899155

ANALYSIS OF STIRLING ENGINE PERFORMANCE

Michio F u j i w a r a

and Takuya Suganami

C e n t r a l Research L a b o r a t o r y , M i t s h u b i s h i E l e c t r i c C o r p o r a t i o n Amagasaki , Hyogo , J a p a n ABSTRACT I n t h e S t i r l i n g engine design ,it i s i m p o r t a n t t o p r e d i c t t h e e n g i n e p e r f o r m a n c e , i.e. , s h a f t power , f u e l i n p u t , n e t t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y , etc. u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s d e s c r i b e d by m a i n o p e r a t i n g p a r a m e t e r s s u c h a s mean g a s p r e s s u r e , h e a t e r t u b e t e m p e r a t u r e , e n g i n e speed , etc. I n o r d e r t o c a r r y o u t such engine performance prediction , t h e S t i r l i n g e n g i n e p e r f o r m a n c e s i m u l a t i o n which t a k e s account o f p e r f o r m a n c e o f a b u r n e r , a h e a t exchanger and a d r i v e mechanism i s t o b e developed. This paper presents such engine performance s i m u l a t i o n . I n t h e s i m u l a t i o n , a r e v i s e d 2nd o r d e r a n a l y s i s i s a d o p t e d t o p r e d i c t themodynamic c y c l e by t a k i n g a c c o u n t o f s e v e r a l t h e r m a l l o s s e s . The b u r n e r p e r f o r m a n c e s i m u l a t i o n and t h e m e c h a n i c a l l o s s c a l c u l a t i o n are combined w i t h t h e c y c l e a n a l y s i s . E x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s are a l s o p r e s e n t e d t o c o n f i r m i t s v a l i d i t y . The e x p e r i m e n t a l t e s t s were c a r r i e d o u t t o e x a m i n e t h e d e p e n d e n c y o f t h e e n g i n e p e r f o r m a n c e on s e v e r a l o p e r a t i n g p a r a m e t e r s by 3kW class S t i r l i n g engine. A good a g r e e m e n t was found between t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s and t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l ones. ENGINE PERFORMANCE SIMULATION Thermodynamic C y c l e S i m u l a t i o n The thermodynamic c y c l e s i m u l a t i o n model o f t h e d i s p l a c e r t y p e S t i r l i n g e n g i n e i s shown i n Fig.1. T h i s m o d e l i s t h e r e v i s e d o n e o f t h e q u a s i s t e a d y f l o w m o d e l by U r i e l i , e t a l . [ l ] t o t a k e a c c o u n t of t h e s e v e r a l t h e r m a l l o s s e s s u c h as h e a t c o n d u c t i o n l o s s , s h u t t l e l o s s and pumping l o s s and e f f e c t of h e a t t r a n s f e r i n a n e x p a n s i o n s p a c e and a c o m p r e s s i o n one on t h e e n g i n e performance. T h e a s s u m p t i o n s made i n t h e a n a l y s i s a r e a s follows: uniform (1) The i n s t a n t a n e o u s p r e s s u r e i s t h r o u g h o u t t h e s y s t e m and t h e p r e s s u r e d r o p i n t h e h e a t exchanger i s evaluated s e p a r a t e l y from t h e thermodynamic c y c l e s i m u l a t i o n . ( 2 ) The w o r k i n g g a s t e m p e r a t u r e i n t h e e a c h s p a c e e x c e p t t h e r e g e n e r a t o r are uniform and t h e w a l l temperature is constant. (3) The t e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f t h e w o r k i n g g a s and t h e m a t r i x i n t h e r e g e n e r a t o r are l i n e a r . ( 4 ) The h e a t t r a n s f e r and t h e f l o w f r i c t i o n i n t h e h e a t e r , t h e c o o l e r and t h e r e g e n e r a t o r are e v a l u a t e d by t h e e m p i r i c a l e q u a t i o n s u n d e r t h e steady flow condition. (5) The working g a s s a t i s f i e s t h e p e r f e c t g a s l a w . (6) No l e a k a g e i s a l l o w e d .

Basic e q u a t i o n s a r e d e s c r i b e d under t h e a s s u m p t i o n s . The e n e r g y e q u a t i o n s o f t h e g a s i n a l l t h e c e l l s i n Fig.1 are a s f o l l o w s

rz

ZL

z / d t + d QI o - t A t H v (T, D -T I )+dQ e Cvd(M .T,)/d t=CpT p . p t A .H. (T, -T. ) i -PdV,/dttdQI.,,l/dt

, 3

/dt

(1)

The e q u a t i o n s of c o n t i n u i t y are dMe/dt = dMh/dt = dMrl/dt= dMrz/dt=

- i h r l - i r i T z - i r z t -

---------_--____

(2)

i r i r z

dMp/dt
dM,/dt

= =

irzp

itc

in.

The e n e r g y e q u a t i o n s o f t h e r e g e n e r a t o r m a t r i x e s a r e g i v e n by

CmM,r idT,r i/dt=A, I H T I (TT1-T, CmM. r z dT, r z /dt=A T z H r z (T r z-T,

1)

-------

(3)

r 2)

I n t h e e q u a t i o n s ( 1 ) , t h e terms dQp.,,/dt r e p r e s e n t t h e h e a t losses and t h e y a r e g i v e n by

(d)

~ ~ , , , ~ = ~ , ,( c e y ) t Q . b t Q p u d

-------------

(4)

Qt

o s ,

3=Qc n d

( C

h d ) tQc

d (mx)

where Qp.,.1 is t h e h e a t conduction l o s s a t t h e displacer piston from the expansion space t o t h e c o m p r e s s i o n one , Qt,,,z is t h e h e a t l o s s f r o m t h e e x p a n s i o n a p a c e t o t h e c o o l e r which c o n s i s t s of t h e heat conduction loss a t t h e cylinder l i n e a r , t h e s h u t t l e l o s s and t h e pumping l o s s , Q e o , s 3 is t h e h e a t l o s s from t h e h e a t e r t o t h e c o o l e r which c o n s i s t s of t h e h e a t c o n d u c t i o n l o s s e s a t t h e r e g e n e r a t o r h a u s i n g and t h e m a t r i x . The s h u t t l e l o s s a n d t h e p u m p i n g l o s s a r e e v a l u a t e d by t h e equations a f t e r Martini[2]. The h e a t t r a n s f e r i n t h e h e a t e r and t h e c o o l e r i s e v a l u a t e d by e m p i r i c a l e q u a t i o n s u n d e r t h e s t e a d y f l o w [ 3 ] and t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r i n t h e

2341
CH2781-3/89/0000-2341$1.00 1989 IEEE
.
~

Heater
I

Regenerator

Cooler

Fig.2

Temperature d i s t r i b u t i o n i n r e g e n e r a t o r

T h e r e f o r e , i n d i c a t e d works , h e a t f l o w s and i n d i c a t e d e f f i c i e n c y are d e s c r i b e d by t h e f o l l w i n g e q u a t i o n s w h i c h t a k e a c c o u n t of t h e e f f e c t o f t h e p r e s s u r e d r o p on t h e e n g i n e performance. Fig.1 Thermodynamic c y c l e s i m u l a t i o n model

W, W,
Qh

=
=

$PedVe 9PcdV,

we

w,
f

r e g e n e r a t o r i s e v a l u a t e d by M i y a b e ' s e q u a t i o n [ 41. Woschni's e q u a t i o n [ 5 ] is a p p l i e d t o t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r i n t h e e x p a n s i o n s p a c e and t h e compression one and i s g i v e n by

= =

$dQb

$APdve/2

----------------

(10)

QE

Nu=0.035Re0. 8

_____----____---__-_______

() 5

The t e m p e r a t u r e s a t i n t e r f a c e s a r e g i v e n by t h e a d j e c e n t u p s t r e a m o n e s and a r e d e f i n e d as follows.

$dQp f $APdVc/2 Q, = $dQe Qc = $dQ, Q,,= W , f Q t 1 , = W,/Q,. Burner Performance S i m u l a t i o n The b u r n e r c o n s i s t s o f a combustor i n which f u e l ( n a t u r a l g a s ) and air are burned on s w i r l s t a b i l i z e d d i f f u s i o n f l a m e and a a i r p r e h e a t e r i n which waste h e a t i s r e c o v e r e d from e x h a u s t g a s t o t h e a i r f o r combustion. The energy f l o w i s shown i n Fig.3. I n t h e b u r n e r p e r f o r m a n c e s i m u l a t i o n i t i s assumed t h a t combustion i s completed i n t h e combustor. The h e a t t r a n s f e r a t t h e h e a t e r i s g i v e n by

Te Th
T h

(he

LO)

(ieb<O)

Thrl

(r 120) i ,
i/(Vr i+Vr z ) r i<O>

T r i +(Tr 1 - T r z ) V r

T r i rz=(VrzTritVriTrz>/(VrltVrz)
T r z c = Trz-(T,I-Trz)Vrz/(VrifVrz)

(irzt2O)
( i r z e<O)

T,
Tt.

Te ( m E .LO) Q ,n = H h A b ( T a - T w h ) - A b b T. (c < o ) Ei ~ ~ ~ _ _ - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ _ _ _ _Ta=(Tbo-Tbi)/2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

(Tg'-Twh4)

(6)

---

(11)

P =l/(l/

.+I/

w-l)

For t h e assumed l i n e a r temperature d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e r e g e n e r a t o r (see F i g . 2 ) , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s i n t h e e q u a t i o n of s t a t e i s g i v e n by

where Hh r e p r e s e n t s t h e c o n v e c t i v e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t a t t h e h e a t e r t u b e . The e m i s s i v i t y o f t h e combustion gas E i s given as a f u n c t i o n of e x c e s s a i r r a t i o 1 and i t s t e m p e r a t u r e and t h a t of is constant[6]. t h e h e a t e r wall E The h e a t t r a n s f e r i n t h e a i r p r e h e a t e r i s g i v e n by

--___--_----_--___--------------

(7)

Q, r=A,

r((Tb

I + T ~ Z ) / ~ - ( T . O ~) T . H . H b / ( H a f H b ) I /2)

_____---------------___________

From t h e e q u a t i o n s d e s c r i b e d h e r e , t h e thermodynamic c y c l e a n a l y s i s w i t h o u t p r e s s u r e d r o p is a b l e t o be performed. I n o r d e r t o t a k e account of t h e e f f e c t of t h e pressure drop on t h e thermodynamic c y c l e , it i s e v a l u a t e d by

(12)

Air
Iao

,T a o

Ga

A i r preheater
Qmr

Fig.3

Energy f l o w i n b u r n e r

2342

w h e r e Ha , H b represent the heat transfer c o e f f i c i e n t a t a i r and burnt gas passage, r e s p e c t i v e l y . The h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t s HhrH.,Hb may b e d i s c u s s e d o n t h e p a r t i c u l a r c o n f i g u r a t i o n . However, t h e y are g i v e n h e r e i n s u c h a way t h a t t h e y c a n f i t i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l o b s e r v a t i o n s . The e n e r g y e q u a t i o n s are as f o l l o w s :

(15). F i n a l l y , t h e s h a f t p o w e r , t h e n e t t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y and etc. are c a l c u l a t e d by t h e e q u a t i o n s (16).

8, =c. (CPT. -CPT.

J
(b )

=Gb

(CpTb 1 -CPTb z 1 - Q ~m d

I.i=I.n+Qpr

__-__-_---

(131

lt.n=1.itQf
Ibl=IbO-aln
lbz=Ibl-Qir-Qcnd (b)

where Q c n d ( b ) i s t h e h e a t l o s s from t h e burner t o t h e atmosphere. The b u r n e r e f f i c i e n c y i s g i v e n by

---------_-_______----------

(14)

Mechanical Loss Calculation I n t h e S t i r l i n g engine , t h e mechanical l o s s e s c o n s i s t of s e v e r a l f r i c t i o n l o s s e s of p i s t o n r i n g s and b e a r i n g s , t h e work done i n a b u f f e r s p a c e and t h e o i l pump power,etc. They a r e g i v e n by

i ' 7
Burner performance simulation Mechanical loss c a l c u l a t i o n Output of engine performance Fig.4 Calculation procedure SIMULATION RESULTS T e s t Apparatus The s c h e m a t i c view o f t h e 3kW c l a s s d i s p l a c e r t y p e S t i r l i n g e n g i n e (NS03M-87) i s shown i n Fig.5.

--

(151

where F r e p r e s e n t s t h e f o r c e which b r i n g s w i t h friction T h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f f r i c t i o n I( = d , P c r a r e e v a l u a t e d by McKee's e q u a t i o n [ 7 ] and t h e o t h e r s are e v a l u a t e d by b e i n g b a s e d o n t h e i n d i v i d u a l t e s t r e s u l t s o f e a c h e l e m e n t . The s h a f t power , t h e mechanical e f f i c i e n c y and t h e n e t t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y a r e as f o l l o w s :

WOb,t=W,-Wm,ch

I] I]

m=Wnet/W, met=wnet/Qi=I]

------_-____
, * I]
m*

(161

I]

Calculation Procedure The c a l c u l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e of t h e engine p e r f o r m a n c e s i m u l a t i o n i s shown i n Fig.4. The e n g i n e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , t h e mean g a s p r e s s u r e , t h e engine speed , t h e h e a t e r w a l l temperature , t h e c o o l e r w a l l t e m p e r a t u r e and t h e e x c e s s a i r r a t i o are g i v e n as i n p u t d a t a f i r s t l y . Secondly , a s e t o f t h e e q u a t i o n s ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) a r e s o l v e d by m a k i n g u s e of t h e Runge-Kutta method and t h e s e v e r a l i n d i c a t e d works , t h e p r e s s u r e drop , t h e h e a t f l o w s a n d t h e e f f i c i e n c i e s a r e c a l c u l a t e d by t h e e q u a t i o n s (8),(9),(10). T h i r d l y , t h e burner performance such as t h e f u e l i n p u t , t h e burner e f f i c i e n c y and etc. i s c a l c u l a t e d from t h e e q u a t i o n s (11),(1 2 ) , ( 1 3 ) , ( 1 4 ) u n d e r t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e c a l c u l a t e d Q i n , Twh a n d r a n d t h e s e v e r a l m e c h a n i c a l l o s s e s a r e e v a l u a t e d by t h e e q u a t i o n s

F i g . 5 S c h e m a t i c v i e w o f 3kW c l a s s d i s p l a c e r t y p e S t i r l i n g e n g i n e (NS03M-87)

2343

The e x p e r i m e n t a l t e s t s were c a r r i e d o u t t o c o n f i r m v a l i d i t y of t h e S t i r l i n g e n g i n e p e r f o r m a n c e s i m u l a t i o n . The a n n u l a r t y p e h e a t exchanger i n t e g r a t e s t h e r e g e n e r a t o r which c o n s i s t s o f wire mesh s c r e e n s a n d t h e p l a t e - f i n t y p e c o o l e r . T h e heater i n s t a l l s a twisted plate inside a tube to p r o m o t e h e a t t r a n s f e r . The b u r n e r c o n s i s t s of t h e combustor, the counterflow type air preheater which i s made o f t h i n c o r r u g a t e d p l a t e and t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n s . The e n g i n e d r i v e mechanism i s a s l i d e r - c r a n k one. Measured p a r a m e t e r s and p o i n t s are a l s o shown i n Fig.5. The s e v e r a l works and h e a t f l o w s are e v a l u a t e d by u s i n g t h e measured d a t a . Thermodynamic C y c l e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s The thermodynamic c y c l e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s of t h e p r e s e n t model i s compared w i t h t h e o t h e r models, i.e. , t h e i d e a l i s o t h e r m a l one , t h e i d e a l a d i a b a t i c one and t h e q u a s i s t e a d y f l o w one i n T a b l e 1. T h e e x p e r i m e n t a l t e s t r e s u l t s a r e a l s o shown i n T a b l e 1. I n t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s by t h e p r e s e n t model , t h e i n d i c a t e d work i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t by 10% a n d t h e i n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y a g r e e well w i t h t h a t of t h e e x p e r i m e n t . It d i s p l a y s t h a t t h e p r e s e n t model c a n provide preciser predictions than t h e others. In t h e t a b l e , t h e p r e s e n t model(Qloss=O) r e p r e s e n t s t h e case i n w h i c h n o h e a t l o s s i s a l l o w e d . The p r e s e n t model ( a d i a b a t i c ) shows t h e case i n which t h e e x p a n s i o n s p a c e and t h e c o m p r e s s i o n one are a d i a b a t i c . From t h e s e s r e s u l t s t h e p r e c i s i o n o f t h e s i m u l a t i o n was p r o v e d t o b e i m p r o v e d t o a g r e a t e x t e n t by t a k i n g a c c o u n t of s e v e r a l h e a t l o s s e s and t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r i n t h e expansion s p a c e and t h e c o m p r e s s i o n one. T a b l e 1 Comparison among s e v e r a l thermodynamic c y c l e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s and e x p e r i m e n t a l ones model P r e s e n t model P r e s e n t model (Qloss=O) Present model(adiabatic) I d e a l i s o t h e r m a l model I d e a l a d i a b a t i c model Q u a s i s t e a d y f l o w model Measured
~

Exhaust g a s

1361W (1577W) 376K ( U K )

f .
742W (66ZW) 4507W (4859W) 1054K

(m)
I

Air p r e h e a t e r

Fuel

7003W (7116W)

333613,901 K

Fig.6

B u r n e r p e r f o r m a n c e comparison between s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s and e x p e r i m e n t a l ones

Mechanical Loss The dependency o f t h e m e c h a n i c a l l o s s e s on t h e e n g i n e s p e e d i s s h o w n i n Fig.7. The c a l c u l a t e d mechanical l o s s e s are a l i t t l e g r e a t e r t h a n t h e measured o n e s and t h e r e i s a good agreement between them.

p=6.2MPa

' ooo l

'
) cal
exp

kmech

Indicated work

(W 1
3288 3346 3435 3151

Indicated thermal efficiency(%)

a,
3

51.3
56.9 52.8 66.1

3363
3497 2982

59.8
58.5 49.3
/

I--

- ---_- - - - _ _ - - - - - - 1000 800 nE (rpm1

Wms

P=6.2MPa

Twh=1054K

Twl=308K

, nE=800rpm

600

Burner Performance The b u r n e r p e r f o r m a n c e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s and t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l t e s t o n e s are shown i n Fig.6 , where t h e v a l u e s i n p a r e n t h e s e s w i t h a n u n d e r l i n e r e p r e s e n t t h e measured d a t a , t h o s e w i t h o u t an u n d e r l i n e show t h e c a l c u l a t e d o n e s b a s e d o n t h e m e a s u r e d o n e s . The good a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s and t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l o n e s i s found on a p p r o p r i a t e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t s .

Fig.7 Comparison between c a l c u l a t e d mechanical losses and e x p e r i m e n t a l o n e s

Engine Performance The dependency o f t h e s e v e r a l e f f i c i e n c i e s and t h e s h a f t power on t h e e n g i n e speed i s shown i n Fig.8. The combined t o t a l s i m u l a t i o n i s a l s o p l o t t e d i n Fig.8. The e r r o r s i n t h e i n d i c a t e d work , t h e s h a f t power and t h e n e t t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y between t h e s i m u l a t i o n s and t h e e x p e r i m e n t s are a b o u t 10% , 10%and 2% r e s p e c t i v e l y .

2344

6
100 I
I I I I

nE P

Q
t T
P=6.2MI1a Twh=1054K T wi n= 298K Qw=30l/min
f l b

W
TI
f l l

CO

Lc

--&--

P
U

:mass f l o w r a t e :engine speed :pressure :h e a t :time :temperature :velocity :volume :work , m e c h a n i c a l l o s s :efficiency : c o e f f i c i e n t of f r i c t i o n :density : S t e f a n Boltzmann c o n s t a n t :overall absorption coefficient
SUBSCRIPT

,
I
1

--+-I

- - 0- I

cal
exp

-'
1

a b bf

:air

600

800 n

1000
E

1200

(rpd

Fig.8 Engine p e r f o r m a n c e c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n s i m u l a t i o n and e x p e r i m e n t

CONCLUSION The S t i r l i n g e n g i n e performance s i m u l a t i o n h a s been developed t o p r e d i c t t h e engine performance a n d t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l t e s t s were c a r r i e d o u t t o c o n f i r m v a l i d i t y of t h e s i m u l a t i o n . Major r e s u l t s are as f o l l o w s : ( 1 ) The t h e r m o d y n a m i c c y c l e s i m u l a t i o n m o d e l h a s been developed t o t a k e a c c o u n t o f t h e e f f e c t s of t h e s e v e r a l l o s s e s and t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r i n t h e e x p a n s i o n s p a c e and t h e c o m p r e s s i o n one on t h e e n g i n e performance. ( 2 ) The b u r n e r p e r f o r m a n c e s i m u l a t i o n a n d t h e mechanical l o s s s i m u l a t i o n have been c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The m e c h a n i c a l l o s s e s h a v e b e e n e v a l u a t e d by c a l c u l a t i n g t h e s e v e r a l l o s s e s s u c h as t h e f r i c t i o n l o s s e s , o i l pump power , t h e work done i n t h e b u f f e r s p a c e and etc. (3) The thermodynamic c y c l e s i m u l a t i o n , t h e b u r n e r performance s i m u l a t i o n and t h e m e c h a n i c a l l o s s e s c a l c u l a t i o n have been combined t o p r e d i c t t h e e n g i n e p e r f o r m a n c e under t h e o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s . The e r r o r s o f t h e s h a f t p o w e r a n d t h e n e t t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y between t h e s i m u l a t i o n s and t h e e x p e r i m e n t s are 10% and 2% r e s p e c t i v e l y . NOMENCLATURE
A C m CP cv F

:combustion g a s :buff er s p a c e C :compression s p a c e cd : d i s p l a c e r conrod ch :crosshead cp :power p i s t o n conrod chd : c y l i n d e r head cIy :cylinder l i n e r cnd :conduction loss d :displacer dr : d i s p l a c e r rod e :expansion space :boundary between e x p a n s i o n s p a c e and h e a t e r eh f :fuel g :gas h :heater hrl :boundary between h e a t e r and h o t s i d e regenerator I :cooler ic :boundary between c o o l e r and c o m p r e s s i o n space POSS :heat loss mb :main b e a r i n g mb(th):main t h r u s t b e a r i n g ms :mechanical seal m x :matrix op : o i l pump pd :displacer piston ring pp :power p i s t o n r i n g pr :air p r e h e a t e r pu :pumping l o s s rl :hot s i d e regenerator 1-11-2 :boundary between h o t s i d e r e g e n e r a t o r and c o l d s i d e one r2 :cold s i d e regenerator 1-21 :boundary between c o l d s i d e r e g e n e r a t o r and cooler sh :shuttle loss W :wall REFERRENCES

G H I M Mw

: h e a t i n g s u r f a c e area : s p e c i f i c h e a t of m a t r i x :specific heat a t constant pressure : s p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t volume : c o e f f i c i e n t of f r i c t i o n :mass f l o w r a t e :heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e c t :enthalpy :mass :mass of m a t r i x

[ l ] 1.Urieli , D.M.Berchowitz , " S t i r l i n g C y c l e Analysis" , Adam H i l g e r L t d , B r i s t o l , 1984 [ 21 W.R.Martini , " S t i r l i n g Engine Design Manual" , WE/NASA/3152-78/1 , 1978 [ 3 ] K.Kawajiri, e t al., JSME 9 3 4 t h l e c t u r e m e e t i n g , N0.106 , pp.7-8, 1985 ( i n J a p a n e s e ) [ 4 ] H.Miyabe , S . T a k a h a s h i , K.Hamaguchi , P r o c . 1 7 t h IECEC , 829306 , pp.1839-1844 , 1982

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[5] G.Woschni , SAE Paper No.670931 , 1967 [ 6 ] JSME Data Book : Heat T r a n s f e r 3rd E d i t i o n [ 7 ] S.A.McKee , T.R.McKee , T r a n s . ASME , 51 , APM51-51 , 1929

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