Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts-of-physics.COM | pg. 1 Physics formulas from Mechanics, Waves, Optics, Heat and ‘Thermodynamics, Electricity and Magnetism and Modern Physies. Also includes the value of Physical Constants. Helps in quick revision for CBSE Mains, and Advanced. 0.1: Physical Constants Speed of light © 3x 108 m, Planck constant h 6.63 x10" Js he 1212 eV-n 6.6710 m® ken? 1.38 x 10-28 J/K 8.314 J/(mol K) 6.023 x 10° mol 1.602 x 10°! C Ho rx 10-7 N/A? Gravitation constant Boltzmann constant k ‘Molar gas constant. = R. Avogadro's number Charge of electron Permeability of vac. Permitivity of vacuum Coulomb constant Faraday constant ‘Mass of electron ‘Mass of proton Mass of neutron 8.85 x 10°? F/m 9x 10? Nm?/c? 96485 C/mol 9.1 x 10-* kg 1.6726 x 10-7? kg 1.6749 x 10-77 kg. Atomic mass unit « 1.66 x 102” kg. ‘Atomic mass unit « 931.49 MeV/c? Stefan-Boltzmann, © 8.67x10 § W/(m? K*) constant Rydberg constant = Ry ‘1.097 x 107 m=) Bohr magneton wp 927 x10 J/T Bohr radius ay 0.529 x 107 m 1.01325 x 10° Pa 29x 10% mK Standard atmosphere atm Wien displacement constant 1 MECHANICS itaj+ak a= fob a a2 Dot product: d-5= arb, + ajby + axb, = abcos 0 ‘eo BA Cross product: (aybs —asby)i+ (asbe —azb-))+ (asby —aybe he lax 8) =absing 1.2: Kinematics Average and Instantaneous Vel. and Accel.: Bye = AF/AL, yy = AT/AL haa = dP/dt Tie = dO fat Motion in a straight line with constant a: at, ssutt dat, Relative Velocity: i nth ty Projectile Motion utcos8, y= utsing 9 y=rtand~ soe 2using 7 1.3: Newton’s Laws and Friction Linear momentum: Newton's second law: Newton's third law: Fas Frictional force: fastic, max =HaNy fuioetie= su. Banking angle: + —tang, = — fess Centripetal force: F, =. = mito, Pseudo force: Fhreuds Feecsituga = — Minimum speed to complete vertical cirele: Umin, bottom = V5gl al | Conical pendulum: T = 1.4: Work, Power and Energy Work: W = F.S=FScos8, W= fF iad Urravieationnt = Mah, Using Work done by conservative forces is path indepen- dent and depends only on initial and final points § Feonservative “i Work-energy theorem: W = AK Pa Get Porm wwew.concepts-of physics.com © 2020 by Jitender Singh Vor. 2020 <> 1Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts-of-physics.COM | pg. 2 ‘Mechanical energy: E =U +K. Conserved if forces are ‘conservative in nature. Power Pay = 3, P, 1.5: Centre of Mass and Collision tog = sam aim Centre of mass: om = HEE, tq = SE CM of few useful configurations: 1. ms, ma separated by 1 eS 2. Triangle (CM = Centroid) ye = 3. Semieireular ring: ye = 2 Cp 4. Semicireular dise: ye 7. Cone: the height. of CM from the base is h/ for the solid cone and h/3 for the hollow cone. Motion of the C! M=Sm a, - lm op Mi ae ag = OT Ham = Mim em = Impulse: J'= f Fat — Ag Before olson, After olson oe ee) Collision: Momentum conservation: my01-+msvy = mya} mgu Elastic Collision: $myv?+frigva?=smivi?+5mau)” Coofficient of restitution =v) _ J 1, completely elastic 0, completely in-elastic Ivy =0 and my < my then vf = ~v1 If = 0 and m; > ma then v} = 20 Elastic collision with m, = mg + vp and vf = v1 1.6: Rigid Body Dynamics Angular velocity: Angular Accel.: am Rotation about an axis with constant a: w= ig + at w? — up? = 208 O=ut+ dat? Moment of Inertia: [= S,mn?, 1 = frém set gar? Braet drar® ym? ome Sr manga S200+0 b= N te ‘Theorem of Parallel Axes: Ij = lem +md? 77 so ‘Theorem of Perp. Axes: slaty dé. Radius of Gyration: k= /T/m Angular Momentum: [= 7x jp, [= 1a Kinetic Energy: Kyo Dynamics: Fem = Temth, Font K = bron? + Hen 1.7: Gravitation Potential energy: U = — 28 Gravits ional acceleration: Variation of g with depth: ginsise * 9 (1- #) Variation of g with height: goutade 9 (1 ~ 34) Effect of non-spherical earth shape on 9: Gat pole > Oat equator ( Re ~ Ry = 21 kam) Effect of earth rotation on apparent weight: Pa Get Porm wwew.concepts-of physics.com © 2020 by Jitender Singh Vor. 2020 <> 1Formulae Sheet for Phy ‘mg =mg ~ mu* Reos? @ memes orbital velocity of satetite: v= VE — (ae ves ye Escape velocity Kepler's laws: €> First: Elliptical orbit with sun at one of the focus. Areal velocity is constant. (." dL/at = 0). 1.8: Simple Harmonic Motion Hooke’s law: F = — kz (for small clongation x Acceleration: « = \e period: T= Displacement: + = Asin(ut + ¢) Velocity: v = Aweos(ut + 6) = +wVAF— Kinetic energy K = dmy ‘Total energy: E=U+K = }mutA Simple pendulum: T = 2ny/T Physical Pendulum: 1'= 2ny/y ‘Torsional Pendulum 7 =20/ Ss Springs in series: bok ann eT Springs in parallel: m= Aysinut, 22 = Apsin(ut + 4) Modulus of rigidity: ¥ Compressibility: K = 4=-}4% Poisson's ratio: o = jpttahittg — Sate Elastic ener; =} stress x strain x volume Surface tension S=Fyl Surface energy: U = SA Excess pressure in bubble: pair =28/R, APsoap = 48/R Capillary rise: = Hydrostatic pressure: p= pgh Buoyant force: Fy = pVg = Weight of displaced liquid Equation of continuity: Ajwy = Avy, gh Bernoulli's equation: p+ $ps2 + pgh = constant Torricelli's theorem: vemux = v2gh nage Viscous force: Stoke's law: F = Sayre Poiseuilli’s equation: ‘Terminal veloc’ wwew.concepts-of physics.com © 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 ~> 1 Get Ou Book eee &Formulae Sheet for Phy 2 Waves 2.1: Waves Motion General equation of wave: 22 = 322 Progressive wave travelling with speed v: paf(t- a/v) +0; y= f(t a/v) 0 y = Asin(kz ~ wt) = Asin(2x (2/2 ~ t/T)) Progressive sine wave: 2.2: Waves on a String Speed of waves on a string and tension T: v = JT/p ith mass per unit length p ‘Transmitted power: Pay = 272avA?v? Interference: y= Ajsin(ke — wl), yp = Apsin(kr — wt +4) yu tye = Asin(ke — wt +9) A= VA? + Ay? + 24,42 c086 “ Ag sind ane = TE Ages 2ns, constructive 5 {Br det Sa Standing Waves: y= Ajsin(ke ~ wt), yp = Agsin(ke + wt) y= vi +i = Aces ha) sinwt (n+ 3)3, nodes; n= 0,1,2, = 1nd, antinodes. n= 0, 1,2, on String fixed at both ends: v4 N AO 1, Boundary conditions: y =0 at ¢ =O and at x= 2. Allowed Freq. b= m3,» ay v 4. 1" overtone/2" harmonies: 1) = a overtone/3" harmonies: v2 = 6. All harmonies are present, String fixed at one end: 1. Boundary conditions: y= 0 at 2 = 0 2. Allowed Freq, 0,1,2, L= Qn 413, v= ugh 3. Fundamental/1* harmonics: vp = aye 4.1" overtone/3"4 harmonies: 1 = dhy/E 5. 2% overtone/5!™ harmonies: y= ze 6. Only odd harmonics are present. Sonometer: vx }, vx 2.3: Sound Waves Displacement wave: s = sosinu(t ~2/v) Pressure wave: p= py cosw(t — x/v), po = (Bu/v)s0 Speed of sound waves: ina = Intensity: I= Standing longitudinal waves: posinul(t vt), Po = posinw(t-+x/) P= pit pa = 2pocoskzsinut Closed organ pipe: 1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x =0 2. Allowed freq: L = (2n+1)4, v= (n+ 1, n= 01,2, 3. Fundamental/1* harmonies: uy = 4.18 overtone/3" harmonies: 14 = 310 = #2 (SE wwew.concepts-of physics.com © 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 ~> 1 Get Ou Book ae &Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts-of-physics.COM | pg. 5 5. 2M overtone/5" harmonies: vy = 500 = BE LOOK 6. Only odd harmonics are present. ‘Open organ pipe: lt Ya 1. Boundary condition: y ~ 0 at 2 ~0 Allowed freq: = n8, v= ng, 2, Fundamental/1* harmonies: »y = 3 w= SOK 4, 24 overtone/3™ harmonies: vy = 3om = $¢ JOOK 5. All harmonies are present. 3. 1% overtone/2" harmonies: 1 haa Resonance column: Al —hyy h+d=3, b+d=%, Beats: two waves of almost equal frequencies 21 wy pi=posinwi(t—z/v), ps =posinwa(t — 2/0) P= pi + P2 = 2py cos Ault — 2/v)sinw(t — 2/0) (wy +w2)/2, Aw wy —w2 (beats freq.) Doppler Effect: tte arr where, v is the speed of sound in the medium, ty is the speed of the observer w.r-. the medium, consid- ‘ered positive when it moves towards the source and negative when it moves away from the source, and us is the speed of the source w.r.t, the medium, consid- ‘ered positive when it moves towards the observer and negative when it moves away from the observer. 2.4: Light Waves Plane Wave: E = Fosinu(t~ 3), Spherical Wave: £~ #8tsina(t = ‘Young's double slit experiment Path difference: Az = 4 Phase difference: = ar Interference Conditions: for integer n, constructive; 2, 8={ Grins, fence (n+4)A, destructive Intensity: T=h+h+2VIhooss, Tnx = (VE-+ VB)’ Inn = (Ve- Vz) Ty = Ty: T= Allg c08* $, Iyae = Ales Ienin = 0 Fringe width: w = 22 Optical path: Ac! = pAr Interference of waves transmitted through thin film: mA, constructive: Ara 2nd ={ (ns 2)A, destructive. Diffraction from a single slit = » —— For Minima: nd = bsin@ = b(y/D) Resolution: sing = L328 Law of Malus: I = Iy cos? @ Visit www.concepts-of physies.com to buy “IIT JEE Physies: Topic-wise Complete Solutions” ‘and our other books. Written by IITians, Foreword by Dr, HC Verma, Appreciated by Students, Pa Get Porm wwew.concepts-of physics.com © 2020 by Jitender Singh Vor. 2020 <> 1Formulae Sheet for Phy www.concepts-of-physics.COM | pg. 6 3 Optics 3.1: Reflection of Light Laws of reflection: ) incider ily, retecea Tucident ray, refecte tay, and onan the sme plane i) 2h + (i) the image and the object are equidistant from mir- ror (ii) virtual image of real abject Plan Spherical Mirror: YS 41. Focal length f = R/2 2. Mirror equation: 3. Magnification: m = 8.2: Refraction of Light Refractive index: jz = #28 0f ght in vacuum _ Snell's Law: sa = #2 Ny 12 TPN refracted Apparent depth: y= slau — 4 Critical angle: 0, = sin“! £ Deviation by a prism: S=44+i =A, genoral result p= BEF 4 tor mininmm deviation fn =(e—-1)A, forsmall As [XZ Ha _ ba an vu R pou Lens maker's formula: Power of the lens: P=4, P in diopterif fin metre ‘Two thin lenses separated by distance 3.3: Optical Instruments Simple microscope: m = D/f in normal adjustment. Compound microscope: Astronomical telescope: 1. In normal adjustment: m = 2. Resolving power: R= gy = chy 3.4: Dispersion Cauchy's equation: j= po+ 8, A>0 Dispersion by prism with small A and is 1. Mean deviation: 6, = (jy ~ 1) 2. Angular dispersion: @ = (jt) ~ p-)A y= sacle = (if A and i smal) si AF Dispersive power: Dispersion without deviation Gy DAU, -1)4'=0 Deviation without dispersion: (ty ~ HrJA= (Hh ~ Hy )AT wwew.concepts-of physics.com © 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 <> 1 Get Ou Book eee &Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts-of-physics.COM | pg. 7 4 Heat and Thermodynamics 4.1: Heat and Temperature Temp. seales: F= 32480, K=C4278.16 Ideal gas equation: pV = nRT, n= number of moles van der Waals equation: (p+ yx) (V ~b) = nRT ‘Thermal expansion: L = Lo(1+eAT), A= Ag(1 + BAT), o(1 +A), y= 28 = 3a ‘Thermal stress of a material: # = 4! 4.2: Kinetic Theory of Gases General: M = mNq, k= R/Na Maxwell distribution of speed: / : \ RMS speed: ym, = a Average spect Most probable speed; Pressure: P= 5P¥ins Equipartition of energy: K — AT for each degree of freedom, ‘This, K = $47 for molecule having f de- grees of freedous, Internal energy of moles ofan ideal gas is U = fn tT 4.3: Specific Heat Q Latent heat: £=@Q/m Specific heat: Specific heat at constant volume: Cy = 2g, Specific heat at constant pressure: C,~ 2% Relation between C, and Cy: Cy ~ Cy =R Ratio of specific heats: y= C,/Cy Relation between U and Cy: AU = nC,AT Specific heat of gas mixture: _ Con + m2C, m Cp + mCya my +g mCn +mC2 Molar internal energy of an ideal gas: U = 427 f= 3 for monatomic and f = 5 for diatomic gas. 4.4: Theromodynamie Processes First law of thermodynamics: AQ = AU + AW: Work done by the gas: pav Va Wiaoenornat = RT In (2) AW=paVv, W= Wisobarie = p(V2 — Vi) Waciarate = P= eV vot Wisochorie = 0 Efficiency of the heat engine: work done by the engine _ @: _Qz ‘heat supplied to it Qa Qe Rh a Th Tiearnot = 1 Coeff. of performance of refrigerator: a ois cop = $= alg, Entropy: AS ~ 48, 5, Const. TAS =, Varying 7: AS= mein Adiabatic process: AQ = 0, pV = constant 4.5: Heat Transfer Conduction: 39 = —K AST ‘Thermal resistance: R= Recon = Fa + fa = (H+ #) i “ z (Ay + Kaa) Kirchhoff’s Law: suierppare = iste Wien’s displacement law: nT Stefan-Boltamann law: 42 = ceAT* Newton's law of cooling: bA(T ~ To) wwew.concepts-of physics.com © 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 <> 1 Get Ou Book eee &Formulae Sheet for Phy S www.concepts-of-physics.COM | pg. 8 5 Electricity and Magnetism 5.1: Electrostaties Coulomb's law: F = pape a Blectrie field: B(7) = gh SF oe Electrostatic energy: U = Electrostatic potential: V = dV =-E-F%, VR) [ee Blectric dipole moment: #= ad oeeta Z Potential of a dipole: V = 75 *S3" \d of a dipole: Ey fesse By = ao ‘Torque on a dipole placed in Es ¢= px E Pot. energy of a dipole placed in 5.2: Gauss’s Law and its Applications Blectrie flux: ¢ = f B-ad Gauss’s law: f E-dS = gin/6o Field of a uniformly charged ring on its axis Pe= ate af faa : forreR 5 Be forr > R B). trrer forr> R ok B and V of a uniformly charged spherical shell: ea {Mg mrek e] NO for r> fi . . oR v forrR . on Id of a line charge: B = Ficld of an infinite sheet: B= Field in the vicinity of conducting surface: E = 2 5.3: Capacitors Capacitance: C = 4/V Parallel plate capacitor: C= «A/d Spherical capacitor: C= #282 4 Cylindrical capacitor: C = 2244, Capacitors in parallel: Coq = Ci + Ca ates ae atten Force between plates of a parallel plate capacitor: FH Energy stored in capacitor: Energy density in electric field E: U/V Capacitor with dielectric: C= 244 5.4: Current electricity Current density: j = i/A-«E Drift speed: vy = Resistance of a wire: = pl/A, where p= 1/o ‘Temp. dependence of resistance: R= Ro(1 + aAT) Ohm's law: V =ik Kirchhoff's Laws: (i) The Junction Law: The algebraic sum ofall the currents directed towards a node is zero i.e, Enoue ls = 0. (i) The Loop Law: ‘The algebraic suin of all the potential diferences along, a elosed loop in a circuit is zer0 ie, UigqpA Vi = 0. Resistors in parallel: gl = qh + gh ns Resistors in series: Req = Ri + Ra PB Wheatstone bridge: Balanced if F:/ Ra = Rs/ Rs Electric Power: P= V2/R =? = 1V a Get For wwew.concepts-of physics.com © 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 ~> 1 Get Ou Book eee &Formulae Sheet for Phy www.concepts-of-physics.COM | pg. 9 Galvanometer as an Ammeter: iG =(-i,)S — Galvanometer as a Voltmeter: fe ~SG Van = ig( +6) Charging of capacitors: a(t) = CV [Ie re Discharging of eapactors: a) = mew G5] ‘Time constant in RC cirenit: += RC Le, Peltier effect: emf e = Seeback effect: 1. Thermo-emfi ¢~ a + $87? 2. The 3 4 moclectric power: de/dt = a+ BT Neutral temp.: Ty = ~a/b Inversion temp.: T; = ~2a/b. AH Thomwon best = GAT. ‘Thomson effect: emf e = 44 = lamas best Faraday’s law of electrolysis: The mass deposited is m=Zit=4 where éis current, ts time, 7 is electrochemical equiv- alent, I is chemical equivalent, and F = 96485 C/g is, Faraday constant, 5.5: Magnetism Lorentz force on a moving charge: a uniform magnetic field: Charged particle SY T= ae Force on a current carrying wire: PoilxB Magnetic moment of a current loop (dipole): AB ‘Torque on a i: eo axB dipole placed Energy of a magnetic dipole placed in 3: U=-—0-B Hall effect: Vy = 2 — eS ned na e 5.6: Magnetic Field due to Current . . ‘pea Biot-Savart law: di = #2 4abet we Field due to a straight conductor: B = #24(c0s4; — e050) Field due to an infinite straight wire: B= #0 Force botwoen parallel wires: = aun *{ f a Field on the axis of a rh Field at the centre of an are: B = #2 Field at the centre of a ring: B= 40 Ampere’s law: § B-di= olin Field inside a solenoid: B= oni, n= "SOBRE To Field inside a toroid: B = 9! Field of a bar magnet: Angle of dip: By = Beosé Tangent galvanometer: By tand = 42, Moving coil galvanometer: niAB = k6, ti period of magnetometer: T= Permeability: B = pit wwew.concepts-of physics.com © 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 <> 1 Get Ou Book eee &Formulae Sheet for Physics | pg. 10 ‘5.7: Electromagnetic Induction GR. z nen RC circuit: ce al? Magnetic flux: ¢= § 3-45 nen R as a Faraday’s law: ¢ = Lenz's Law: Induced current create a B-field that op- poses the change in magnetic thx. =Blv [>= a Lit Motional emf: Self inductance: ¢=Li, ¢ Self inductance of a solenoid: L.= uon?(rr2l) Growth of current in LR circuit: ¢ = j {1 6 7) Decay of current in LR circuit Low wh ‘Time constant of LR circuit: Energy stored in an inductor: Energy density of B field: u = ‘Mutual inductance: 6 = Mi EMP induced in a rotating coil: ¢ Alternating current: = igsinut +9), T Average current in AG: T= # [7 idt=0 a e RMS current: fon = [} [fit] = 4 eS 7 fea RT Energy: Capacitive reactance: X, Inductive reactance: X1, Imepedance: Z = ¢o/ip 2=/WFUpeCP, tnd=2y LR cireui 2=VRTOT, LCR Cireuit: Paynes ® Zayas *, Power factor: P = ermairms 008 @ ; ase, ‘Transformer: & = 8, ei: Speed of the EM waves in vacuu Visit www.concepts-of physies.com to buy “IIT JEE Physies: Topic-wise Complete Solutions” ‘and our other books. Written by IITians, Foreword by Dr, HC Verma, Appreciated by Students, Pe Get Porm wwew.concepts-of physics.com © 2020 by Jitender Singh Vor. 2020 <> 1Formulae Sheet for Phy of-physics.cOM | pg. www.concepts 6 Modern Physics 6.1: Photo-clectric effect Photon’s energy: E = hy = he/A Photon’s momentum: p= h/A = B/e Max. KE of ejected photo-electron: Kyax = fv 6 ‘Threshold freq. in photo-electric effect: 1 = 6/h de Broglie wavelength: \ = h/p 6.2: The Atom Energy in nth Bohr’s orbit: mZtet En = 3a Radius of the nth Bohr’s orbit: _ hn? ame Quantization of the angular momentum: 1 = 4 Photon energy in state transition: Ey By = hy Wavelength of emitted radiation: for a transition from nth to mth state: Law| X-ray spectrum: Amin = Moseley’s law: y@ = a(Z — 5) X-ray diffraction: 2dsin# = nd Heisenberg uncertainity principl ApAr>h/Qn), AEAL> h/(2n) 6.3: The Nucleus Nuclear radius: = RyA¥®, Ro AL x 10“ m Decay rate: Y= —AN Population at time t: N=Noe™* x Ss Half life: 1/2 = 0.693/ Average life: tay = 1/% Populatic after 1 half lives: V = No/2" Mass defect: Am = (Zmp + (A ~ Z)mmy] ~M Binding energy: B= [Zm, Z)m,— Me Q-value: Q= Energy released in nuclear reaction: AP = Ame where Am = mretants ~ Mproduts 6.4: Vacuum tubes and Semiconductors UE. Half Wave Recti Full Wave Rectifier: ‘Triode Valve: Amplification by a triode: Relation between rp, 4, and gw? ‘Transconductas ula wwew.concepts-of physics.com © 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 <> 1 Get Ou Book eee &