P R E PA R E D B Y

SALEEM N
LECTURER IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
K Prepared
G P CBy: Saleem
K ON,ZLecturer
HIK ODE
in ME_KGPC
 MODULE 1

CO1
• Explain stress and strain values and find the changes in
axial, lateral and volumetric dimensions. Find thermal
stresses in bodies of uniform section and composite
sections.

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 COURSE OUTLINE
• M1.01 Explain Types of forces; Stress, Strain and their nature, Mechanical
properties of common engineering materials.
• M1.02 Demonstrate the significant points on stress-strain diagram for MS and
CI specimens. Illustrate the Significance of factor of safety and Relation
between elastic constants.
• M1.03 Explain the concept of Stress and strain values in bodies of uniform
section and of composite section under the influence of normal forces.
• M1.04 Interpret Thermal stresses in bodies of uniform section and composite
sections
• M1.05 Solve Related numerical problems on the above topics

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

• When an external force acts on a body the body tends to

undergo some deformation, due to cohesion (attraction)
between the molecules the body resist deformation.
• This resistance by which the body opposes the deformation
is known as strength of materials.

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 LOAD

• A load may be defined as the combined effect of external

forces acting on a body.

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 TYPES OF FORCES OR LOADS
CLASSIFICATION
• According to the nature of action
• According to manner in which they are applied
• According to the effect produced

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 ACCORDING TO THE NATURE OF ACTION

• Dead loads or steady loads:- A load is said to be a dead or a

steady load, when it does not change in magnitude and
direction.

• Live loads or fluctuating loads:- A load is said to be a live

or fluctuating, when it change continuously.

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 ACCORDING TO MANNER IN WHICH
THEY ARE APPLIED
• Point load or Concentrated load:- Point load is one which is
considered at a point.

• Distributed load:- Distributed load is one which is

distributed or spread in some manner over the length or
over an area.

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 ACCORDING TO THE EFFECT PRODUCED
• Tensile load:- Load which tends to increase the length of a material. The loads
applied along the longitudinal axis of the body.
• Compressive load:- Load which tends to reduce the length of a material.
• Shear load:- When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite forces which are
acting tangentially.
• Torsional or Twisting load:- It is the load which tends to twist the member.
• Bending load:- It is the transverse load which tends to bend the member.

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 STRESS
• The internal resistance force per unit area offered by a body
against deformation is known as stress.
• The external force acting on the body is called the load or force.
• Stress is denoted by ‘σ’.
𝑃
•𝜎=
𝐴
• 𝜎 = Stress
• P = External load or force in N (Newton)
• A = Cross-sectional area in m2
• SI unit of stress is N/m2 or pascal (Pa)
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
 TYPES OF STRESSES
• Longitudinal (axial) stress:- Stress induced due to axial
load.
✓Tensile stress
✓Compressive stress
• Shear stress

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 TENSILE STRESS
• When a body is subjected to two equal
and opposite axial pulls, then the
stress induced in the body is known as
tensile stress.
• The tensile stress causes an increase
in length of the body in the direction
of loading.
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑃
• Tensile stress, 𝜎𝑡 = =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 COMPRESSIVE STRESS
• When a body is subjected to two
equal and opposite axial pushes, then
the stress induced in the body is
known as compressive stress.
• The compressive stress cause
decrease in length of the body in the
direction of loading.
• Compressive stress,
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑃
𝜎𝑐 = =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer
𝐴 in ME_KGPC
 SHEAR STRESS
• When a body is subjected to two
equal and opposite forces which
are acting tangentially across the
resisting section, as a result of
which the body tends to shear off
the section is known as shear
stress.
• Shear stress,
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑃
𝜏= =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐴
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
 STRAIN
• When a body is subjected to an external load, there is some
change of dimensions of the body.
• The ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension
is known as strain.
• Strain is dimensionless quantity.
• It has no unit.
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
• Strain , ε =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 TYPES OF STRAINS
• Tensile strain
• Compressive strain
• Shear strain
• Volumetric strain

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 TENSILE STRAIN
• If there is some increase in length of a body due to external
force, then the ratio of increase of length to the original
length of the body is known as tensile strain.
𝛿𝐿
• Tensile strain, 𝜀𝑡 =
𝐿
• 𝛿𝐿 = Change in length
• 𝐿 = Original length

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 COMPRESSIVE STRAIN
• When a body is subjected to some external force, if there is some
decrease in length of the body, then the ratio of decrease of length of
the body to the original length is known as compressive strain.
𝛿𝐿
• Compressive strain, 𝜀𝑐 =
𝐿
• 𝛿𝐿 = Change in length
• 𝐿 = Original length

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 SHEAR STRAIN
• The strain produced by shear stress is known as shear strain.
• The shear strain is measured by the angle through which the body distorts.
• A rectangular block ABCD fixed at one face and subjected to shear force P.
• After the application of force the block distorts through an angle ∅ and occupies new
position 𝐴𝐼 𝐵𝐼 𝐶𝐷.
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝛿𝐿
• Shear strain = = = tan ∅
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 ℎ
𝛿𝐿
• Shear strain = = ∅ (since ∅ is very small, tan ∅ = ∅)
ℎ
• Shear strain may be defined as the angle in radians through which a body is distorted
by a shear force.

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 VOLUMETRIC STRAIN
• The ratio of change in volume to the original volume of a
body is called volumetric strain.
𝛿𝑉
• Volumetric strain, 𝜀𝑣 =
𝑉
• 𝛿𝑉 = Change in volume
• 𝑉 = Original volume

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
• STRENGTH:- It is defined as the ability of a material to
resist external loads under given conditions.
• ELASTICITY:- The ability of a material to regain its original
shape and size after the removal of load.
• Eg:- Steel, rubber etc
• PLASTICITY:- It is the ability of a material to undergo some
degree of permanent deformation without rupture.
• Plastic deformation will takes place only after the elastic
range has been exceeded. Eg:- Lead, Gold, Copper.
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
• DUCTILITY:- The ability of a material which enables to
draw out into thin wire.
• Eg:- Mild steel, gold, silver, iron etc.
• BRITTLENESS:- It is the property of breaking without
much permanent distortion and appreciable deformation.
• All non-ductile materials are said to be brittle.
• Eg:- Concrete, cast iron, glass etc are brittle materials.
• MALLEABILITY:- The ability of a material to make into
thin sheets without cracking under compressive stress.
• Eg:- Gold, aluminium, copper etc
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
• STIFFNESS:- The ability of a material to resist
deformation is called stiffness or rigidity.
• Eg:- Mild steel, Tungsten etc.
• HARDNESS:- It is the ability of a material to resist wear,
scratching, abrasion, indentation or penetration by harder
bodies.
• Eg:- Diamond, Graphite.
• TOUGHNESS:- It is a measure of the amount of energy a
material can absorb before fracture or failure takes place.
• Eg:- Brass, Mild steel.

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

• CREEP:- The slow and continuous deformation of a
material under steady load is known as creep.
• A material subjected to constant tensile load at elevated
temperature will creep and undergo a time dependent
deformation.
• FATIGUE:- The failure of a material caused under
repeated or fluctuating loads is known as fatigue or fatigue
failure.
• It usually occurs suddenly without showing any sign of
failure.
• RESILIENCE:- The ability of a material to store energy
within the elastic limit is called resilience.
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
 HOOKE’S LAW
• Hooke’s law states that “when a material is loaded within elastic
limit, the stress is directly proportional to the strain”.
• Stress ∝ Strain (within elastic limit)
• 𝜎α𝜀
•𝜎=𝐸𝜀
• 𝐸 = Modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus.
𝜎
•𝐸=
𝜀
• Unit of E is same as stress, N/m2.
• Hooke’s law is applicable for both tension and compression
conditions. Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
 ELASTIC CONSTANTS
Within elastic limit, these factors remains constant.
• Young’s modulus of elasticity (E)
• Modulus of rigidity (G)
• Bulk modulus (K)

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

YOUNG’S MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (E)
• It is the ratio between tensile stress or compressive stress to
the corresponding strain.
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
•𝐸 = or
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝜎
•𝐸=
𝜀

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 MODULUS OF RIGIDITY (G)
• It is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain.
• It is denoted by G or N or C
• Modulus of rigidity,
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜏
𝐺= =
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜑

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 BULK MODULUS (K)
• It is the ratio of the direct stress to the volumetric strain.
• Bulk modulus,
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎 𝜎
𝐾= = =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝛿𝑉 𝜀𝑣
𝑉

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM
• The behaviour of a material at different stages of loading is
represented by a diagram is called stress strain diagram.
• The stress-strain relation of any material is obtained by
conducting tension test in the laboratories on standard
specimen.

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM FOR MILD
STEEL (DUCTILE MATERIAL)
• The stress-strain diagram for mild steel is shown in fig.
• The parameters which are used to describe the stress- strain diagram are
proportional limit, elastic limit, yield point, ultimate strength, breaking
point, % elongation and reduction of area.

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

• 1. Limit of proportionality:- The straight line from O to A
represents that, the stress is proportional to strain and this is
called limit of proportionality.
• 2. Elastic limit:- From A to B the stress is not proportional
to strain, but the material retains it’s original shape after the
complete removal of the load. The stress corresponding to
the point B is called elastic limit.
• 3. Yield point:- It is the point at which the specimen is
deformed without any corresponding increase of load. Point
C shows the yield point. The stress at point C is called yield
stress.
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
• In the diagram C and D represent upper yield point and
lower yield point respectively. At upper yield point C, the
load starts reducing and the extension increases. This
phenomenon is called yielding of material. At lower yield
point D the stress remains same but strain increases for
some time.
• 4. Ultimate strength:- As the load on the test specimen
increases further, the stress and strain increases as indicated
in curve DE, until the maximum stress is reached at point
E. The stress at point E is called ultimate stress or tensile
strength and is defined as the maximum stress that the
material can withstand without failure under tensile load.
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
• 5. Breaking point:- Beyond the point E the extension continues
without any increase in stress and material breaks at point F.
This point F is called breaking point. Thus the stress at which
finally the specimen fails is called breaking point.
• 6. Percentage elongation:- It is defined as the ratio of final
extension at fracture to original length expressed as
percentage.
𝐿𝑓 −𝐿𝑜
• Percentage elongation = 𝑥 100 %
𝐿𝑜
• 𝐿𝑓 = Length of the specimen after fracture
• 𝐿𝑜 = Original length of the specimen
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
• 7. Percentage reduction in area:- It is defined as the ratio of
maximum changes in the cross sectional area to original
cross section area expressed as percentage.
𝐴𝑜 −𝐴𝑓
• Percentage reduction in area = 𝑥 100 %
𝐴𝑜
• 𝐴𝑜 = Original cross sectional area
• 𝐴𝑓 = Cross sectional area at fracture

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM FOR
BRITTLE MATERIAL (CAST IRON)
• In these materials, there is no
appreciable change in rate of strain.
• There is no yield point and necking
takes place.
• Ultimate and breaking point are one
and the same.
• The strain at failure is very small.

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 FACTOR OF SAFETY
• In practice, it is not possible to design a mechanical component
or structural component permitting stressing up to ultimate
stress.
• In actual practice the engineering components are designed
with a margin of safety.
• The maximum stress to which any member is designed is much
less than the ultimate stress, and this stress is called working
stress.
• It is also called allowable or permissible stress.
• The ratio of ultimate stress to working stress (permissible stress
or design stress or safe stress) is called factor of safety.
𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
• Factor of safety =
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
• The factor of safety depends on several factors
1. Type of material
2. The nature of loading
3. The degree of safety required
4. The degree of economy desired
• Based on type of load, following values may be selected for
factor of safety
1. 3 to 4 for steady load
2. 6 to 8 for varying load
3. 9 to 16 for shock load
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
 DEFORMATION UNDER AXIAL LOAD
• Consider a bar subjected to an axial load of P newtons of length L and
area A in mm2.
𝑃
• Then the stress induced in the bar is, 𝜎 =
𝐴
𝛿𝐿
• Strain, 𝜀 =
𝐿
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎
• According to Hooke’s law, 𝐸 = =
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜀
𝑃ൗ 𝑃𝐿
•𝐸= 𝐴
𝛿𝐿ൗ =
𝐿 𝐴𝛿𝐿
• From the above equation,
𝑃𝐿
• Change in length, 𝛿𝐿 =
𝐴𝐸
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
Q.1.1. A steel rod of 25 mm diameter and 600 mm long is
subjected to an axial pull of 40 kN. Determine (a) intensity of
stress (b) elongation of the rod. Take E = 2 x105 N/mm2.
• Given 𝜋
• d = 25 mm • A= (25)2 = 490.87 mm2
4
• L = 600 mm 𝑃 40 x 103
•𝜎= =
• P = 40 kN = 40 x 103 N 𝐴 490.87

• E=2 x105 N/mm2 • 𝜎 = 81.49 N/mm2

𝑃𝐿
• 𝜎 =? • (b) 𝛿𝐿 =
𝐴𝐸
• 𝛿𝐿 = ? 40 x 103 𝑥 600
𝑃 • 𝛿𝐿 =
• (a) 𝜎 = 490.87 𝑥 2 x105
𝐴
𝜋 2 • 𝛿𝐿 = 0.244 mm
• Area , A = 𝑑
4 Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
Q.1.2. A steel wire is used to lift a load of 2 kN. Ultimate stress for
the steel is found to be 360 N/mm2. Find the minimum diameter
required for the wire using a factor of safety of 5.

• Given •𝜎=
𝑃
𝐴
• P = 2 kN = 2 x 103 N
𝑃 2 x 103
• 𝜎𝑢 = 360 N/mm2 • A= =
𝜎 72
• FOS = 5 • = 27.78 mm2
•d=? •
𝜋 2
𝑑 = 27.78
4
𝜎𝑢
• Working stress, 𝜎 = • d = 5.95 mm
𝐹𝑂𝑆
360
•𝜎= = 72 N/mm2
5
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
Q.1.3. A cast iron column is in the form of a tube with internal diameter
of 150 mm. What should be the minimum external diameter so that it
may carry a load of 2 MN, without the stress exceeding 95 N/mm2.
• Given • Area of a hollow cylinder,
• d = 150 mm •𝐴=
𝜋
(𝐷2 − 𝑑2 )
4
• P = 2 MN = 2 x 106 N 𝜋
• 𝜎 = 95 N/mm2 • (𝐷2 − 𝑑2 ) = 2.105 x 104
4
•D=? 4𝑥 2.105 𝑥 104
• (𝐷2 − 𝑑2 ) =
𝑃 𝜋
• 𝜎= • (𝐷2 − 𝑑2 ) = 26801.69
𝐴
𝑃 2 x 106 • 𝐷2 = 26801.69 + (150)2
• A= =
𝜎 95
• = 2.105 x 104 mm2 • 𝐷2 = 49301.69
• D = 222 mm
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
Q.1.4. Find the force necessary to stretch a steel wire by 1.5 mm which
is 2.5 m long and 1.4 mm diameter. Take E = 2 x 105 N/mm2.

• Given 𝑃𝐿
• We know, 𝛿𝐿 =
• Stretch of steel wire, 𝛿𝐿 = 1.5 mm 𝐴𝐸
𝛿𝐿 𝑥 𝐴𝐸
• L = 2.5 m = 2500 mm • From this, P =
𝐿
• d = 1.4 mm • A=
𝜋
(1.4)2 = 1.54 mm2
4
• E = 2 x 105 N/mm2
1.5 𝑥 1.54 𝑥 2 x 105
• P=? • P=
2500
• P = 184.8 N

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 BARS OF VARYING CROSS SECTION
• A bar of different diameters and different length is shown in fig.
subjected to an axial load P
• Total change in length of the bar,
𝑃𝐿1 𝑃𝐿2 𝑃𝐿3
• 𝛿𝐿 = + + (When Young’s modulus of different sections is same)
𝐴1 𝐸 𝐴2 𝐸 𝐴3 𝐸
𝑃𝐿1 𝑃𝐿2 𝑃𝐿3
• 𝛿𝐿 = + + (When Young’s modulus of different sections is different)
𝐴1 𝐸1 𝐴2 𝐸2 𝐴3 𝐸3

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

Q.1.5. An axial pull of 20 kN is acting on a bar consisting of three lengths as
shown in figure. If the Young’s modulus of elasticity is 2.1x105 N/mm2
determine (a) stress at each section (b) Total extension of the bar

• Given
• P = 20 kN = 20 x 103 N
• E = 2.1 x 105 N/mm2
• d1 = 50 mm
• L1 = 100 mm
• d2 = 30 mm
• L2 = 160 mm
• d3 = 20 mm
• L3 = 120 mm
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
 𝜋
• Area of section 1, 𝐴1 = d1 2 • Stress at section 3,
4
𝜋 𝑃 20 x 103
• 𝐴1 = (50)2 = 1963.49 mm2 • 𝜎3 = = = 63.66 N/mm2
4 𝐴3 314.16
𝜋
• Area of section 2, 𝐴2 = d2 2 • Total extension of the bar,
4
𝑃𝐿1 𝑃𝐿2 𝑃𝐿3
• 𝐴2 =
𝜋
(30)2 = 706.85 mm2 • 𝛿𝐿 = + +
𝐴1 𝐸 𝐴2 𝐸 𝐴3 𝐸
4
𝜋 20 x 103 100 160 120
• Area of section 3, 𝐴3 = d3 2 • 𝛿𝐿 = + +
2.1x105 1963.49 706.85 314.16
4
𝜋 • 𝛿𝐿 = 0.0627 mm
• 𝐴3 = (20)2 = 314.16 mm2
4
• Stress at section 1,
𝑃 20 x 103
• 𝜎1 = = = 10.18 N/mm2
𝐴1 1963.49
• Stress at section 2,
𝑃 20 x 103
• 𝜎2 = = = 28.29 N/mm2
𝐴2 706.85
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
Q.1.6. A member formed by connecting a steel bar to an aluminium bar is shown in figure.
Assuming that the bars are prevented from buckling sidewise, calculate the magnitude of
force P that will cause the total length of the member to decrease by 0.25 mm. The values of
elastic modulus for steel and aluminium are 210 kN/mm2 and 70 kN/mm2 respectively.

• Given
• As = 50 x 50 = 2500 mm2
• Ls = 300 mm
• ES = 210 kN/mm2
• = 210 x 103 N/mm2
• Aa = 100 x 100 = 10000 mm2
• La = 380 mm
• Ea = 70 kN/mm2
• = 70 x 103 N/mm2
• 𝛿𝐿 = 0.25 mm
• P=? Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
• 𝛿𝐿 = 𝛿𝐿s + 𝛿𝐿a
𝑃𝐿𝑠 𝑃𝐿𝑎
• 𝛿𝐿 = +
𝐴𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑎 𝐸𝑎
𝐿𝑠 𝐿𝑎
• 𝛿𝐿 = 𝑃[ + ]
𝐴𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑎 𝐸𝑎
300 380
• 0.25 = 𝑃[ + ]
210 x
2500 𝑥 103 10000 𝑥 70 x 103
• 0.25 = 𝑃[5.71 x 10−7 + 5.42 x 10−7 ]
• 0.25 = 11.13x 10−7 𝑃
0.25
• P=
11.13x 10−7
• P = 224618.15 N
• P = 224.62 kN
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
BARS SUBJECTED TO VARYING LOADS

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
• When a number of loads are acting on a body, the resulting
strain will be the algebraic sum of strains caused by
individual loads.
• Total deformation = Algebraic sum of deformations of the
individual sections.

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

• Q.1.7. A brass bar, having cross-sectional area of 1000 mm2, is
subjected to axial forces as shown in figure. Find the total
elongation of the bar. Take, E = 1 x 105 N/mm2
• Given
• A = 1000 mm2
• E = 1 x 105 N/mm2
• 𝛿𝐿 = ?
• L1 = 600 mm
• L2 = 1000 mm
• L3 = 1200 mm
• 𝛿𝐿 = 𝛿𝐿1 + 𝛿𝐿2 + 𝛿𝐿3
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
• Elongation of AB,
𝑃1 𝐿1 80 x 103 𝑥 600
• 𝛿𝐿1 = = = 0.48 mm (Tension)
𝐴𝐸 1000 x 1x 10 5

• Elongation of BC,
𝑃2 𝐿2 30 x 103 𝑥 1000
• 𝛿𝐿2 = = = 0.3 mm (Tension)
𝐴𝐸 1000 x 1x 105
• Elongation of CD,
𝑃3 𝐿3 20 x 103 𝑥 1200
• 𝛿𝐿3 = =
𝐴𝐸 1000 x 1x 105
• = 0.24 mm (Tension)
• Total elongation,
• 𝛿𝐿 = 𝛿𝐿1 + 𝛿𝐿2 + 𝛿𝐿3
• 𝛿𝐿 = 0.48 + 0.3 + 0.24
• 𝛿𝐿 = 1.02 mm
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
Q.1.8. A bar of varying section is subjected to axial load as shown
in fig. Determine the stress in each section.

• Given
• d1 = 15 mm
• L1 = 0.3 m = 300 mm
• d2 = 35 mm
• L2 = 0.5 m = 500 mm
• d3 = 25 mm
• L3 = 0.4 m = 400 mm
• 𝜎1 = ?
• 𝜎2 = ?
• 𝜎3 = ? Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
 𝜋
• Area of section 1, 𝐴1 = d1 2
4 • Stress at section 3,
𝜋
• 𝐴1 = (15)2 = 176.7 mm2 𝑃 35 x 103
4
𝜋
• 𝜎3 = = = 71.3 N/mm2
• Area of section 2, 𝐴2 = d2 2 𝐴3 490.87
4
𝜋
• 𝐴2 = (35)2 = 962.11 mm2
4
𝜋
• Area of section 3, 𝐴3 = d3 2
4
𝜋
• 𝐴3 = (25)2 = 490.87 mm2
4
• Stress at section 1,
𝑃 20 x 103
• 𝜎1 = = = 113.18 N/mm2
𝐴1 176.7
• Stress at section 2,
𝑃 25 x 103
• 𝜎2 = = = 25.98 N/mm2
𝐴2 962.11
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
Q.1.9. A member ABCD is subjected to point loads P1 , P2 , P3 and P4 as
shown in figure. (a) Calculate the force P3 necessary for equilibrium, if
P1 = 120 kN, P2 = 220 kN and P4 =160 kN. Determine also the net change
in length of the bar. Take E = 200 GN/m2.
• Given • L1 = 0.75 m = 750 mm
• P1 = 120 kN = 120 x 103 N
• L2 = 1 m = 1000 mm
• P2 = 220 kN = 220 x 103 N
• L3 = 1.2 m = 1200 mm
• P4 = 160 kN = 160 x 103 N • A1 = 40 x 40 mm2, A2 = 25 x 25 mm2
• E = 200 GN/m2
• A3 = 30 x 30 mm2
200 𝑥 109
• =
106
5
• = 2 x 10 N/mm2
• P3 = ?

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

• For equilibrium,
• P1 + P3 = P2 + P4
• 120 + P3 = 220 + 160
• P3 = 260 kN
• Considering section AB,
𝑃𝐿1 120 x 103 𝑥 750
• 𝛿𝐿1 = =
𝐴1 𝐸 40 𝑥 40 𝑥 2 x 105
• 𝛿𝐿1 = 0.28 mm (Tension)
𝑃𝐿2 100 x 103 𝑥 1000
• 𝛿𝐿2 = =
𝐴2 𝐸 25 𝑥 25 𝑥 2 x 105
• Net change in length,
• 𝛿𝐿2 = 0.8 mm (- sign is due to
Compression) • 𝛿𝐿 = 𝛿𝐿1 + 𝛿𝐿2 + 𝛿𝐿3

• 𝛿𝐿3 =
𝑃𝐿3
=
160 x 103 𝑥 1200 • 𝛿𝐿 = 0.28 − 0.8 + 1.067
𝐴3 𝐸 30 𝑥 30 𝑥 2 x 105
• 𝛿𝐿in ME_KGPC
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer = 0.547 mm
• 𝛿𝐿3 = 1.067 mm (Tension)
 ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE BAR
• A bar made up of two or more different materials, joined together is
called a composite bar.
• The bars are joined in such a way that the system extends or contracts
as one unit, equally, when subject to tension or compression.

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

• For the composite bar two points are important
1. Extension or contraction of the bar being equal, the strain is also
equal.
2. The total external load on the bar is equal to the sum of the loads
carried by the different materials.
• Let 𝜎𝑠 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
• 𝜎𝑐 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
• Then 𝑃𝑠 + 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃 ......................(1)
• 𝜎𝑠 𝐴𝑠 + 𝜎𝑐 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑃
𝛿𝐿𝑠 = 𝛿𝐿𝑐 ..........................(2)
𝜎𝑠 𝐿𝑠 𝜎𝑐 𝐿𝑐
• =
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑐 Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
• If 𝐿𝑠 = 𝐿𝑐 , then the strain in the rod is equal to strain in the tube.
𝜎𝑠 𝜎𝑐
• = ......................(3)
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑐
𝜎𝑠 𝐸𝑠
• =
𝜎𝑐 𝐸𝑐
𝐸𝑠
• The ratio is called modular ratio of steel to copper
𝐸𝑐

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

Q.1.10. A column made of ferro-concrete, 400 x 400 mm square in section is
reinforced with steel. Reinforcement area of steel occupied 1.8% of column area.
A compressive load of 750 kN is applied on the column. The modular ratio of
steel to concrete is 16. Find the load shared by (a) concrete and (b) steel
• Given
• Area of column,
• 𝑃𝑠 + 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃
A = 400 x 400 = 16 x 104 mm2
• Area of steel = 1.8 % of column area • 𝜎𝑠 𝐴𝑠 + 𝜎𝑐 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑃
• = 0.018 x 16 x 104 • 2880 𝜎𝑠 + 157120 𝜎𝑐 = 750 x 103
• = 2880 mm2 • 𝜎𝑠 + 54.55 𝜎𝑐 = 260.42 .............(1)
• Area of concrete
•
𝜎𝑠
=
𝐸𝑠
=16
𝜎𝑐 𝐸𝑐
• =16 x 104 − 2880 = 157120 mm2
• 𝜎𝑠 = 16 𝜎𝑐 ...........................(2)
• P = 750 kN = 750 x 103 N
𝜎𝑠 𝐸𝑠 • Substitute equation (2) in equation (1)
• = =16 • 16 𝜎𝑐 + 54.55 𝜎𝑐 = 260.42
𝜎𝑐 𝐸𝑐
• 𝑃𝑐 = ? • 70.55 𝜎𝑐 = 260.42
• 𝑃𝑠 = ? • 𝜎 = 3.69 N/mm2
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer𝑐in ME_KGPC
• 𝜎𝑠 = 16 x 3.69
• 𝜎𝑠 = 59.04 N/mm2
• Load shared by concrete, 𝑃𝑐 = 𝜎𝑐 𝐴𝑐
• 𝑃𝑐 = 3.69 𝑥 157120
• 𝑃𝑐 = 579772.8 N
• 𝑃𝑐 = 579.77 kN
• Load shared by steel, 𝑃𝑠 + 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃
• 𝑃𝑠 + 579.77 = 750
• 𝑃𝑠 = 170.23 kN
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
Q.1.11. A steel rod together with a copper rod support a load of 20 kN as shown
in figure. The diameter of each rod is 20 mm. Find the stresses in the rods. Take
Es = 2.05 x 105 N/mm2 and Ec = 1.1 x 105 N/mm2
• Given
• P = 20 kN = 20 x 103 N
• d = 20 mm
• Es = 2.05 x 105 N/mm2
• Ec = 1.1 x 105 N/mm2
• 𝐿𝑠 = 2 m = 2000 mm
• 𝐿𝑐 = 1.5 m = 1500 mm
• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑑
𝜋 2 𝜋
•= 𝑑 = 4 (20)2 = 314.16 mm2
4
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
• Since the ends are rigidly supported, • 𝜎𝑠 = 1.397 𝜎𝑐
the change in length of each bar will be • 𝜎𝑠 = 1.397 x 26.56
the same.
• 𝜎𝑠 = 37.12 N/mm2
• 𝛿𝐿𝑠 = 𝛿𝐿𝑐
𝜎𝑠 𝐿𝑠 𝜎𝑐 𝐿𝑐
• =
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑐
𝜎𝑠 𝑥 2000 𝜎𝑐 𝑥 1500
• =
2.05 x 1.1 x 105
105
• 𝜎𝑠 = 1.397 𝜎𝑐
• Also 𝜎𝑠 𝐴𝑠 + 𝜎𝑐 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑃
• 1.397 𝜎𝑐 x 314.16 + 𝜎𝑐 x 314.16 = 20 x 103
• 𝜎𝑐 = 26.56 N/mm2

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

Q.1.12. An aluminium tube of 40 mm external diameter and 20 mm internal diameter is
snugly fitted on to a solid steel rod of 20 mm diameter. The composite bar is loaded in
compression by axial load P. Find the stresses in aluminium when the stress in steel is 70
N/mm2. Also find the value of P. Take 𝐄𝐬 = 200 𝐤N/mm2 and 𝐄𝐚 = 7𝟎 kN/mm2 .
• Given:
• Area of a aluminium tube,
• Da = 40 mm
𝜋
• da = 20 mm • Aa = (Da 2 − da 2 )
4
𝜋
• ds = 20 mm • = (402 − 202 )
4
• 𝜎𝑠 = 70 N/mm2 • = 942.47 mm2
• Es = 200 kN/mm2 • Since the strain in both the bars is same,
• = 200 x 103 N/mm2 𝜎𝑠 𝜎𝑎
• =
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑎
• Es = 70 kN/mm2
70 𝜎𝑎
• = 70 x 103 N/mm2 • =
200 x 103 70 x 103
• Area of steel rod, • 𝜎𝑎 = 24.5 N/mm2
𝜋 𝜋 • σs As + σa Aa = P
• AS = ds 2 = (20)2 = 314.16 mm2
4 4
• P = 70 x 314.16 + 24.5 x 942.47
• P =in45081.7
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer ME_KGPC N
 LONGITUDINAL OR LINEAR STRAIN
• When a body is subjected to an axial tensile or compressive load it’s
length changes.
• The ratio of change in length to the original length of the body is
known as longitudinal or linear strain.
𝛿𝐿
•ε=
𝐿
• 𝛿𝐿 = Change in length
• 𝐿 = Original length

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

 LATERAL STRAIN
• When a body is subjected to an axial tensile or compressive load it deforms not
only in longitudinal but deforms laterally also.
• The strain at perpendicular to the direction of applied load is known as lateral
strain.
δb δt
• εL = or
b t
• δb = Change in width
• b = Original width
• δt = Change in thickness
• t = Original thickness
δd
• For a circular bar, εL =
d
• δd = Change in diameter
• d = Original diameter Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
 POISSON’S RATIO
• The ratio of lateral strain to the longitudinal strain is called
Poisson’s ratio.
1
• It is denoted by 𝑜𝑟 𝜇
𝑚
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜀𝐿
• 𝜇= =
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜀
• Value of 𝜇 ranges from 0 to 0.5 for engineering materials.
• 𝜇 = 0, for cork material
• 𝜇 = 0.5, for rubber, clay etc.
• 𝜇 > 0.25, for ductile materials
• 𝜇 < 0.25, for brittle materials
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
 EQUATION FOR VOLUMETRIC STRAIN
• The ratio of change in volume to the original volume of a body is
called volumetric strain.
𝛿𝑉
• Volumetric strain, 𝜀𝑣 =
𝑉
• 𝛿𝑉 = Change in volume
• 𝑉 = Original volume
• Volumetric strain of a circular bar, rectangular bar is
σ
• εv = (1 − 2μ)
E
• εv = ε (1 − 2μ)
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
 RELATION BETWEEN ELASTIC
CONSTANTS
• Relation between Modulus of elasticity (E) and Modulus of rigidity (G)
• E = 2G(1 + μ)
• Relation between Modulus of elasticity (E) and Bulk modulus (K)
• E = 3K 1 − 2μ
• Relation between Modulus of elasticity (E) and Modulus of rigidity (G)
and Bulk modulus (K)
9KG
• E=
3K+G

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

Q.1.13. A bar of 25 mm diameter is tested in tension. It is observed that when
a load of 60 kN is applied, the extension measured over a gauge length of 200
mm is 0.12 mm and change in diameter is 0.0045 mm. Find the Young’s
modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio.
• Given 𝑃𝐿
• Change in length, 𝛿𝐿 =
𝐴𝐸
• d = 25 mm
60 x 103 x 200
• P = 60 kN = 60 x 103 N • 0.12 =
490.87 x E
• L = 200 mm • E = 203719.9 N/mm2
• 𝛿𝐿 = 0.12 mm 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
•𝜇=
• 𝛿𝑑 = 0.0045 mm 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
δd 0.0045
• E=? • Lateral strain, εL = = = 0.00018
d 25
• 𝜇=? • Linear strain, ε =
δL
=
0.12
= 0.0006
L 200
• Area of bar,
𝜀𝐿 0.00018
• 𝐴=
𝜋 2 𝜋
𝑑 = (25)2 = 490.87 mm2 • Poisson’s ratio, 𝜇 = = = 0.3
4 4 Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
𝜀 0.0006
 Q.1.14. A test bar of certain material 40 mm diameter when subjected to an
axial pull of 500 kN recorded an extension of 0.34 mm on a gauge length of
150 mm and decrease in diameter of 0.022 mm. Find the Poisson’s ratio
and three elastic constants.
• Given
• Area of rod,
• d = 40 mm
𝜋 𝜋
• 𝐴 = 𝑑 2 = (40)2 = 1256.64 mm2
• P = 500 kN = 500 x 103 N 4 4

• 𝛿𝐿 = 0.34 mm 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

•𝜇=
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
• L = 150 mm δd 0.022
• Lateral strain, εL = = = 0.00055
• 𝛿𝑑 = 0.022 mm d 40
δL 0.34
• 𝜇=? • Linear strain, ε = = = 0.00226
L 150
• E=? 𝜀𝐿 0.00055
• Poisson’s ratio, 𝜇 = = = 0.24
• G=? 𝜀 0.00226
• K=?
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
 σ
• E= • E = 3K 1 − 2μ
𝜀
P 500 x 103 • 1.76 x 105 = 3K(1 − 2 x 0.24)
• 𝜎= =
A 1256.64
• K = 112820.51 N/mm2
• = 397.9 N/mm2
• K = 1.12 x105 N/mm2
σ 397.9
• E= =
𝜀 0.00226
• = 176061.94 N/mm2
• E = 1.76 x 105 N/mm2
• E = 2G(1 + μ)
• 1.76 x 105 = 2G(1 + 0.24)
• G = 70967.74 N/mm2
• G = 0.7 x105 N/mm2

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

Q.1.15. A steel rod 4m long and 20mm in diameter is subjected to an
axial tensile force of 45 kN. Determine the change in length, diameter
and volume of the rod. Take E =2.1x105 N/mm 2 and poisons ratio 0.3

• Given • 𝛿𝐿 =
𝑃𝐿
𝐴𝐸
• L = 4 m = 4000 mm
45 x 103 x 4000
• d = 20 mm • 𝛿𝐿 =
314.16 x 2.1x 105
• P = 45 kN = 45 x 103 N • 𝛿𝐿 = 2.73 mm
𝜀𝐿
• E =2.1x105 N/mm 2 • 𝜇=
𝜀
• 𝜇 = 0.3 δL 2.73
•ε = = = 0.00068
• 𝛿𝐿 = ? L 4000
𝜀𝐿
• 𝛿𝑑 = ? • 0.3 =
0.00068
• 𝛿𝑣 = ? • εL = 0.000204 =
δd
d
• Area of rod, δd
π 𝜋 • 0.000204 =
• 𝐴 = d2 = (20)2 = 314.16 mm2 20
4 4
• 𝛿𝑑 = 0.00408 mm
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
• εv = ε (1 − 2μ)
• εv = 0.00068 (1 − 2 x 0.3)
• εv = 0.000272
δV
• εv =
V
δV
• = 0.000272
V
• V = Area x Length
• = 314.16 x 4000
• = 1256640 mm3
• δv = 0.000272 x V
• = 0.000272 x 1256640
• δv = 341.8 mm3
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
 THERMAL STRESSES
• Thermal stresses (temperature stress) are the stresses induced in a
body due to change in temperature.
• Thermal stresses are developed in a body when the temperature of
the body is raised or lowered, and body is not allowed to expand or
contract freely.
• If the body is allowed to expand/contract freely no stresses will be
set up in the body.

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

• If the rod is free to expand the extension of the rod is given by, 𝛿𝐿 = 𝐿𝛼∆𝑡
• Where,
• L = Length of bar
• 𝛼 = Coefficient of thermal expansion
• ∆𝑡 = Temperature change
• When free expansion is prevented fully
• Consider a bar rigidly fixed at each end. So its expansion is prevented, then the
compressive stress and strain will be set up in the rod.
δL
• Compressive strain, εc =
L
Lα∆t
• εc =
L
• εc = α∆t
• σ=Eε
• Thermal stress, σ = α∆tEPrepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
• When yield is permitted
• Actual expansion = (Expansion due to rise in temperature - δ)
• = (Lα∆t - δ)
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 (Lα∆t −δ)
• Thermal strain, ε = =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ L
•σ=Eε
(𝐿𝛼∆𝑡 −𝛿)
• Thermal stress, σ = E
𝐿

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

Q.1.16. A rod of steel is 20 m long at a temperature of
200 C. Find the free expansion of the rod when the temperature is raised to 650 C. Find
the temperature stress produced. (i) when the expansion of the rod is prevented. (ii) when
the rod is permitted to expand by 5.8 mm. Take α =12 x 10−6 /℃ and E = 2x105 N/mm 2
• Given • δL = Lα∆t
• L = 20 m = 20000 mm • δL = 20000 x12 x 10−6 x 45
• 𝑡1 = 200 C • δL = 10.8 mm
• 𝑡2 = 650 C • (i) σ = α∆tE
• ∆t = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 • σ = 12 x 10−6 x 45 x 2x105
• ∆t = 65 – 20 = 450 C • σ = 108 N/mm 2
• α =12 x 10−6 /℃ (𝐿𝛼∆𝑡 −𝛿)
• E = 2x105 N/mm 2 • (ii) σ = E
𝐿
• δ = 5.8 mm (20000 x12 x 10−6 x 45 − 5.8)
• σ= x 2x105
• 𝛿𝐿= ?, σ =? 20000
• σ = 50 N/mm 2
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
 THERMAL STRESS IN COMPOSITE
SECTION
• A composite bar consists of two
members made of different
materials.
• Let the composite bar is heated
through some temperature.
• If the members are free to expand
as shown in figure. Then no
stresses will be induced in the
members.
• But the two members are rigidly
fixed, they expand to an equal
length as shown in figure.
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
• From the figure it is clear that the bar 2 is subjected to a
compressive force which contracts by 𝑋2 and bar 1 is subjected to a
tensile force causes an expansion of 𝑋1 .
• For equilibrium of the system tensile load on the bar 1 should be
equal to compression in bar 2.
• 𝜎1 𝐴1 = 𝜎2 𝐴2
• Also, 𝛿𝐿1 +𝑋1 = 𝛿𝐿2 − 𝑋2
𝜎1 𝜎2
• + = ∆t(𝛼2 − 𝛼1 )
𝐸1 𝐸2

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC

Q.1.17. A steel tube 24 mm external diameter and 18 mm internal diameter enclosed a
copper rod of 15 mm diameter. The composite bar is rigidly joined at both ends. Find the
stresses in the steel tube and copper rod, if the temperature of the composite bar is increased
by 190℃. Take E for steel and copper as 210 kN/mm2 and 110 kN/mm2 respectively. Also
take α for steel and copper as 11 x 10−6 / ℃ and 18 x 10−6 / ℃ respectively.
• Given • 𝛂𝐬 = 11 x 10−6 /℃
• Ds = 24 mm • 𝛂𝒄 = 18 x 10−6 /℃
• ds = 18 mm • 𝛔𝐜 = ?, 𝛔𝒔 = ?
• dc = 15 mm • Area of a steel tube,
𝜋
• ∆t = 1900 C • As = (Ds 2 − ds 2 )
4
• Es = 210 kN/mm 2 •
𝜋
= (242 − 182 )
4
• = 2.1x105 N/mm 2 • = 197.92 mm2
• Ec = 110 kN/mm 2 • Area of copper rod,
• = 1.1x105 N/mm 2 π 2 𝜋
• Ac = dc = (15)2 = 176.71 mm2
4
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC 4
• Let 𝛔𝐬 and 𝛔𝐜 be the stresses induced in steel tube 0.8928 σc σc
• + = 133
and copper rod respectively. 2.1 1.1
• Using the relation, • 1.33 σc = 133
σs σc • σc = 100 N/mm 2
• + = ∆t(αc − αs )
Es Ec
• σs = 0.8928 σc
σs σc
• 5 + = 190(18 x 10−6 − 11 x 10−6 ) • σs = 0.8928 x 100
2.1x 10 1.1x105
σs σc
• + = 19 x 7 • σs = 89.28 N/mm 2
2.1 1.1
σs σc
• + = 133 .......................(1)
2.1 1.1
• Also , σs As = σc Ac
• σs x 197.92 = σc x 176.71
• σs = 0.8928 σc ......................(2)
• Substitute equation (2) in (1)
Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
• Q.1.18. A compound rod 1 m long is made up of copper rod 400 mm long and steel rod 600
mm long connected end to end. The cross-sectional area of copper rod is 1000 mm2 and that
of steel rod is 1500 mm2. The compound rod is then held firmly between two rigid supports
and heated through 100℃. Calculate the stresses developed in copper and steel rods. Take
𝐸𝑐 = 1x 105 N/mm 2 , 𝐸𝑠 = 2x 105 N/mm 2 , α𝑐 =18 x 10−6 / ℃ , α𝑠 =12 x 10−6 / ℃
• Given
• Total length, L =1m = 1000 mm
• Lc = 400 mm
• Ls = 600 mm
• Ac = 1000 mm2
• As = 1500 mm2
• Ec = 1x105 N/mm 2
• Es = 2x105 N/mm 2
• 𝛔𝐜 = ?, 𝛔𝒔 = ? Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC
• Free expansion of compound bar, • 1.44 x 105 = 400 σc + 300 σs
• 𝛅𝐋 = 𝐋𝐜 𝛂𝐜 ∆𝐭 + 𝐋𝐬 𝛂𝐬 ∆𝐭 • 1.44 x 105 = 400 σc + 300 𝑥 0.67 σc
• 𝛿𝐿 = 400 𝑥18 x 10−6 𝑥 100 + 600 𝑥12 x 10−6 𝑥 100 • 1.44 x 105 = 400 σc + 201 σc
• δL = 1.44 mm • 1.44 x 105 = 601 σc
• Compressive load on both the bars will be same • 𝛔𝐜 = 239.6 N /mm 2
• 𝛔𝐬 𝐀 𝐬 = 𝛔𝐜 𝐀 𝐜 • σs = 0.67 σc
• 𝜎𝑠 𝑥 1500 = 𝜎𝑐 𝑥 1000 • σs = 0.67 x 239.6
• σs = 0.67 σc • σs = 160.53 N /mm 2
• Total contraction which has to balance the free expansion
due to rise in temperature.
• δL = δLc + δLs
σc σ
• δL = Lc + s Ls
Ec Es
σc σs
• 1.44 = 𝑥 400+ 𝑥 600
1x 10 5 2 x 105

Prepared By: Saleem N, Lecturer in ME_KGPC