JOSE RIZAL: CHAPTER 6 IN SUNNY SPAIN

Why did Rizal go to Spain?

• Spain was a constitutional monarchy under a written constitution which granted human rights to
the people
• Freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and of assembly
• Secret mission

Secret Mission
• To observe keenly the life, culture languages and customs and laws of the European nations in order to
prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his people.
• Djemnah or SS Djemnah a ship with 50 passengers on board [steam ship that Rizal rode to travel from
Philippines and Marseilles.]

Secret Departure for Spain

• It was kept to avoid detection from Spanish authorities and friars
• Even his parents did not know about it
• The Ateneo priests gave him letters of recommendation to the members of their society in Barcelona
• He used the name Jose Mercado
• Who knows?: Paciano, uncle Antonio Rivera, his sisters (Neneng and Lucia), The Valenzuela family,
Pedro Paterno, Mateo Evangelista, Chengoy and the Jesuit priest

• May 3, 1882
 Departed on board Salvadora
 16 passengers
 The only Filipino on board with Spaniards, British, and Indian Negroes as felllow passengers
Singapore

• May 9, 1882 when Salvadora docked Singapore

• Registered at Hotel dela Paz
• Spent two days sightseeing: Botanical gardens, Buddhist temples, shopping district and statue of Sir
Thomas Raffles (founder of Singapore)

Sri Lanka, Colombo

• Djemnah – French steamer which left Singapore for Europe on May 11
• British, French, Dutch, Spaniards, Malays, Siamese and Filipinos (Mr.&Mrs. Salazar, Vicente Pardo and
Jose Rizal)
• French was mostly spoken but Jose to his surprise and embarassment found that his book of French is
inadequate.
• May 17, Djemnah reached point Galle (seacost of Ceylon) “ Picturuesque but lonely and quiet and at
the same time sad”
• Colombo – more beautiful, smart, elegant than Singapore, Point Galle, and Manila
• “Inhospitable land but famous”

First Trip to Suez Canal

• From Aden the Djemnah proceeded to the Red Sea terminal
• It took the Djemnah five days to traverse through the Suez Canal which was built by Ferdinand de
Lesseps (November 17, 1869)
• Port Said – he was fascinated to hear the multi-racial inhabitants speaking a Babel of tongues.

Naples
• He was pleased because of its business activity, its lively people, and its panoramic beauty
• He was fascinated by Mt. Vesuvius, the castle of St. Telmo, and other historic sights of the city
Marseilles
• Stayed 2 and half days in Marseilles, visiting the famous Chateau d’If, where Dantes was imprisoned
• He read the book The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas when he was a student of Ateneo

Barcelona
• May 15 leaving Marseilles by train, finally reaching his destination; Barcelona on June 16, 1882
• He noticed the indifference accorded by the Spanish immigration officers to tourists in contrast with the
courtesy of the French immigration officers
• The greatest city of Cataluña and Spain's 2nd largest city “ IT was ugly, with dirty little inns and
inhospitable residents” – “town’s most ugly side -There is an atmosphere of freedom and liberalism
and the people were open-hearted , hospitable, and courageous.
• He later changed his impression and came to like the city
• Atmosphere of freedom and liberalism, people were open-hearted, hospitable and courageous
• He visited Las Ramblas, the most famous street in Barcelona

Amor Patrio (Love of Country)

• Nationalistic essay
• First article of Rizal written on Spain’s soil
• Sent it to Basilio Teodoro Moran, publisher of Diariong Tagalog
• Used the penname Laong-Laan
• It appeared in print on August 20, 1882
• It was published in two texts, Spanish and Filipino (translated by M.H del Pilar)
• It caused quite a sensation among the readers in the Philippines because of its nationalistic flavor

Other articles at Diariong Tagalog

• Los Viajes (Travels)
• Revisita de Madrid (Review of Madrid)
• Diariong Tagalog ceased publication for lack of funds

Manila Moves to Madrid

• Cholera epidemic ravaging Manila and the provinces. (Paciano’s letter dated september 15,1882)
• Calamba folks were having afternoon novenas to San Roque and nocturnal processions
• Unhappiness of Leonor Rivera, who was getting thinner because of the absence of a loved ones.
(Chengoy’s letter)
• Paciano adviced his younger brother (dated May 26. 1882) to finish the medical course in Madrid.

Life in Madrid
• November 3, 1882, he enrolled in the Universidad Central de Madrid (Central University of Madrid)
• He enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters
• He studied painting and sculpture in the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando
• He took lessons in French, German, and English under private tutors
• Practiced fencing and shooting in the Hall of Arms of Sanz y Carbonell
• He visited the art galleries and museums and read books on all subjects under the sun
• Led a Spartan life in Madrid – lived frugally, spending his money on food, clothing, lodging and books
• His only extravagance was investing a few pesetas for a lottery
• He spent his leisure time reading and writing in his boarding house, attending reunions at the house of
the Paterno brothers and practicing fencing and shooting at the gymnasium
• On Saturday evenings, he visited the home of Don Pablo Ortiga Rey, the former city mayor of Manila
Romance with Consuelo Ortiga y Perez
• He was a shy small man, a few inches above five feet in height, but he possessed an aura of charisma
due to his many splendored talents and noble character which made him attractive to romantic young
women
• Consuelo fell in love with him
• He compose a poem titled “A La Senorita C.O.y R.
• But Rizal backed out for two reasons:
1. He was still engaged to Leonor Rivera
2. His friend and co-worker in the Propaganda Movement, Eduardo de Lete, was madly in love with
Consuelo

They Ask Me for Verses (Me Piden Versos)

• He joined the Circulo-Hispano Filipino, a society of Spaniards and Filipinos
• Adhered to the request of the group to write a poem and declaimed it on December 31, 1882

Rizal as a Lover of Books

• Favorite pastime was reading
• Purchased books from second hand store owner by certain Señor Roses
• Rizal was deeply affected by Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Eugene Sue’s The
Wandering Jew
• The books aroused his sympathy for the oppressed and unfortunate people

Rizal’s First Visit to Paris (1883)”Costliest capital of Europe”

• Purpose: To improve his minds by observing closely the French way of life and spending many hours in
the museums, botanical gardens, libraries and art galleries, and the hospitals, including Laennec
Hospital, Dr. Nicaise, and the Larisboisiere Hospital, where he observed the examination of different
diseases of women.
• During his first summer vacation in Madrid, Rizal went to Paris
• Visited the beautiful boulevards, the Opera House, Place de la Concorde, The Arch of Triumph, Bois de
Boulogne, Madeleine Church, The Cathedral of Notre Dame, Column of Vendome, Invalides, Versailles,
Louvre, botanical gardens, Luxembourg
• He was mistaken as a Japanese by the Parisians
• “Paris is the costliest capital in Europe.” – Rizal

Rizal as a Mason
• He came in close contact with prominent Spanish liberal and republican Spaniards who were
mostly masons
• Rizal was impressed by the way the Spanish masons openly and freely criticized the
government policies and lambasted the friars, which could not be done in the Philippines.
• In March 1883, he joined the Masonic lodge called Acacia in Madrid: To secure freemasonry’s aid in his
fight against the friars in the Philippines, he intended to utilize Freemasonry as his shield to combat them
• He transferred to Lodge Solidaridad where he became a master mason
• On February 15, 1892, he was awarded the diploma as master mason by Le Grand Orient de France in
Paris
• His only masonic writing was a lecture entitled “Science, Virtue and Labor” which he delivered in 1889 to
Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce and MH del Pilar

Financial Worries
• The harvest of rice and sugarcane in Calamba failed on account of drought and locust
• The manager of the Dominican-owned hacienda increased the rentals of the lands cultivated by
the Rizal Family
• The monthly allowance of Rizal were late in arrival
• June 24, 1884 he was unable to eat his breakfast that day; Paciano was forced to sell Jose’s pony in
order to send the money to Madrid [Touching Incident].
• He attended his class in the university, joined the contest in Greek language, and won the gold medal
 • He was able to eat his dinner the same day as the guest speaker in a banquet held in honor of
Juan Luna and Felix Ressureccion Hidalgo at Restaurant Ingles, Madrid

Salute to Luna and Hidalgo

• Winners in the National Exposition in Madrid
• Spoliarium by Juan Luna (1st place)
• Christian Virgins Exposed the Populace by Hidalgo (2nd place)

Rizal Involved in the Student Demonstration

• “Freedom of Science and Teacher” Don Miguel Morayta – Professor of History – such liberal view
was condemned by the Catholic Bishops and promptly excommunicated Dr. Morayta and those who
applauded the speech.
• Recounting the tumultuous rioting to his family in an open letter dated November 26, 1884

Studies Completed in Spain

• Rizal completed his medical course in Spain
• He was conferred the degree of licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid on
June 21, 1884
• The next academic year he studied and passed all subjects leading to the degree of Doctor of Medicine
• He did not present his thesis and pay the corresponding fees; he was not awarded his doctors
diploma
• He also finished his studies in Philosophy and Letters with the rating of “Excellent”
• He was awarded the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad Central
de Madrid on June 19, 1885
• By obtaining the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters, he became qualified to be a professor
of humanities in any Spanish university
• By receiving his degree licentiate in Medicine, he became a full-fledged physician, qualified to practice
medicine
• He did not bother to secure the post-graduate degree of Doctor of Medicine because it was,
together with the Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters, were good only for teaching purposes– “I doubt if
the Dominican fathers will appoint me in UST”

JOSE RIZAL: CHAPTER 7

PARIS TO BERLIN (1885 -1887)

In Gay Paris
• After completing his studies in Madrid, Rizal went to Paris and Germany to specialize in ophthalmology. -
He particularly chose this branch of medicine because he wanted to cure his mother’s ailment.
• On his way to Paris, he stopped at Barcelona to visit his friend Maximo Viola, a medical student
from San Miguel, Bulacan.
• In Berlin, capital of then unified Germany, he met and befriended several top German scientist, Dr.
Feodor Jagor, Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, Dr. Hans Meyer, and Rudolf Virchow.
 His merits as a scientist were recognized by eminent scientists of Europe.
• He befriended the editor of La Publicidad, Eusebio Carominas
• La Publicidad was owned by Miguel Morayta
• November 1885, Rizal was living in Paris, where he sojourned for about four months
• He was an assistant to Dr. Louise de Weckert (1852 – 1906), leading French ophthalmologist
• Outside of his working hours, Rizal relaxed by visiting his friends, such as the family of the Pardo de
Taveras (Trinidad, Felix and Paz), Juan Luna and Felix Resureccion Hidalgo.
• Rizal discussed with Juan Luna, the great master of the brush, various problems on art and improved
his own painting technique
 • In Luna’s canvas “The Death of Cleopatra,” Rizal posted an Egyptian priest
• In Luna’s “The Blood Compact,” Rizal posted as Sikatuna

Rizal as Musician
• Rizal has no natural aptitude for music, and this he admitted. He only studied music because many of his
schoolmates at Ateneo were taking music lessons.
• In a letter dated November 27, 1878, he told Enrique Lete that he “learned the solfeggio, piano and voice
culture in one month and a half”.
• He was flutist in various impromptu reunions of Filipinos in Paris.
• He composed songs entitled:
 “Alin Mang Lahi” (Any Race), a patriotic song which asserts that any race aspires for freedom
 “La Deportacion” (Deportation), which he composed in Dapitan during his exile.

In Historic Heidelberg
• February 1, 1886 - Rizal left gay Paris for Germany.
• February 3, 1886 - He arrived in Heidelberg. Rizal was a good chess player, so the students in
University of Heidelberg made him a member of the Chess Player’s Club.
• Worked at the University Eye Hospital under Dr. Otto Becker - a distinguished German ophthalmologist.
• Visited Heidelberg Castle, Neckar River, theater, and the old churches
• He noticed that the German Catholics and Protestants practiced ecumenism, for they live together
in harmony and cordiality

To the Flowers of Heidelberg

• Rizal’s favorite flower is the light blue “forget-me-not”
• The beautiful spring flowers along the cool banks of the Neckar River reminded him of the blooming
flowers at the garden of his home in Calamba
• He wrote a poem entitled “A Las Flores de Heidelberg” (To the Flowers of Heidelberg)

With Pastor Ulmer at Wilhelmsfeld

• Rizal spent a 3-month summer vacation at Wilhelmsfeld, a mountainous village near Heidelberg
• He stayed at the house of a kind Protestant Pastor, Dr. Karl Ulmer, who became his good friend
and admirer

First Letter to Blumentritt

• July 31, 1886, Rizal wrote his first letter in German to Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, Director of
the Ateneo de Leitmeritz, Austria
• Rizal heard that Blumentritt was interested in Philippine languages
• Rizal sent him a book entitled “Aritmetica” (Arithmetic), which was published in two languages –
Spanish and Tagalog – by the University of Santo Tomas Press; the author of the book was Rufino
Baltazar, a native of Laguna
• Blumentritt, the Austrian, became the best friend of Rizal, the Filipino.

In Leipzig and Dresden

• August 9, 1886 - he boarded a train, visited various cities of Germany.
• August 14, 1886 - he arrived in Leipzig. He attended some lectures at the University of Leipzig on
History and Psychology.
• Professor Friedrich Ratzel - a famous German historian.
• Dr. Hans Meyer - German anthropologist.
• He stayed in Leipzig for two months and a half. Where;
• He translated Schiller’s William Tell from German into Tagalog so that Filipinos might know the story
of the Swiss Independence
• He also translated Han’s Christian Andersen’s Fairy Tales for his nieces and nephews
• Rizal found out that the cost of living in Leipzig was cheapest in Europe so that he stayed two months
 and a half
• He worked as proof-reader in publishing firm since he has knowledge of German, Spanish and
other European languages, thereby earning some money
• On October 29, he left Leipzig for Dresden, where he met Dr. Adolph Meyer, Director of
Anthropological and Ethnological Museum
• On November 1, Rizal left Dresden for Berlin

Rizal Welcomed in Berlin’s Scientific Circle

• Rizal was enchanted by Berlin because of its scientific atmosphere and the absence of race prejudice
• Here he met Dr. Feodor Jagor, author of Travels in the Philippines;
• Dr. Rudolf Virchow - famous German anthropologist.
• Dr. W. Joest – German geographer.
• Dr. Karl Ernest Schweigger – famous ophthalmologist.
• Rizal became a member of the Anthropological Society, the Ethnological Society and the Geographical
Society of Berlin, upon recommendation of Dr. Jagor and Dr. Meyer.

Rizal’s Life in Berlin

• Rizal lived in Berlin for 5 reasons:
1. To gain further knowledge of ophthalmology
2. To further his studies of sciences and languages
3. To observe the economic and political conditions of the German nation
4. To associate with famous German scientists and scholars
5. To publish his novel Noli Me Tangere.
 He took private lessons under Madame Lucie Cerdole, professor of French.
• Rizal led a methodical and frugal life in Berlin
• He worked as an assistant in the clinic of Dr. Schweigger, eminent German ophthalmologist
• At night, he attended lectures in the University of Berlin
• At his boarding house, he kept himself in physical trim by daily exercises and practiced speaking
German, French and Italian
• He spent his leisure moments touring the countryside, observing customs, dresses, homes
and occupations of the peasants
• He enjoyed promenading Unter den Linden, the most popular boulevard of Berlin

Rizal on German Women

• Rizal expressed his high regard and admiration for German women as stated in his letter to his sister
Trinidad:
German Women Spanish Women Filipina Women
• Serious • Gossipy • More interested in how they
• Diligent • Frivolous dress than in how much
• Educated • Quarrelsome they know
• Friendly • Delicacy of feeling
• Not particular about • Fine manners
beautiful dresses and • Devotion
expensive jewelry, though • Hospitality
she could dress nicely like
any other woman in the
world.

• “If only they can cultivate their intellect by education and by taking more interest in worldly affairs, they
can command the respect of all men” – Rizal on Filipino women
• “Now that you are still young you should strive to read, read and learn. You must not allow yourself to
be conquered by indolence because it costs so little to cast it off” – Rizal to Trinidad
German Customs
• He was delighted of the Germans’ Yuletide custom. - People take pine trees from the bushes and
adorned it with lanterns, paper, lights, dolls, candies and fruits.
• Self-introduction to strangers in a social gatherings. - according to German code of etiquette, it is bad
manners for a guest to remain aloof, and wait for his host to make the proper introduction

Rizal’s Darkest Winter

• The winter of 1886 in Berlin was his darkest winter
• He lived in poverty because no money arrived from Calamba
• The diamond ring given to him by Saturnina was in pawnshop
• He could not pay his landlord
• He could not afford to pay his laundry
• He eats one meal a day, consisting of bread and water or cheap vegetable soup
• His health broke down due to lack of proper nourishment
• He began to cough and thought that he was going to have tuberculosis.

JOSE RIZAL: CHAPTER 8

NOLI ME TANGERE PUBLISHED IN BERLIN
Noli Me Tangere

• Latin phrase which means “Touch Me Not”

• Taken from the Gospel of Saint Luke (Gospel of Saint John) (Chapter 20, Verses 13 to 17):
“Touch me not; I am not yet ascended to my Father, but go to my brethren, and say unto them, them, I
ascend unto my Father, and your Father; Father; and to my God and your God”
• January 2, 1884 - Noli Me Tangere was approved by:
1. Paternos (Pedro, Maximo and Antonio)
2. Graciano Lopez Jaena
3. Evaristo Aguirre
4. Eduardo de Lete
5. Julio Llorente
6. Melecio Figueroa
7. Valentin Ventura
Idea of Writing a Novel on the Philippines
• His reading of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which portrays the brutalities of American
slave owners and the pathetic conditions of the unfortunate Negro slaves, inspired him to prepare a novel

Bleak winter of 1886

1. Hungry, Sick and Despondent in a Strange City
2. Noli Me Tangere was published

The Writing of the Noli

Date Event
1884 (Madrid) Finished about ½ of the novel.
1885 (Paris) After completing his studies in Central University
Madrid, he finished ½ of the 2nd half.
April – June 1886 (Wilhemsfeld) Wrote the last few chapters
February 1887 (Berlin) Made final revision *Hopeless (sick and penniless)
Before Christmas Day of 1887 Maximo Viola arrived in Berlin - Hopeless (sick and
penniless)
February 21, 1887 Noli me Tangere was finished - Ready for printing

• Rizal began writing his novel in Madrid and finished about one-half of it
• He finished the novel in Germany
 • Final revisions were made in Berlin
• “I did not believe that the Noli Me Tangere would ever be published when I was in Berlin, broken- hearted,
weakened, and discouraged from hunger and deprivation. I was on the point of throwing my work into
the fire as a thing accursed and fit only to die.” – Rizal to Fernando Canon

Viola, Savior of the Noli

• Dr. Maximo Viola was shocked to find Rizal living in poverty and deplorably sickly due to lack of proper
nourishment
• Viola agreed to finance the printing cost of the Noli and he loaned Rizal some cash money for
living expenses
• After the Christmas season, Rizal put the finishing touches on his novel
• To save printing expenses, he deleted certain passages, including a whole chapter, “Elias and Salome”
• Printing shop: Berliner Buchdruckrei-Action-Gesselschaft
• Printing cost: 300 pesos for 2,000 copies of the novel

Rizal Suspected as French Spy

• A police officer of Berlin visited Rizal’s boarding house and requested to see his passport.
• Rizal and Viola went to Spanish Embassy to seek help.
• At the expiration of the four day ultimatum, Rizal went at the office and apologized for his failure to have
a passport.
• The chief of police of Berlin received intelligence report that Rizal made frequent visits to the villages and
little towns in the rural areas, thereby arousing the German government’s suspicion that he was a French
spy, in a such as he entered Germany from Paris
• Rizal, in fluent German language, explained to the police chief that he was not a French spy, but was a
Filipino physician and ethnologist
• Favorably impressed with Rizal’s explanation, the police chief was satisfied and allowed him to stay freely
in Germany

Printing of the Noli Finished

• March 21, 1887, the Noli Me Tangere came off the press
• Rizal sent copies to:
 Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor
 Graciano Lopez Jaena
 Mariano Ponce
 Felix Hidalgo
• In token of his appreciation and gratitude, gave Viola the galley proofs of the Noli carefully rolled around
the pen that he used in writing it and a complimentary copy with the inscription: “To my dear friend,
Maximo Viola, the first to read and appreciate my work.” – Rizal
• Printing shop – Berliner Buchdruckrei-Action- Gesselschaft

Author’s Dedication
• Rizal dedicated his Noli Me Tangere to the Philippines

The Noli Based on Truth

• Noli Me Tangere was a true story of Philippine conditions during the last decades of Spanish rule:
• Maria Clara – Leonor Rivera
• Ibarra and Elias – Rizal
• Pilosopo Tasyo – Paciano
• Crispin and Basilio – Crisostomo brothers of Hagonoy
• Padre Damaso – typical of domineering friar during the days of Rizal
• Capitan Tiago - Capitan Hilario Sunico of San Nicholas
• Doña Victorina - Doña Agustina Medel
 Synopsis of the Novel
• Una reunion is the first chapter of Noli me Tangere. It may be translated as "A Banquet" or "A Social
Gathering in English, while "Isang Salu-Salo/Handaan".
• Noli Me Tangere begins with the return of Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra to his homeland, the Philippines, after
almost seven years in Europe
• The plot revolves around Crisostomo Ibarra, mixed- race heir of a wealthy clan, returning home after
seven years in Europe.
• In their celebration, Ibarra gave a favorable impression to the guests except for Padre Damaso who was
rude to him.
• Ibarra went straight to the hotel and met the kind Lieutenant.
• The next morning, he visited Maria Clara, his childhood sweetheart and had a romantic reunion.
• In his town, he met several interesting people and one of them was Tasio the Philosopher whose ideas
were advance.
• The most tragic story is about Sisa who was a rich girl who later became poor because of her gambler
husband.
• Ibarra saved Elias life.
• In San Diego, Elias warned Ibarra that there is someone who wanted to kill him.
• After which, the story of Elias was told. His life was like of Sisa.
• The novel ends with Maria Clara an unhappy nun in Santa Clara nunnery.

Missing Chapter of the Noli

• Noli me Tangere is subdivided into 63 chapters, each are simultaneous from one another and explored
lives of different characters embedded into single time frame and has interconnections. Originally, Noli
me Tangere has 64 chapters.
• The chapter 'Elias and Salome' was originally the chapter 25 of Noli Me Tangere but when they found
the original manuscript, it has a large 'X' mark on it so that they called it Chapter X. Rizal removed it
during the actual printing of the book due to financial constraints.
• The reason Rizal deleted this chapter, according to historians, is to save on the cost of printing, without
disturbing the flow of events in the story. In fact the plot is enhanced by deleting the chapter as the
climax of the story is built - indeed a reflection of Rizal's genius.
• Elias and Salome – was deleted so the cost of printing would correspondingly reduced.

Rizal’s Friends Praise the Noli

• “Your work has been written with the blood of the heart, and so the heart also speaks.” –
Ferdinand Blumentritt
• “If the Quixote immortalizes its author because it exposes to the world the ailments of Spain, your Noli
Me Tangere will bring you an equal glory.” – Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor
• Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor- very much impressed by Jose rizal •
• More copies were crated and sent to: - Barcelona - Madrid - Hongkong

The winter of 1886 was memorable in the life of Rizal for:

1. It was a painful episode for he was hungry, sick and despondent in a strange city
2. His first novel Noli Me Tangere came off the press.
 JOSE RIZAL: CHAPTER 9
RIZAL’S GRAND TOUR OF EUROPE WITH VIOLA

• After the publication of the Noli, Rizal decided to visit important places in Europe with Viola
• He had received Paciano’s remittance of 1,000 pesos which was forwarded by Juan Luna from Paris

The Tour Begins

1. Dresden
• One of the best cities in Germany
• Their visit coincide with the flower exposition
• Rizal visited Dr. Adolph B. Meyer
• Rizal visited Museum of Art and was impressed by Prometheus Bound
• Rizal and Viola met Dr. Feodor Jagor and advised them to inform Blumentritt before their coming

2. Leitmeritz
• At 1:30 pm of May 1887, the train with Rizal and Viola on board, arrived at the railroad station
of Leitmeritz; Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt was waiting for them
• Blumentritt helped the two find a room at Hotel Krebs
• Rizal stayed in Leitmeritz from May 13 to 16, 1887

Beautiful Memories of Leitmeritz

• He enjoyed the warm hospitality of the Blumentritt family
• One afternoon, Blumentritt invited them to a beer garden
• Rizal met some Germans including the Burgomaster
• They were impressed with Rizal’s ability to speak in German
• When asked how long it took him to master the language, he said, 11 months
• To commemorate his happy hours at the Blumentritt home, Rizal gave Blumentritt a portrait
• Before they left, they gave Blumentritt a farewell dinner at Hotel Krebs

3. Prague
• They were welcomed by Dr. Wilkomm, professor of natural sciences at the University of Prague
• They visited the tomb of Copernicus (the great astronomer), museum of natural history, bacteriological
laboratory, the famous cave where San Juan Nepomuceno, the Catholic saint, was imprisoned

4. Vienna
• Queen of Danube
• Rizal was fascinated with the beautiful buildings, religious images, haunting waltzes, and majestic
charm
• They met Norfenfals, one of the greatest novelists in Europe
• He received his lost diamond stickpin

5. Lintz
• May 24, they left Vienna on a river boat to see the beautiful sights of the Danube River
• Rizal observed keenly the river sights, the barges loaded with products, the flowers and plants growing
along the river banks, boats with families living on them, and settlements on the riverbanks
• Rizal noticed the use of paper napkins instead of cloth

6. Rheinfall
• They went to Munich then proceeded to Nuremburg, one of the oldest cities in Germany
• They saw torture machines
• Manufacture of dolls was the biggest industry of the city
• Savored the famous Munich beer
• They visited Ulm where they saw the “largest and tallest cathedral in Germany”
• At Rheinfall, they saw the “most beautiful waterfall of Europe”
7. Switzerland
• Schaffhausen – Basel – Bern – Lausanne

8. Geneva
• One of the most beautiful cities in Europe
• The people in Geneva were polyglots, speaking French, German, and Italian

• June 19, Rizal treated Viola because it was his birthday

• They stayed for 15 days in Geneva
• June 23, they parted ways
• Viola returned to Barcelona while Rizal continued his tour to Italy

Rizal Resents Exhibition of Igorots in 1887 Madrid Exposition

• He received sa news from his friends in Madrid of the deplorable conditions of the primitive Igorots who
were exhibited in this exposition
• Rizal was outraged by this degradation of his fellow countrymen
• Wrote letter to Blumentritt stated, “We want an industrial revolution, but not an exhibition of
human beings who are compelled to live almost outdoors and died of nostalgia and pneumonia or
typhus”

9. Italy
• Turin – Milan – Venice – Florence
• June 27, 1887, he reached Rome, the Eternal City and also the City of the Caesars
• June 29, the feast day of St. Peter and St. Paul, Rizal visited for the first time the Vatican, the City
of the Popes, and the capital of Christendome
• He was fascinated by the magnificent edifices, particularly of St. Peter’s Church, the St. Peter’s Square,
the papal guards and the atmosphere of religious devotion
• Every night, after sightseeing the whole day, Rizal returned to his hotel very tired. “I am tired as a dog,
but I will sleep as a god.”
• After a week in Rome, he prepared to return to the Philippines

JOSE RIZAL: CHAPTER 10

FIRST HOMECOMING (1887-1888)

• After five years of memorable sojourn in Europe, he returned to the Philippines in August 1887
and practiced medicine in Calamba

Decision to Return Home

He was determined to return to the Philippines for the following reasons:
1. To operate his mother’s eyes
2. To serve his people who had long been oppressed by Spanish tyrants
3. To find out for himself how the Noli and his other writings were affecting Filipinos and Spaniards in
the Philippines
4. To inquire why Leonor Rivera had remained silent

Happy Homecoming
• In Calamba, Rizal established a medical clinic
• Patients from Manila and the provinces flocked to Calamba
• Rizal who came to be called “Doctor Uliman” because he came from Germany, treated their
ailments and soon he acquired a lucrative medical practice
• He opened a gymnasium for young folks, where he introduced European sports

Storm over the Noli

• He received a letter from Governor General Emilio Terrero requesting him to come to
 Malacanang Palace
• Somebody has whispered to the Governor’s ears that Noli contained subversive ideas
• For security measure, the Governor General assigned a young Spanish lieutenant, Don Jose Taviel de
Andrade, as bodyguard of Rizal
• “Everything in it was the truth, but you may lose your head for it.” – Father Faura
• Governor General Terrero read the Noli and found nothing wrong with it
• Governor General Terrero was dissatisfied with the report of the Dominicans, for he knew that the
Dominicans were prejudiced against Rizal
• Report of the faculty of the University of Santo Tomas: Noli was “heretical, impious, and scandalous
in the religious order, and anti-patriotic, subversive of public order, injurious to the government
of Spain and its function to the Philippine islands in the political order.”
• Permanent Commission of Censorship recommended “that the importation, reproduction and
circulation of this pernicious book in the islands be absolutely prohibited.”
• Fr. Jose Rodriguez , Prior of Guadalupe, published a series of eight pamphlets under the general
Cuestiones de Sumo Interes (Questions of Supreme Interest) to blast the Noli and other anti-Spanish
writings

Defenders of the Noli

• Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce and other Filipino
reformists in foreign lands, rushed to uphold the truths of the Noli
• Rev. Vicente Garcia, a Filipino Catholic priest-scholar, says:
• Rizal cannot be an “ignorant man,” as Fr. Rodriguez alleged, because he was a graduate of Spanish
universities and was a recipient of scholastic honors
• Rizal does not attack the Church and Spain, as Fr. Rodriguez claimed, because what Rizal attacked in
the Noli were the bad Spanish officials and not Spain and the bad and corrupt friars and not the church
• During the days when Noli was the target of heated controversy between the friars (and their minions)
and the friends of Rizal, all copies of it were sold out and the price per copy soared to unprecedented
level.

Calamba’s Agrarian Trouble

• Governor General Terrero, influenced by certain facts in Noli Me Tangere ordered a government
investigation of the friar estates to remedy whatever inequities may have been present in connection
with land taxes and with tenant relations

Farewell to Calamba
• The friars exerted pressure on Malacanang Palace to eliminate the latter because there was no valid
charge against Rizal in court
• Anonymous threats against Rizal’s life were received by his parents
• The alarmed parents, relatives and friends (including Lt. Taviel de Andrade) advised him to go away,
for his life was in danger
• One day Governor General Terrero summoned Rizal, “advised” him to leave the Philippines for his
own good
• Reasons why Rizal had to leave Calamba:
1. His presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and friends
2. He could fight better his enemies and serve his country’s cause with greater efficacy by writing
in foreign countries

JOSE RIZAL: CHAPTER 11

IN HONG KONG AND MACAO, 1888

• Hounded by powerful enemies, Rizal was forced to leave his country for the second time in 1888
• He was 27 years old and a practicing physician

Trip to Hong Kong

 • It was then a British colony
• “It is a small, but very clean city.” – Rizal
• Rizal stayed at Victoria Hotel
• He was welcomed by the Filipino residents, including Jose Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio, and Manuel
Yriarte
• A Spaniard, Jose Sainz de Veranda, who was a former secretary of the Governor General Terrero
shadowed Rizal in Hong Kong
• There are some Filipinos, the majority of whom being those who had been exiled to the Marianas Islands
in 1872. They are poor, gentle, and timid. Formerly, they were rich mechanics, industrialists and
financiers
Visit to Macao
• February 18 accompanied by Jose Maria Basa, boarded the ferry steamer Kiu-Kiang for Macao
• He saw Sainz de Veranda
• Macao was a Portuguese colony
• According to Rizal, it was small, low, and gloomy

Experiences in Hong Kong

• Rizal studied the Chinese life, language, drama, and customs
• Rizal’s observation of Hong Kong
1. Noisy Chinese New Year Celebration from February 11 to 13
2. Boisterous Chinese theater, with noisy audience and noisier music
3. The marathon lauriat party wherein the guests were served numerous dishes
4. The Dominican Order was the richest religious order in Hong Kong
5. Of the Hong Kong cemeteries belonging to the Protestants, Catholics, and Muslims, that of the
Protestants was the most beautiful because it was well-groomed plants and clean pathways
• Rizal left Hong Kong for Japan on February 22, 1888 on board the Oceanic

JOSE RIZAL: CHAPTER 12

ROMANTIC INTERLUDE IN JAPAN

• One of the happiest interludes in the life of Rizal was his sojourn in the Land of the Cherry Blossoms for
one month and a half

Rizal Arrives in Yokohama

• February 28, 1888 he arrived in Yokohama
• He was impressed by the city in Tokyo
• “Tokyo is more expensive than Paris. The walls are built in cyclopean manner. The streets are
large and wide.” – Rizal to Blumentritt
• He was visited at his hotel by Juan Perez Caballero, secretary of the Spanish Legation
• He invited Rizal to live at the Spanish Legation
• Rizal realized he was being monitored but he accepted the invitation because
1. He could economize his living expenses
2. He has nothing to hide
• Rizal had difficulty conversing with the Japanese so he studied the language
• He also studied the Japanese drama (kabuki) and the Japanese art of self-defense (judo)

Things that favorably impressed Rizal in Japan

1. The beauty of the country
2. The cleanliness, politeness, and the industry of the Japanese people
3. The picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese women
4. There were very few thieves in Japan so that the houses remained open day and night, and in the
hotel room, one could safely leave money on the table
• There is one thing he did not like in Japan, and that was the popular mode of transportation by
means of rickshaws drawn by men. His sensitive soul recoiled at seeing human beings working like
horses

Romance with O-Sei-San (Seiko Usui)

• O-Sei-San helped Rizal in many ways
• She was a guide, interpreter, and tutor
• Rizal was almost tempted to settle down in Japan
• He was offered a good job at the Spanish legation but he decided to leave Japan to continue his
struggle
• April 13, 1888, Rizal boarded the Belgic bound for the United States

Voyage across the Pacific

• On board the ship, he met a semi-Filipino family - Mr. Reinaldo Turner, his wife Emma Jackson,
their children and a servant from Pangasinan
• One day, one of the children asked, “Do you know sir, a famous man named Richal? He wrote a novel
Noli Me Tangere.”
• “Yes hijo, I am Richal.” Rizal replied

Rizal and Tetcho

• He befriended on board Tetcho Suehiro, a fighting Japanese journalist, novelist, and champion of
human rights, was forced to leave Japan
• He acted as Tetcho’s interpreter
• Both were men of peace using their pens as formidable weapons
• He told Tetcho his mission of emancipating his oppressed people from Spanish tyranny and
of persecution
• During their intimate acquaintanceship for almost eight months (April 13 to December 1, 1888), Tetcho
came to admire Rizal
• Rizal stayed in London while Tetcho returned to Japan
• He published a political novel titled Nankai-no-Daiharan (Storm Over the South Sea) and O-unabara
(The Big Ocean)

JOSE RIZAL: CHAPTER 13

RIZAL’S VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES

• He saw America on April 28, 1888

• Noticed racial discrimination
• Quarantine issue at San Francisco, passengers of Belgic (steamer) were not allowed to land
• American health authorities placed the ship under quarantine although clearance were given by
the American consul in Japan and Hong Kong

Rizal’s Impression of America

• Material progress of the country
• The drive and energy of the American people
• The natural beauty of the land
• High standard of living
• Opportunities for better life
• Lack of racial equality
 • They do not have true civil liberty
• “America is land par excellence in freedom but only for the Whites.” – Rizal

JOSE RIZAL: CHAPTER 14

RIZAL IN LONDON
Reasons for Staying in London

1. To improve his knowledge of the English language

2. To study and annotate Morga’s book, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
3. London was a safe place for him

Trip across the Atlantic

• Showcase his skill in yoyo
• Discussed current news with the American newspaper men
• Stayed at the home of Antonio Ma. Regidor
• Later on he transferred to a boarding house owned by the Beckett family
• Met Dr, Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Dr. frost called Rizal “a pearl of
man”
• Recommended Rizal to the authorities of the British Museum

Bad News from Home

1. The persecution of the Filipino patriots who signed the Anti-Friar Petition of 1888
2. Persecution of the Calamba tenants
3. Furious attacks on Rizal
4. Relatives of Rizal were persecuted
5. A friend, Laureano Viado, was arrested on mere possession of Noli

Annotation of Morga’s Book

• Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Historical Events in the Philippine Islands) – Rizal considered it the
best among the other books on Philippine History written by others
• Rizal said Morga is a modern scholarly explorer. He does not have the exaggeration and superficiality
of the Spanish writers
• For 10 months, he was deeply immersed with his historical studies
• Rizal went for a short visit in Paris to search for more historical materials in the Bibliotheque Nationale

Christmas of 1888
• Spent it with the Becketts
• Gave Bust of Emperor Augustus to Blumentritt as a gift
• Bust of Julius Caesar to Dr. Carlos Czepelak as Christmas gift
• Mrs. Beckett gave Rizal a book entitled The Life and Adventures of Valentine Vox, the Ventriloquist

Leader of Filipinos in Europe

• Solidaridad Association – patriotic society which would cooperate in the crusade for reforms
• Rizal became the honorary president by the unanimous vote of all members

La Solidaridad
• A patriotic newspaper founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena in Barcelona
• Aims:
1. To work peacefully for political and social reforms
 2. Portray the deplorable conditions of the Filipinos
3. Oppose the evil forces
4. Advocate liberal ideas and progress
5. To champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino people to life, democracy, and happiness
• He advised Jaena that great care should be taken in publishing only the truth, not to
publish exaggerations or lies
• To show their enemies that there are more worthy than them
• Rizal’s first article entitled The Filipino Farmers
• The article depicted the deplorable conditions in the Philippines which cause the backwardness of the
country

Writings in London
1. The Vision of Fray Rodriguez
2. Letter to the Young Women of Malolos
3. Specimens of Tagal Folklore
4. Two Eastern Fables

Romance with Gertrude Beckett

• Rizal had a romantic interlude with the oldest of the three Beckett sisters – Gertrude (Gettie)
• He could not marry Gettie for he had a mission to fulfill in life
• Before leaving London, he made 4 sculptural works: (1) Prometheus Bound (2) The Triumph of
Death (3) The Triumph of Science Over Death (4) Carving of the Heads of the Beckett Sisters

JOSE RIZAL: CHAPTER 15

RIZAL’S SECOND SOJOURN IN PARIS AND THE UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION OF 1889

Problems Encountered by Rizal

1. Difficulty in finding living quarters
2. Cost of living spiraled high because the French landlords raised the rents of their rooms
• He stayed at the house of Valentin Ventura and move from one hotel to another
• He finally lived with Capitan Justo, a former gobernadorcillo and Jose Albert, a student from Manila

Life in Paris
• Spent most of his time at the Bibliotheque Nationale
• Annotation of Morga’s book (polishing)
• He met his friends Pardo de Tavera, Ventura, Bousted, Luna, etc.
• Met Juan Luna, his wife and children Andres and Maria de la Paz, Blanca, Laureana,
Hermenegilda, Juana Luna y Pardo de Tavera
Paris Exposition of 1889
• Opened May 6, 1889
• The greatest attraction was the Eiffel Tower, 984 feet high built by Alexander Eiffel
• The exposition attracted a daily crowd of 200 thousand or more
• Another feature is the International Art Competition
• Felix Hidalgo won the 2nd prize, Luna and De Tavera the 3rd prize
• Rizal’s entry got no prize

Organizations Founded by Rizal

1. Kidlat Club
 • Members were Antonio and Juan Luna, Gregorio Aguilera, Fernando Canon, Lauro Dimayuga, Julio
Llorente, Guillermo Puatu, and Baldomero Roxas
• Bring together the young Filipinos I Paris so they could enjoy their sojourn in the city
• The club lasted only during the exposition

2. Indios Bravos
• Rizal was amazed to see the Buffalo bull show which featured the American Indians proudly riding their
sturdy ponies, elegantly dressed in their native attire and wearing their war feathers and paints
• Rizal said, why “should we resent being called Indios? Look at those Indios from North America. They
are not ashamed of their names.”
• The society pledged to excel in intellectual and physical prowess in order to win the admiration of
the foreigners

3. Redencion de los Malayos (R.D.L.M Society)

• Redemption of the Malays
• The aim of the secret society was the propagation of all useful knowledge –scientific, artistic, literary
• He was inspired by a book, Max Havelaar by E.D. Dekker tackling about the miserable condition of the
oppressed

Annotated Edition of Morga’s Book

• This was Rizal’s outstanding achievement in Paris
• Dedicated it to the Filipino people
• He annotated the book because it was the best of the many histories of the Philippines written by the
early Spanish writers
• In this historical work, Rizal proved that Filipinos were already civilized before the advent of the
Spaniards. They had clothes, government, laws, writing, literature, religion, arts, sciences and commerce
• Spaniards claimed that the early Filipinos were savages and were of low mentality

Articles Written by Rizal

1. The Philippines within a Century
• He predicted the tragic end of Spain’s sovereignty in Asia

2. Indolence of the Filipino People

• Rizal made a critical study of the causes why Filipino people did not work hard during the Spanish regime

International Association of Filipinologist

• Aim of the association: Study the Philippines from the scientific and historical point of view
• Meeting was set but did not materialize because the French government discouraged the holding of
conferences by private organizations during period of the international exposition

Project of Filipino College in Hong Kong

• Rizal planned to establish a modern college in Hong Kong “to train and educate men of good family and
financial means in accordance with the demands of the modern times and circumstances”
• Mariano Cunanan of Mexico, Pampanga promised to help him raise 40,000 as initial capital for the college

Por Telefono
• Satirical work written by Rizal in response to Fr. Salvador Fond who masterminded the banning of the
Noli
• Rizal used the pen-name Dimas Alang
 • It describes a comical telephone conversation between Fr. Font who was in Madrid and the
father provincial of the San Agustin Convent in Manila

Rizal’s Accomplishments
• Published his annotated edition of Morga’s book
• Founded three Filipino societies
• Wrote Por Telefono