Menggambar

Teknik
Dr. Ir. Henry Nasution, S.T., M.T., IPP

Pertemuan - 2
Lettering
Lettering
Lettering
Lettering
Drawing Sheet
A4
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4.
A3
Standard sheet size
(ISO) A2

A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420 A1
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
(Dimensions in millimeters) A0
 Orientation of Drawing Sheet
1. Type X (A0~A4) 2. Type Y (A4 only)

c
d
d c Drawing
Border Drawing space
space
lines Title block Title block
c

Sheet size c (min) d (min)

A4 10 25
A3 10 25
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
 Drawing Scales
Length, size
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.
Size in drawing Actual size

:
 Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond

to “true size” of the object and they are independent of
the scale used in creating that drawing.
 Scales

The recommended scales for use on Technical

Drawing:

Scale Specification:
• If all drawings are made to the same scale, the scale should be indicated in or near the
title block.
• Where it is necessary to use more than one scale on a drawing, the main scale only
should be shown in the title block and all the other scales, adjacent to the item reference
number of the part concerned or near the drawing.
Basic Line Types
Basic Line Types
Basic Line Types
Basic Line Types
 Meaning of Lines
Visible lines represent features that can be seen in the
current view
Hidden lines represent features that can not be seen in
the current view

Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers

of circles, axis of axisymmetrical parts

Dimension and Extension lines indicate the sizes and

location of features on a drawing
Example : Line conventions in engineering drawing
 Lines
There are two fundamental linestyles:
✓ Continuous (solid) and
✓ Broken lines.

• Continuous lines have no gaps but broken lines do.

• Continuous line variants include visible (object), construction, extension,
and border lines.
• These lines are distinguished by thickness or width.
✓ ANSI recommends two line weights of Thick and Thin.
✓ Thick being twice the line weight of the Thin.
✓ Visible and border lines are Thick.
✓ Guidelines, construction, and extension lines are Thin.
✓ Broken lines have visible gaps between consecutive line segments.
Lines
Lines

• Visible lines are Thick continuous (solid) lines that

represent visible edges or outlines of object.
• Visible lines should be crisp and black with
thickness of 0.40, 0.50, or 0.60 mm, depending on
sheet size
• ANSI-recommended thickness of visible line is 0.60
mm.
Lines

• Hidden lines are Thin dashed lines representing

edges that are within the object or behind some
features, and so are not directly seen from a view
direction.
• The edges are known to be physically present in an
object.
• Hidden lines generally have dash length of 3 mm
(1/8”) and a gap of 1 mm (1/32”), but can vary with
sheet size or drawings.
• The gap is about a quarter of the dash length.
• Hidden lines should start or end at visible or other
hidden lines.
• No gap is allowed between hidden and visible lines.
Lines

• Centerlines are Thin broken lines of alternating

long and short strokes separated by a gap.
• A centerline is used to show and locate centers of
circles and arcs and to represent lines of symmetry
and paths of motion in objects.
• Centerlines should cross visible lines with 3 mm or
more beyond them.
• The gap and short stroke are of equal length.
• The short stroke is about a quarter of the long
stroke, which is about 10 mm long.
 Lines

• Extension lines are a pair of continuous Thin lines

used to establish the extent of a dimension.
• The extension line references a point on a feature
with a small gap (1.5 mm minimum) between the
point and the beginning of the extension line.
• They are used in conjunction with dimension lines
and slightly extend beyond the dimension lines
about 3 mm.
• Extension and dimension lines are always
perpendicular.
 EXTENSION LINES
Leave a visible gap (≈ 1.5 mm) from a view and
start drawing an extension line.

COMMON MISTAKE

Visible gap
 EXTENSION LINES
Do not break the lines as they cross object lines.

COMMON MISTAKE

Continuous
Lines - Dimension Lines

• Dimension lines are continuous Thin lines used to

indicate the value of a dimension.
• A dimension line has three elements: the
dimension value, the terminator, and the stem.
• The stem is the Thin line that ends with the
terminators at both ends.
• The terminator may be arrows (usually filled),
slashes, or filled circles.
• The dimension value may be placed on top of the
stem or at a broken portion of the stem.
Lines - Dimension Lines

• The arrowheads are drawn in the shape of spears

or isosceles triangles with the altitude three times
the base, that is, the length is three times the width.
The space within the arrowhead is filled up lightly

Some common errors

made while drawing
arrowheads
 Lines - Dimension Lines

The following two systems are used for placing dimensions:

1. Aligned system
• In the aligned system, dimension figures are written
above the dimension line that has no break.
• The dimension figures must stand normal to the
dimension line.
• The figures should be placed so that they appear upright
and can be read from either the bottom or the right-hand
edge or from the corner between them.
2. Unidirectional system
• In the unidirectional system, the dimension figures are
written on the space left within the dimension line and
they are placed so that they may appear upright and be
read from only the bottom edge.
• Hence, the dimension figures may not stand normal to
the dimension line.
Lines - Dimension Lines
Lines - Dimension Lines
Lines - Dimension Lines
Lines - Dimension Lines
Lines - Dimension Lines
Lines - Dimension Lines
Lines - Dimension Lines
Lines - Dimension Lines
Lines - Dimension Lines
 DIMENSION LINES
Dimension lines should not be spaced too close
to each other and to the view.

Leave a space at least

15 mm.
16

11
34
35

Leave a space at least

10 mm.
Lines

• Phantom lines are Thin dashed lines used to

identify alternative positions of moving paths,
adjacent positions of related paths, or repetitive
details.
• A phantom line consists of a long dash, two short
dashes, and gaps between the dashes.
• Gaps are about 3 mm long but can vary.
Lines

• Cutting plane lines are used to indicate the position

and direction of view for cutting planes placed on an
object model to create section views.
• They are also used to indicate auxiliary view plane
and direction.
• Cutting plane lines are either Thick phantom or
hidden lines with arrow heads that are normal to the
main lines.
• The arrows point in the view directions.
• The long dash is about five times the short dash.
• The short dash and gap are of equal length.
• Gaps are about 3 mm long but can vary
Lines- Section Lines

• Section (hatch) lines are thin inclined lines used to

identify a solid material cut through by a section
plane.
• They form a pattern on the section affected.
• Section assembly drawings often have components
of different materials in the section plane.
• The deferent materials are distinguished by using
different angles for section lines in the section.
• Section line angles normally vary between 15° and
75°.
Lines- Section Lines
 Lines- Section Lines

Section lined placement

Notes in section lined areas

Examples of good and poor section lining techniques

Lines- Section Lines

ANSI standard
section lines for
various materials
Lines

• Break lines can be either Thin or Thick.

• Long breaks are Thin, while short breaks are
Thick.
• They are used to show that some portion of an
object is left out.
• A short break line is used for small areas of
interest and allows greater details to be shown.
• Long break lines are used when space needs to be
saved in representing very long objects.
• Usually, the middle portion of the object is broken
off or the portion without additional information is left
out
 Fastening Paper to Drafting Board

1. Place the paper close to the table’s left edge.

 Fastening Paper to Drafting Board

2. Attach the paper’s corners with tape.

 Fastening Paper to Drafting Board

3. Attach the remaining paper’s corners with tape.

 Using the Compass
1. Sharpen the lead with a sandpaper or cutter.

2. Adjust the needle and the lead so that the tip of

the needle extends slightly more than the lead.

needle lead
 Using the Compass
1. Locate the center of the circle by two intersecting lines.

2. Adjust the distance between needle and lead to a distance

equal to radius of the circle.

3. Set the needle point at center.

 Using the Compass
4. Start circle. Apply enough pressure to the needle,
holding compass handle between thumb and index fingers.

5. Complete circle. Revolve handle clockwise.

 Triangles

30ox60o
triangle

45ox45o
triangle
 Triangles and Ruler
1. Place 45o triangle on the T-square edge and press them
firmly against the paper.

2. Draw the line in the direction as shown below.

 Triangles and Ruler
1. Place 30o-60o triangle on the T-square edge and press
them firmly against the paper.

2. Draw the line in the direction as shown below.

 Triangles and Ruler

0 deg.
15 deg. = −30 + 45 deg
30 deg.
45 deg. Already
demonstrated.
60 deg.
75 deg. = 30 + 45 deg
Triangles and Ruler
Protractor

• The protractor is a semicircular device

whose center is placed at the start point of
the line.
• The angle is then marked, and a
straightedge is used to create the
measured line.
Exercises:
 Thanks!
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