Name :- Mulje Shridhar Suresh

Batch:- B-1
Roll No :- 304B004

Case Study On Automotive Electronic Sensors

A crank sensor (CKP) is an electronic device used in an internal combustion engine, both petrol
and diesel, to monitor the position or rotational speed of the crankshaft. This information is
used by engine management systems to control the fuel injection or the ignition system timing
and other engine parameters. Before electronic crank sensors were available, the distributor
would have to be manually adjusted to a timing mark on petrol engines.

2. Cam Sensor

The camshaft sensor enables the engine control to determine the exact position of the
crankshaft drive. This information is required to calculate the ignition point and injection point,
among other things.
 3. Coolant Temperature Sensor

Coolant temperature sensors are used by the fuel management system to detect the engine's
operating temperature. Depending on the sensor information, the control unit adapts the
injection time and firing angle to the operating conditions. The sensor is a temperature sensor
with a negative temperature coefficient.

4. Accelerator Pedal Sensor/ Throttle Position Sensor

The accelerator pedal sensor transmits the position of the accelerator pedal to the engine control
unit. Based on this information, the load requested by the driver can be implemented
immediately.
 5. Manifold Absolute Position Sensor (MAP)

Manifold Absolute Pressure sensors detect the pressure of the intake air to the combustion
engine for optimized operation. They are available as pressure-only devices or with an optional
external temperature sensor. Barometric pressure sensors are used for engine control unit
(ECU) management, seat comfort, and battery pressure sensing. Infineon’s range of sensors
provide an accuracy of 1.0 kPa over a large temperature range alongside the ratiometric analog
voltage output proportional to the applied pressure.

6. Air Mass Flow (HFM)

A mass airflow sensor calculates the oxygen flowing to your engine for the ideal air-to-fuel
ratio. The mass airflow sensor helps to increase engine efficiency by doing so. Most cars use
the hot wire principle when it comes to the airflow sensor.
 7. Vehicle Speed Sensor

The Vehicle Speed Sensor, or VSS, sends electrical pulses to the vehicle’s onboard engine
computer, also referred to as PCM or ECU, that are generated through a magnet that spins a
sensor coil. When the vehicle’s speed increases, the frequency of the pulse increases. These
sensors are generally located in the vehicle’s transmission, differential, or near the wheels so
that vehicle speed can be accurately measured.

8. Oxygen Sensor

An oxygen sensor (or lambda sensor, where lambda refers to air–fuel equivalence ratio, usually
denoted by λ) or probe or sond, is an electronic device that measures the proportion of oxygen
(O2) in the gas or liquid being analyzed. The oxygen sensor is an instrument for managing the
exhaust emissions of petrol, diesel and gas engines. It is an oxygen concentration sensor which
measures the residual oxygen content of the exhaust gases.
 9. Parking Sensor

Parking sensors are proximity sensors for road vehicles designed to alert the driver of obstacles
while parking. These systems use either electromagnetic or ultrasonic sensors. The sensors emit
acoustic pulses, with a control unit measuring the return interval of each reflected signal and
calculating object distances.[1] The system in turns warns the driver with acoustic tones,
the frequency indicating object distance, with faster tones indicating closer proximity and a
continuous tone indicating a minimal pre-defined distance. Systems may also include visual
aids, such as LED or LCD readouts to indicate object distance.

10.TPMS (Tire Pressure Monitoring Sysytem) Sensor

A tire-pressure monitoring system (TPMS) monitors the air pressure inside the pneumatic tires
on vehicles.A TPMS reports real-time tire-pressure information to the driver, using either a
gauge, a pictogram display, or a simple low-pressure warning light. TPMS can be divided into
two different types – direct (dTPMS) and indirect (iTPMS).TPMS are installed either when the
vehicle is made or after the vehicle is put to use. The goal of a TPMS is avoiding traffic
accidents, poor fuel economy, and increased tire wear due to under-inflated tires through early
recognition of a hazardous state of the tires
 11.Wheel Speed Sensor (WSS)

A wheel speed sensor (WSS) or vehicle speed sensor (VSS) is a type of tachometer. It is a
sender device used for reading the speed of a vehicle's wheel rotation. It usually consists of a
toothed ring and pickup.

12.Fuel Level Sensor

A fuel level sensor is a device used in vehicles to measure the amount of fuel in the fuel tank.
Its primary function is to send this information to the fuel gauge or dashboard indicator so that
the driver can monitor the fuel level while driving.

13.Ambient Temperature Sensor

Ambient Temperature Sensor measures the temperature outside the passenger compartment
and is usually mounted inside or near the front bumper. The sensor provides input to automatic
HVAC systems to help control the interior temperature of the automobile. The sensor also
provides the vehicle occupants with temperature outside the car.
 14.Air Pressure

A barometric pressure sensor is a sensor that detects atmospheric pressure. Various types of
pressure sensors exist utilizing different materials and methods as shown below based on the
pressure values to be measured

15.GPS

The system contains satellites and ground based control installations. GPS sensor consists of
surface mount chip which processes signals from GPS satellites using a small rectangular
antenna, often mounted on the top of the GPS chip. GPS module is usually small board on
which GPS sensor is mounted with additional components. GPS receiver is a device which
includes data display and other components such as memory for data storage in addition to
GPS module.