system refers to IoT Devices and IoT Protocols. Things are
Node device which have unique identities and can perform remote sensing, actuating
and monitoring capabilities. Communication established between things and cloud
based server over the Internet by various IoT protocols. Logical design of IoT system
refers to an abstract representation of the entities & processes without going into the
low-level specifies of the implementation.

IoT Protocols helps Communication established between things and cloud based
server over the Internet. Basically Things refers to IoT Devices which have unique
identities and can perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.
Things are is main part of IoT Application. IoT Devices can be various type, Sensing
Devices, Smart Watches, Smart Electronics appliances, Wearable Sensors,
Automobiles, and industrial machines. These devices generate data in some forms or
the other which when processed by data analytics systems leads to useful information
for example temperature sensor that is used to
to guide further actions locally or remotely. analyze the temperature generates the data from a
location and is then determined by algorithms.

Above picture, shows a generic block diagram of IoT device. It may consist of several
interfaces for connections to other devices. IoT Device has I/O interface for Sensors,
Similarly for Internet connectivity, Storage and Audio/Video.
Things/Devices
Things/Devices are used to build a connection,
process data, provide interfaces, provide
storage, and provide graphics interfaces in an
IoT system. All these generate data in a form
that can be analyzed by an analytical system and
program to perform operations and used to
improve the system.
IoT Device collect data from on-board or attached Sensors and Sensed data
communicated either to other device or Cloud based sever. Today many cloud servers
available for especially IoT System. These Platfrom known as IoT Platform. Actually
these cloud especially design for IoT purpose. So here we can analysis and processed
data easily.

SPI- Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is an interface bus commonly used to send data between
microcontrollers and small peripherals.

Universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter (UART) is one of the simplest and oldest forms of device-
to-device digital communication.

I2C general-purpose I/Os (GPIOs)

The use of CAN interface allows CAN-IO high speed, hardware independence, and flexibility in the
expansion of connected cards.

Graphics processing unit, a specialized processor originally designed to accelerate graphics rendering.
HDMI stands for
High-Definition Multimedia Interface, a standard for simultaneously transmitting digital video and
audio from a source

The 3.5mm headphone jack is an industry standard audio plug. Most commonly used for connecting a
pair of stereo headphones to your smartphone

RCA cables are specifically used to connect the audio and video components of a variety of devices,
including televisions, gaming consoles, DVD players, VCRs, speakers and cable boxes.

The SD standard offers great flexibility, include the ability to use the SD slot for more than memory
cards.

MultiMediaCard (MMC) is a flash memory card standard. Typically, an MMC is used as storage media
for a portable device, in a form that can easily be removed for access by a PC. Secure Digital (SD) is a
flash (non-volatile) memory card format and is used for storage.

It is simple, SDIO is for IO (IO functionality) and SD is only for storage (memory), the SDIO card side
is able to interrupt the host processor while as SD doesnt interrupt the host side, host has to read or write
to the SD card.
IoT Protocols
IoT protcols help to establish Communication between IoT Device (Node Device) and
Cloud based Server over the Internet. It help to sent commands to IoT Device and
received data from an IoT device over the Internet. An image is given below. By this
image you can understand which protocols used.

Link Layer

Link layer protocols determine how data is physically sent over the network’s
physical layer or medium (Coxial calbe or other or radio wave). Link Layer
determines how the packets are coded and signaled by the hardware device over the
medium to which the host is attached (eg. coxial cable).
Link-layer protocols are used to send data over the
Here we explain some Link Layer Protocols: network’s physical layer. it also determines how the
packets are coded and signaled by the devices.
802.3 – Ethernet : Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols that are used
primarily in LANs. It was first standardized in 1980s by IEEE 802.3
802.11 – WiFi : IEEE 802.11 is part of the IEEE 802 set of LAN protocols, and
specifies the set of media access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) protocols
for implementing wireless local area network (WLAN)
802.16 – Wi-Max : The standard for WiMAX technology is a standard for Wireless
Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs) that has been developed by working group
number 16 of IEEE 802, specializing in point-to-multipoint broadband wireless access
802.15.4 -LR-WPAN : A collection of standards for Low-rate wireless personal area
network. The IEEE’s 802.15.4 standard defines the MAC and PHY layer used by, but
not limited to, networking specifications such as Zigbee®, 6LoWPAN, Thread,
WiSUN and MiWi™ protocols.
2G/3G/4G- Mobile Communication : These are different types of
telecommunication generations. IoT devices are based on these standards can
communicate over the celluer networks.
This layer is used to send datagrams from the source
network to the destination network. we use IPv4 and IPv6
Network Layer protocols as host identification that transfers data in packets.
Responsible for sending of IP datagrams from the source network to the destination
network. Network layer performs the host addressing and packet routing. We used
IPv4 and IPv6 for Host identification. IPv4 and IPv6 are hierarchical IP addrssing
schemes.

IPv4 :
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each
device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for
communication. An IP address serves two main functions: host or network interface
identification and location addressing.
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) defines an IP address as a 32-bit number.
IPv6 : Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of the Internet
Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that provides an identification and
location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. IPv6
was developed by the Internet Engineering IPv6 uses a 128-bit address,
6LoWPAN : 6LoWPAN is an acronym of IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal
Area Networks.6LoWPAN is the name of a concluded working group in the Internet
area of the IETF. This layer is used to control the flow of data segments and handle error control. also,
these layer protocols provide end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the
Transport Layer underlying network
This layer provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow control and
congestion control. So this layer protocols provide end-to-end message transfer
capability independent of the underlying network.

TCP : TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a standard that defines how to

establish and maintain a network conversation through which application
programs can exchange data. TCP works with the Internet Protocol (IP), which
defines how computers send packets of data to each other.
 In this layer, protocols define how the data can be sent over the
network with the lower layer protocols using the application interface.
these protocols include HTTP, WebSocket, XMPP, MQTT, DDS, and
AMQP protocols.

UDP : User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a Transport Layer protocol. UDP is a part of
Internet Protocol suite, referred as UDP/IP suite. Unlike TCP, it is unreliable and
connectionless protocol. So, there is no need to establish connection prior to data
transfer.
Application Layer
Application layer protocols define how the applications interface with the lower layer
protocols to send over ther network.

HTTP : Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-layer protocol for

transmitting hypermedia documents, such as HTML. It was designed for
communication between web browsers and web servers, but it can also be used for
other purposes
CoAP : CoAP-Constrained Application Protocol is a specialized Internet Application
Protocol for constrained devices, as defined in RFC 7252. It enables devices to
communicate over the Internet. It is defined as Constrained Application Protocol, and
is a protocol intended to be used in very simple hardware. The protocol is especially
targeted for constrained hardware such as 8-bits microcontrollers, low power sensors
WebSocket : The WebSocket Protocol enables two-way communication between a
client running untrusted code in a controlled environment to a remote host that has
opted-in to communications from that code.
MQTT :MQTT is a machine-to-machine (M2M)/”Internet of Things” connectivity
protocol. It was designed as an extremely lightweight publish/subscribe messaging
transport and useful for connections with remote locations where a small code
footprint is required and/or network bandwidth is at a premium. For example, it has
been used in sensors communicating to a broker via satellite link, over occasional
dial-up connections with healthcare providers, and in a range of home automation and
small device scenarios.
XMPP : Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is a communication
protocol for message-oriented middleware based on XML (Extensible Markup
Language). It enables the near-real-time exchange of structured yet extensible data
between any two or more network entities.
DDS : The Data Distribution Service (DDS™) is a middleware protocol and API
standard for data-centric connectivity from the Object Management Group®
(OMG®).
AMQP : The AMQP – IoT protocols consist of a hard and fast of components that
route and save messages within a broker carrier, with a set of policies for wiring the
components together.
Logical Design of IoT
Logical design of IoT system refers to an abstract representation of the entities &
processes without going into the low-level specifies of the implementation. For
understanding Logical Design of IoT, we describes given below terms.

IoT Functional Blocks

IoT Communication Models
IoT Communication APIs

IoT Functional Blocks

An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide the
capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation, communication and management.

functional blocks are:

Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing, actuation,

monitoring and control functions.
Communication: Handles the communication for the IoT system.
Services: services for device monitoring, device control service, data publishing
services and services for device discovery.
Management: this blocks provides various functions to govern the IoT system.
Security: this block secures the IoT system and by providing functions such as
authentication , authorization, message and content integrity, and data security.
Application: This is an interface that the users can use to control and monitor various
aspects of the IoT system. Application also allow users to view the system status and
view or analyze the processed data.
IoT Communication Models
Request-Response Model
Request-response model is communication model in which the client sends requests to
the server and the server responds to the requests. When the server receives a request,
it decides how to respond, fetches the data, retrieves resource representation, prepares
the response, and then sends the response to the client. Request-response is a stateless
communication model and each request-response pair is independent of others.

HTTP works as a request-response protocol between a client and server. A web

browser may be the client, and an application on a computer that hosts a web site may
be the server.

Example: A client (browser) submits an HTTP request to the server; then the server
returns a response to the client. The response contains status information about the
request and may also contain the requested content.
Publish-Subscribe Model
Publish-Subscribe is a communication model that involves publishers, brokers and
consumers. Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the data to the topics
which are managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the consumers.
Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker. When the broker
receive data for a topic from the publisher, it sends the data to all the subscribed
consumers.

Push-Pull Model
Push-Pull is a communication model in which the data producers push the data to
queues and the consumers Pull the data from the Queues. Producers do not need to be
aware of the consumers. Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the
Producers and Consumers. Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when
there is a mismatch between the rate at which the producers push data and the rate rate
at which the consumer pull data.

Exclusive Pair Model

Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional, fully duplex communication model that uses a

persistent connection between the client and server. Connection is setup it remains
open until the client sends a request to close the connection. Client and server can
send messages to each other after connection setup. Exclusive pair is stateful
communication model and the server is aware of all the open connections.
IoT Communication APIs
Generally we used Two APIs For IoT Communication. These IoT Communication
APIs are:

REST-based Communication APIs

WebSocket-based Communication APIs

REST-based Communication APIs

Representational state transfer (REST) is a set of architectural principles by which you
can design Web services the Web APIs that focus on systems’s resources and how
resource states are addressed and transferred. REST APIs that follow the request
response communication model, the rest architectural constraint apply to the
components, connector and data elements, within a distributed hypermedia system.

WebSocket based communication API

Websocket APIs allow bi-directional, full duplex communication between clients and
servers. Websocket APIs follow the exclusive pair communication model. Unlike
request-response model such as REST, the WebSocket APIs allow full duplex
communication and do not require new coonection to be setup for each message to be
sent. Websocket communication begins with a connection setup request sent by the
client to the server. The request (called websocket handshake) is sent over HTTP and
the server interprets it is an upgrade request. If the server supports websocket
protocol, the server responds to the websocket handshake response. After the
connection setup client and server can send data/mesages to each other in full duplex
mode. Websocket API reduce the network traffic and letency as there is no overhead
for connection setup and termination requests for each message. Websocket suitable
for IoT applications that have low latency or high throughput requirements. So Web
socket is most suitable IoT Communication APIs for IoT System.
Comparison of RESTand WebSocket based communication API

REST WebSocket

Stateless Statefull

Request and Response Full Duplex

Each request involves setting up a new Single TCP Connection

connection

Header overhead No Header overhead

Not Suitable for Real Time application Suitable for Real Time application
IoT Challenges
The Internet Of Things has been facing many areas like Information
Technology, Healthcare, Data Analytics and Agriculture. Following are
the main challenges of IoT

Scalability:
Billions of internet-enabled devices get connected in a huge network,
large volumes of data are needed to be processed. The system that
stores, analyses the data from these IoT devices needs to be scalable.
In present, the era of IoT evolution everyday objects are connected
with each other via Internet. The raw data obtained from these devices
need big data analytics and cloud storage for interpretation of useful
data.
Interoperability:
Technological standards in most areas are still fragmented. These
technologies need to be converged. Which would help us in
establishing a common framework and the standard for the IoT
devices. As the standardization process is still lacking, interoperability
of IoT with legacy devices should be considered critical. This lack of
interoperability is preventing us to move towards the vision of truly
connected everyday interoperable smart objects.
Lack of government support:
Government and Regulatory bodies like FDA should come up and
bring up regulations by setting up a standard committee for safety and
security of devices and people.
Safety Of Patients:
Most Of IoT devices are left unattended, as they are connected with
real-world objects. If used on patients as wearable devices, any
technical error in security can be life-threatening for patient.
Security And Personal Privacy:
There has been no research in security vulnerabilities and its
improvements. It should ensure Confidentiality, Integrity and
Availability of personal data of patient.
Design Based Challenge:
With the development in technology design challenges are increasing
at a faster rate. There have been issues regarding design like limited
computation power, limited energy and limited memory which need to
be sorted out.