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Introduction To Cartography Part II

111:Introduction to cartography

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42 views41 pages

Introduction To Cartography Part II

111:Introduction to cartography

Uploaded by

lukesande023
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Cartography
Part II
Introduction to Cartography

 Map Projections
 GIS
 GPS
 Remote Sensing
 Misrepresentation with Maps
Map Projections

 Mathematical method for systematically


transforming a 3-D earth into a 2-D
map.
 Three traditional types:
 cylindrical
 conical
 azimuthal / planar / zenithal
 Newer Mathematical Projections
Cartographer’s Dilemma

 Because maps are 2-D renderings of 3-D


images, all maps introduce distortion:
 shape (conformance)
 size (equivalence)
 direction
 distance
 Maps can be either equivalent or
conformal, but cannot be both.
Conformality vs. Equivalence

This map preserves the correct shapes


of things (conformality), but sacrifices
their correct sizes vis-à-vis each other.

This map preserves the correct sizes of


things vis-à-vis each other (equivalence),
but sacrifices their correct shapes.
Cylindrical Projections

 created by
mathematically
“wrapping” a globe
in a cylinder in
order to produce a
rectangular surface
possessing a grid of
lines of latitude and
longitude
 examples –
Mercator, Miller,
Plate Carrée
 emphasize
conformality, distort
equivalence
The Mercator Chart, 1569

Note the
incorrect
sizes.
Mercator’s Navigation Technique

 Gnomonic Projection (at


top) shows great circle
as straight line.

 Mercator Projection
shows constant
compass headings
(azimuth) as straight
lines.
Rhumb Lines
In navigation, a Rhumb line is an
arc crossing all meridians of
longitude at the same angle, a path
with constant bearing as measured
relative to true or magnetic north.
Gall-Peters Projection

Note the
elongated shapes.
Robinson Projection

 cylindrical projection
 neither equivalent or conformal, preserves
nothing but looks good
 a compromise that attempts to preserve
enough area, shape, distance and direction
so that the earth “looks right”
 used by National
Geographic at one
time to create their
world maps
Winkel Tripel Projection

 a type of pseudocylindrical projection map in


which both the lines of latitude and longitude
are curved
 adopted by the National Geographic Society in
the late 1990s (replacing the Robinson
projection)
Conic Projections

 created by projecting the markings of a center-lit


globe onto a cone intersecting a portion of the globe
 examples – Lambert, Albers Equal-Area, Murdoch
 emphasize equivalence, distort conformality
Lambert Conformal Conic
Projection
Azimuthal Projections

 created by projecting the


markings of a center-lit globe
onto a flat piece of paper
 examples – Aitoff, Briesemeister,
Hammer
 depending on the method used,
can emphasize either
conformality or equivalence but
not both at the same time
Azimuthal Equidistant
Projection
What is GIS?

 stands for geographic information systems


 a system for the input, storage,
manipulation and output of geographic data
 a specialized information system used to
work with (manipulate, summarize,
query, edit, visualize) information stored
in computer databases
 utilizes spatial indexing of information to
track what is where on the Earth's
surface
Elements of a Geographic
Information System (GIS)

 database with spatially-coded data


(latitude/longitude)
 computer
 GIS application software (ArcView,
ArcInfo, MapInfo)
 video map display
 scanners
 digitizer
 plotter/printer
A GIS Project
Functions of a Geographic
Information System

 site selection
 find density within an area
 catalogue and track spatial data
 land use maps, for example
 network functions
 street grid navigation
 municipal water supplies, sewers
 hydrology (rivers, streams, lakes)
 consumer tracking and marketing
Natural Resource GIS

major plant communities, lakes and


streams, glaciers and ice fields found
occupying the province of British
Columbia
Canadian GIS
GIS Spatial Linking

GIS works by storing


information as a
collection of thematic
layers that can be linked
together by geography.
This simple but
extremely powerful and
versatile concept has
proven invaluable for
solving many real-world
problems from modeling
global atmospheric
circulation to predicting
rural land use and
monitoring changes in
rainforest ecosystems.
NASA: Satellite
map of California
shore, among the
most human-
affected areas of
the West Coast
Links to Geographic
Information Systems Sites

 Google Maps
 Google Earth
 Zillow.com
 National Atlas of the United States
Global Positioning System
(GPS)

Measurements of code-phase arrival times


from at least 4 satellites are used to estimate
4 quantities – position in 3 dimensions (X, Y,
Z) and time (T).
GPS Nominal Constellation

 24 satellites in
6 orbital
planes
 4 satellites in
each plane
 20,200 km
altitudes, 55˚
inclinations
GPS Control
GPS and GIS are increasingly
integrated.
Photographic Remote Sensing

 aerial photos
camera
mounted on
airplane takes
visible light
photographs
 infrared film
sensitive to
red end of
the light
spectrum
(crops and
plants)
Digital Remote Sensing

 multispectral
sensors
 visible, radar,
infrared,
ultraviolet
 digital image
manipulation
 direct download
into GIS systems
Interpreting Aerial Photos and
Remotely-Sensed Images

 Image tone / color / reflectivity –


Colors and reflected UV and
infrared give clues to landscape
elements. For example, infrared
film or sensors return shades of
pink and red for healthy vegetation.
 Texture – The coarseness or
smoothness of a surface can help in
identification.
 Pattern – Human systems and
some physical systems have clear
patterns.
 Shadows – Provide clues to the
height and size of objects.
Landscape Change Over Time
2000
1973

2006

Las Vegas Nevada


LANDSAT Images
1973-2006
Landscape Change Over Time

2003

Iguazu Falls,
Argentina / Paraguay
LANDSAT Images
1973 1973-2003
Misrepresentation with Maps

 Misrepresentation: Maps are often perceived


as more or less agnostic, but they can be
instruments of propaganda just as much as
any graphic image.
 propaganda maps
 selection or omission of map features
 scale
 orientation
 links
 the power of maps
Misrepresentation with
Propaganda

1905 Japanese Map from before the Russo-Japanese War


Misrepresentation with
Propaganda

Map from
CNN.com on
02/02/2003, one
month before the
invasion of Iraq.
Misrepresentation by Scale
Misrepresentation by
Orientation
Links to Map
Misrepresentation Sites
 Maps as an Instrument of Propaganda
 Projections and propaganda
 Cartographic Anomalies: How Map
Projections Have Shaped Our
Perceptions of the World
 Why the Middle East's borders will
never be the same again
 We Have Been Misled By An Erroneous
Map Of The World For 500 Years
 Map of Twentieth-Century Europe
Imagined in 1863
Maps are an extremely powerful form of graphic representation.
Maps define territory – they tell of ownership and dominion. They
can also subvert and propagate alternative world-views. All maps
serve an interest and work through two main forms of power.
First, the external power of their creators, often governments or
their agents, who control the content of maps both in terms of
what is included and what is withheld, and thereby broadcast a
particular viewpoint. Second, the internal power of maps
themselves – the perception of maps as precise, objective and
accurate representations of reality which convey an image of
geographical order.
Maps are still regarded by many people as dispassionate
representations of the external world. However, this has been
challenged in recent decades as their political and cultural
connotations are revealed and become more widely understood.
The authoritative appearance of modern maps belies their
inherent biases. To use maps intelligently, the viewer must
understand their subjective limitations.
THE END

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