10/12/24, 12:18 PM Operating System -Lab-Manual (Final Print)

LAB
MANUAL
Course: CSC322-Operating Systems

Department of Computer Science

Learning Procedure
1) Stage J (Journey inside-out the concept)
2) Stage a1 (Apply the learned)
3) Stage v (Verify the accuracy)

4) Stage a2 (Assess your work)

COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI)

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Table of Contents

Lab # Topics Covered Page

#
Lab # 01 Introduction to Linux, Installation with Virtual Box, Introduction to 3
Command Line Interface in Linux
Lab # 02 Navigation in File System, Directory Management, File Handling, I/O 17
Redirection
Lab # 03 File Permissions 27

Lab # 04 Text Processing, Printer setting and Date setting 41

Lab # 05 Managing Processes in Linux 50

Compiling and Executing C++ Programs in Linux
Lab # 06 Creating Processes using system calls 67

Lab # 07 Inter-process Communication using Shared Memory and Message Passing 83

Lab # 08 Creating Threads, Synchronization in threads 100

Lab # 09 Synchronization using Mutex Locks and Semaphores 112

Lab # 10 File Handling using C++ 124

Lab # 11 Shell Scripting; Basics 133

Lab # 12 Shell Scripting: Conditional Statements and Loops 144

Lab # 13 Shell Scripting: Functions 149

Lab # 14 Shell Scripting: Arrays 152

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LAB # 01

Statement Purpose:
This lab will introduce the Linux Operating System to you. You will learn the how to create
VM using Virtual-Box, Installing Ubuntu on VM and the basic syntax of Linux Commands

Activity Outcomes:
This lab teaches you the following topics:

 Introduction of Linux OS, Linux Distros and Virtual Machines

 Creating VM in Virtual-Box
 Installing Ubuntu on VM
 Writing basic commands in CLI

Instructor Note:
As pre-lab activity, read Chapter 1 to 6 from the book “The Linux Command Line”, William E.
Shotts, Jr.

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1) Stage J (Journey)

1. Linux
Linux is a generic term referring to Unix-like computer operating systems based on the Linux kernel.
Their development is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software
collaboration; typically all the underlying source code can be used, freely modified, and
redistributed by anyone. Many quantitative studies of free / open source software focus on topics
including market share and reliability, with numerous studies specifically examining Linux. The Linux
market is growing rapidly.

1.1 History
All modern operating systems have their roots in 1969 when Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson
developed the C language and the Unix operating system at AT&T Bell Labs. They shared their
source code (yes, there was open source back in the Seventies) with the rest of the world, including
the hippies in Berkeley California. By 1975, when AT&T started selling Unix commercially, about half
of the source code was written by others. The hippies were not happy that a commercial company
sold software that they had written; the resulting (legal) battle ended in there being two versions of
Unix: the official AT&T Unix, and the free BSD Unix.

In the Eighties many companies started developing their own Unix: IBM created AIX, Sun SunOS
(later Solaris), HP HP-UX and about a dozen other companies did the same. The result was a mess
of Unix dialects and a dozen different ways to do the same thing. And here is the first real root of
Linux, when Richard Stallman aimed to end this era of Unix separation and everybody re-inventing
the wheel by starting the GNU project (GNU is Not Unix). His goal was to make an operating system
that was freely available to everyone, and where everyone could work together (like in the
Seventies). Many of the command line tools that you use today on Linux are GNU tools.

The Nineties started with Linus Torvalds, a Swedish speaking Finnish student, buying a 386
computer and writing a brand new POSIX compliant kernel. He put the source code online, thinking
it would never support anything but 386 hardware. Many people embraced the combination of this
kernel with the GNU tools, and the rest, as they say, is history. Linux kernel version 4.0 was
released in April 2015. Its source code grew by several hundred thousand lines (compared to
version 3.19 from February 2015) thanks to contributions of thousands of developers paid by
hundreds of commercial companies including Red Hat, Intel, Samsung, Broadcom, Texas
Instruments, IBM, Novell, Qualcomm, Nokia, Oracle, Google, AMD and even Microsoft (and many
more).

1.2 Popularity
Today more than 97 percent of the world's supercomputers (including the complete top 10), more
than 80 percent of all smartphones, many millions of desktop computers, around 70 percent of all
web servers, a large chunk of tablet computers, and several appliances (DVD players, washing
machines, DSL modems, routers, self-driving cars, space station laptops...) run Linux. Linux is by far
the most commonly used operating system in the world.

1.3 Linux Distribution

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The Linux kernel: This is a small, but essential part of an operating system. The kernel is responsible
for interfacing with a device’s hardware, providing services to the rest of the system, and
performing tasks such as managing the device’s CPU and memory. The Linux kernel, like any kernel,
can only function as part of a wider operating system. It’s impossible to have an operating system
that consists solely of a Linux kernel. Since Android is a complete operating system, we can
immediately rule out classifying Android as a Linux kernel.

A Linux distribution or distro: This is an operating system that contains the Linux kernel and
additional software such as utilities, libraries and a GUI, plus pre-installed applications such as web
browsers, text editors, and music players. Even if this additional software was designed specifically
to run on the Linux kernel, it’s not part of the Linux kernel. When discussing operating systems that
use the Linux kernel, the terms ‘distribution,’ ‘distro’ and ‘operating system’ are interchangeable.
Since anyone can take the Linux kernel, add their own software, and create a complete operating
system, there are countless Linux distros currently available.

A Linux distribution -- often shortened to "Linux distro" -- is a version of the open source Linux
operating system that is packaged with other components, such as an installation programs,
management tools and additional software such as the KVM hypervisor. Linux distributions, which
are based on the Linux kernel, are often easier for users to deploy than the traditional open source
version of Linux. This is because most distributions eliminate the need for users to manually
compile a complete Linux operating system from source code, and because they are often
supported by a specific vendor.
Hundreds of Linux distributions are available today, and each targets specific users or systems such
as desktops, servers, mobile devices or embedded devices. Most distributions come ready to use,
while others are packaged as source code that a user must compile during installation. A list of
most popular Linux distros is given below
1. Ubuntu
2. Slackware
3. SuSE
4. Debain
5. RedHat
6. Fedora
7. Turbo Linux

In this course, we will use the Ubuntu distro. Ubuntu is a popular and to use graphical Linux distro.
It was developed and released by Canonical Ltd. in 2004. It is freely available and can be
downloaded from http://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop.

2. Installing Ubuntu

Before discussing the options available to install Ubuntu, we discuss the basic system requirement.
It is recommended to Ubuntu should be installed on a system that has a 2 GHz dual core processor
with 2GB RAM and 25GB of free hard disk space.

There are many ways to use Ubuntu. It can be installed on a system as a stand-alone OS. Similarly,
it can be installed as multi-boot system where it is installed on a system that already has any other
OS like windows. Further, it can also be used without installing from a bootable USB. However, in
this course we will run the Ubuntu on virtual machine. To create virtual machine we will use Oracle
VM Virtual-box. In the following, first we give an overview of Virtual-Box and then discuss the
installation process of Ubuntu on VM.

2.1 Oracle VM Virtual-Box

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Virtual-Box is a cross-platform virtualization application. What does that mean? For one thing, it
installs on your existing Intel or AMD-based computers, whether they are running Windows, Mac,
Linux or Solaris operating systems. Secondly, it extends the capabilities of your existing computer
so that it can run multiple operating systems (inside multiple virtual machines) at the same time.
So, for example, you can run Windows and Linux on your Mac, run Windows Server 2008 on your
Linux server, run Linux on your Windows PC, and so on, all alongside your existing applications.
You can install and run as many virtual machines as you like -- the only practical limits are disk
space and memory. Virtual-Box can be downloaded from https:// www.virtualbox.org/ wiki/
Downloads for free.

2.2 Installing Ubuntu on VM

Before installing the Ubuntu, we need to ensure that Virtual-Box has been installed on the machine
and a compatible version of Ubuntu has been downloaded. To install Ubuntu on VM we need to
create a virtual machine on Virtual-Box. The process to create a VM on Virtual-Box is given below.

Step 1: Start the Virtual-Box and click the new button to start creating a new VM

Step 2: Enter the basic information and press Next

Step 3: Select the memory for your VM and press Next

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Step 4: Add hard-disk to your VM and press Create button

Step 5: Select the hard disk file type and press the Next button

Step 6: Select the storage type on Physical hard disk and press Next

Step 7: Select the location and size on physical hard disk to store the VM and press the Create
button

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It completes the creation process of VM on Virtual-Box. The newly created VM can be seen on main
screen

To install Ubuntu on the newly created VM, we need to attach the Ubuntu installation file with it. It
can be done as given below.

Step 1: Select the VM on main screen of Virtual-Box and click the settings button. The following
window will appear.

Step 2: Select the storage button as highlighted in the above figure. The following window will
appear

Step 3: Select + button (as highlighted in above figure) and browse and select the Ubuntu
installation file downloaded earlier. Now, press the OK button to complete the process of attaching
Ubuntu with VM.
Once the VM has been created and Ubuntu Installation file is attached with it, we can start the
installation process. To do this, select the VM on main window of Virtual-Box and click the start
button as given below.

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Now, the booting process will start and the following window will be appeared.

Here, we can try the Ubuntu without installing. To install Ubuntu, click Install Ubuntu button. The
next screen gives you 2 options. One is to download updates in the background while installing and
the other is to install 3rd party software. Check the option to install 3 party software. Then click the
Continue button.

In the next screen, the following options are presented -

 The disk is erased and the installation is carried out. If there was another operating system
already on the disk, then Ubuntu would detect it and give the user the option to install the
operating system side by side.

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 There is an option to encrypt the installation. This is so that if anybody else were to steal the
data, they would not be able to decrypt the data.
 Finally, Linux offers a facility called LVM, which can be used for taking snapshots of the disk.
For the moment, to make the installation simple, let’s keep the options unchecked and proceed with
the installation by clicking the Install Now button.

In the following screen, we will be prompted if we want to erase the disk. Click the Continue button
to proceed.

In next screen, we will be asked to confirm our location. Click the Continue button to proceed.

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Now, we will be asked to confirm the language and the keyboard settings. Let us select English (UK)
as the preferred settings.

In the following screen, we will need to enter the user name, computer name and password which
will be used to log into the system. Fill the necessary details as shown in the following screenshot.
Then, click the continue button to proceed.

The system will now proceed with the installation and we will see the progress of the installation as
shown in the following screenshot.

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At the end of the installation, the system will prompt for a restart. Click the Restart Now to proceed.

When the installation is completed, we can login into the system. To do this, start the Virtual-Box
and select the VM and start it. The following screen will appear

By entering username and password, we can login to the system and the following window will
appear

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3. Writing Linux Commands

3.1 Command Line Interface
The Command Line Interface (CLI), is a non-graphical, text-based interface to the computer system,
where the user types in a command and the computer then successfully executes it. The Terminal is
the platform or the IDE that provides the command line interface (CLI) environment to the user. The
CLI terminal accepts the commands that the user types and passes to a shell. The shell then receives
and interprets what the user has typed into the instructions that can be executed by the OS
(Operating System). If the output is produced by the specific command, then this text is displayed in
the terminal. If any of the problems with the commands are found, then some error message is
displayed.

We can open the terminal by typing Ctrl + Alt + T short-key or by right-clicking the mouse and
selecting the Open New Terminal option. The terminal window looks like given below.

3.2 Basic syntax of Linux Commands

A command is an instruction given by a user telling a computer to do something, such a run a single
program or a group of linked programs. Commands are generally issued by typing them in at the
command line (i.e., the all-text display mode) and then pressing the ENTER key, which passes them
to the shell.

A shell is a program that reads commands that are typed on a keyboard and then executes (i.e.,
runs) them. Shells are the most basic method for a user to interact with the system.

Options and Arguments

This brings us to a very important point about how most commands work. Commands are often
followed by one or more options that modify their behavior, and further, by one or more arguments,
the items upon which the command acts. So most commands look kind of like this:

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Most commands use options consisting of a single character preceded by a dash, for example, “ -l”,
but many commands, including those from the GNU Project, also support long options, consisting
of a word preceded by two dashes. Also, many commands allow multiple short options to be strung
together.

Command History
Most Linux distributions remember the last 500 commands by default. Press the down-arrow key
and the previous command disappears.

3.3 Some Basic Linux Commands

1. Date Command: This command is used to display the current data and time.
Syntax:
$date
$date +%ch
Options:
a = Abbreviated weekday.
A = Full weekday.
b = Abbreviated month.
B = Full month.
c = Current day and time.
C = Display the century as a decimal number.
d = Day of the month.
D = Day in „mm/dd/yy‟ format
h = Abbrevated month day.
H = Display the hour.
L = Day of the year.
m = Month of the year.
M = Minute.
P = Display AM or PM
S = Seconds
T = HH:MM:SS format
u = Week of the year.
y = Display the year in 2 digit.
Y = Display the full year.
Z = Time zone
To change the format:
Syntax:
$date „+%H-%M-%S‟

2. Calendar Command: This command is used to display the calendar of the year or the particular
month of calendar year.

Syntax :
a.$cal <year>
b.$cal <month> <year>

Here the first syntax gives the entire calendar for given year & the second Syntax gives
the calendar of reserved month of that year.

3. To see the current amount of free space on your disk drives, enter df:

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4. Likewise, to display the amount of free memory, enter the free command.

5. We can end a terminal session by either closing the terminal emulator window, or by entering
the exit command at the shell prompt

6. ’who’ Command: It is used to display who are the users connected to our computer currently.
Syntax:
$who – option‟s
Options : -
H–Display the output with headers
b–Display the last booting date or time or when the system was lastly rebooted

7. ’who am i’ Command: Display the details of the current working directory.

Syntax:
$who am i

8. CLEAR’ Command: It is used to clear the screen.

Syntax:
$clear

9. MAN’ Command: It help us to know about the particular command and its options & working. It
is like„help‟ command in windows .
Syntax:
$man <command name>

2) Stage a1 (apply)

Lab Activities:
Activity 1:
In this activity, you are required to perform tasks given below:

1. Display the current date

2. Display the calendar for the current year
3. Display the calendar of 2012
4. Display the calendar of Feb 2015

Solution:
1. date
2. cal 2019
3. cal 2012
4. cal 2 2012

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Activity 2:
Perform the following tasks using Linux CLI commands
1. Display the amount of free storage on your machine
2. Display the amount of free memory on your machine
3. Display the user name of the current user
4. Open the man of date free command

Solution:
1. df
2. free
3. who
4. man date

3) Stage v (verify)

Home Activities:
1. In GUI open the Libre Office writer tool create a document that contains information
about your favorite place. Try the following short- keys while formatting the
document

4) Stage a2 (assess)
Lab Assignment and Viva voce
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LAB # 02

Statement of Purpose:
This lab will introduce the Directory and File related commands to you. We will start with
the some basic but important commands used to navigate through the Linux file system.
Then we will discuss Directory and File related commands. Finally, we will introduce the I/O
redirection in Linux

Activity Outcomes:
This lab teaches you the following topics:

 Navigation through Linux file system using CLI

 Working with directories in Linux using CLI
 Handling Files in Linux using CLI
 Using I/O redirection in Linux.

Instructor Note:
As pre-lab activity, read Chapter 1 to 6 from the book “The Linux Command Line”, William E.
Shotts, Jr.

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1) Stage J (Journey)

Introduction
Linux organizes its files in a hierarchical directory structure. The first directory in the file
system is called the root directory. The root directory contains files and subdirectories,
which contain more files and subdirectories and so on and so on. If we map out the files and
directories in Linux, it would look like an upside-down tree. At the top is the root directory,
which is represented by a single slash (/). Below that is a set of common directories in the
Linux system, such as bin, dev, home, lib , and tmp , to name a few. Each of those
directories, as well as directories added to the root, can contain subdirectories.

1. Navigation
The first thing we need to learn is how to navigate the file system on our Linux system. In
this section we will introduce the commands used for navigation in Linux system.

1.1 Print Working Directory

The directory we are standing in is called the current working directory. To display the
current working directory, we use the pwd (print working directory) command. When we
first log in to our system our current working directory is set to our home directory.
Suppose, a user is created with name me on machine Ubuntu; we display its current
working directory as given below

1.2 Listing The Contents Of A Directory

To list the files and directories in the current working directory, we use the ls command.
Suppose, a user me is in its home directory; to display the contents of current working
directory can be displayed as follows:

Besides the current working directory, we can specify the directory to list, like so:

Or even specify multiple directories. In this example we will list both the user's home
directory (symbolized by the “~” character) and the /usr directory:

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The following options can also be used with ls command

Options Long-options Description

-a - - all List all files, even those with names
-d - - directory Ordinarily, if a directory is specified, ls will list the contents
of the directory, not the directory itself. Use this option in
conjunction with the -l option to see details about the
directory rather than its contents.
-h - - human- In long format listings, display file sizes in human readable
readable format rather than in bytes.
-r - - reeverse Display the results in reverse order. Normally,ls displays its
results in ascending alphabetical order.
-S - Sort results by file size.
-t Sort by modification time
-l Display results in long format.

1.3 Changing the Current Working Directory

To change your working directory, we use the cd command. To do this, type cd followed
by the pathname of the desired working directory. A pathname is the route we take along
the branches of the tree to get to the directory we want. Pathnames can be specified in one
of two different ways; as absolute pathnames or as relative pathnames. An absolute
pathname begins with the root directory and follows the tree branch by branch until the
path to the desired directory or file is completed. On the other hand a relative pathname
starts from the working directory.
Suppose, a user me is in its home directory and we want to go into the Desktop
directory, then it can be done as follows:

The “..” operator is used to go to the parent directory of the current working directory. In
continuation of the above example, suppose we are in the Desktop directory and we have to
go to the Documents directory. To this task, first we will go the parent directory of Desktop
(i.e. me, home directory of the user) that contains the Documents directory then we will go
into the Documents directory as given below.

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