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UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
PGG 436 WELL TESTING METHODS (1st Sem., 2021/2022)

Instructor: Dr. O. Olamigoke

Tutorial Set 1
Date Issued: 07/12/2021 Date Due: 30/01/2022
Instructions: Answer all questions. You are free to use software tools. Include Your Calculations not
just your answers. Submit via e-mail: [email protected]

Question 1 – Well Test Acquisition / Downhole Deployment of Pressure Gauges

(a) With short notes, make a distinction between the following well entry schemes:

 Wireline
 Slickline
 Coil Tubing
(b) With short notes, write brief about a type of the tools below for acquisition of downhole pressure data:

 Permanent Downhole Gauges

 Wireline Formation Tester

Question 2 – Well Test Analysis Plots

As a precursor to our later lectures on conventional and relatively modern pressure transient analysis
techniques, from a published study, present here an example that illustrates the use of the following:

 Straight line semi-log analysis and

 Type curve analysis e.g. Gringarten, Ramey, Bourdet
Highlight flow regimes identified and parameters obtainable from the analysis

Question 3 – The Diffusivity Equation applicable to compressible flow (gas)

The assumptions for the diffusivity equation for Radial, Single Phase Liquid Flow is clearly stated in our
lectures. (a) Which assumptions are not applicable to gas flow? (b) What are the three solution methods to
the diffusivity equation for gas flow? State the pressure range over which each solution is applicable.

Question 4 – Ei-function at different radii (Line Source Solution)

A well and reservoir have the following characteristics. The well is producing only oil at a constant rate of 20
STB/D. The following data describe the well and formation: h=150 ft, B=1.475 RB/STB, r e =3,000 ft; pi
=3,000 psia, = 0.23, ct=1.5 x 10–5 psia–1, µ=0.72 cp, rw=0.5 ft, k= 0.1 md.
Calculate the reservoir pressure at a radius of 1 ft after 3 hours of production; then, calculate the pressure at
radii of 10 and 100 ft after 3 hours of production.
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Question 5 – Superposition in Space (Modelling a Well Near a Fault)

Suppose a well is 350 ft due west of a north-south trending fault. From pressure transient tests, the skin
factor, s, of this well has been found to be +5.0. This well has been flowing at a constant rate of 350 STB/D
for 8 days. The following data describe the well and formation:

rw = 0.333 ft; h = 50 ft; Bo = 1.13 RB/STB; re = 3,000 ft; k = 25 md; pi = 3,000 psia;  = 0.16
ct = 2 x 10–5 psia–1; µ = 0.5 cp
Calculate the pressure at the flowing well.

Question 6 – Superposition (Effect of multiple wells)

Assume that the three wells as shown in the Figure below are producing under a transient flow condition for
15 hours.

The following additional data is available:

Qo1 = 100 STB/day, Qo2 = 160 STB/day, Qo3 = 200 STB/day, pi = 4500 psi, Bo = 1. 20 bbl/STB, ct = 20×10-6
psi-1, (Skin)well1 = -0.5, h = 20 ft, φ = 15%, k = 40 md, rw = 0. 25 ft, µo = 2. 0 cp, r1 = 400 ft, r2 = 700 ft.

If the three wells are producing at a constant flow rate, calculate the sand face flowing pressure at well 1.

Question 7 – Determining Permeability and Skin Factor from Constant -Rate Flow Test
The data summarized in Table 1 were recorded during a pressure-drawdown test from an oil well. Estimate
the effective permeability to oil and the skin factor by use of the graphical analysis technique for a constant-
rate flow test.
Data: q = 250 STB/D; h = 69 ft; porosity = 0.039; B o = 1.136 RB/STB; Initial Pressure = 4,412 psia;
ct = 17x10-6 psi-1, rw =0.198 ft; viscosity = 0.8 cp
Table 1

t (hours) 0 0.12 1.94 2.79 4.01 4.82 5.78 6.94 8.32 9.99
pwf (psia) 4412 3717 3633 3622 3611 3605 3600 3594 3588 3583

Table 1 Continued

t (hours) 14.4 17.3 20.7 24.9 29.8 35.8 43 51.5 61.8 74.2
pwf (psia) 3573 3567 3561 3555 3549 3544 3537 3532 3526 3521
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Question 8 – Analysis of a Two-Rate Test

A well is produced at 50 STB/D for 72 hrs. The rate is then decreased to 25 STB/D for 24 hours. Estimate
formation permeability, skin factor, and initial pressure from the two-rate test data given the following
formation and fluid properties: q1 = 50 STB/D; tp = 172 hr; q2 = 25 STB/D; pwf1 = 1142.24 psi; h = 43 ft;
8.2 %; rw = 0.45 ft; B = 1.143 RB/STB; ct = 10.5 x 10–6 psi–1; and 1.278 cp

Question 9 – Determining Permeability and Reservoir Pressure from Buildup Tests

A pressure-buildup test was conducted on a well early in the life of an oil reservoir having the properties
summarized below. The well was produced at a constant rate of 500 STB/D for 3 days before being shut in.
Determine the effective permeability to oil, the original reservoir pressure and the skin factor.
Data: q = 500 STB/D; h = 22 ft; φ = 0.2; B o = 1.3 RB/STB; pwf = 1,150 psia; ct = 20x10-6 psi-1, rw =0.198 ft;
µ = 0.8 cp

Shut-in time, ∆t (hours) 0 2 4 8 16 24 48

BHP, pws (psia) 1150 1794 1823 1850 1876 1890 1910

Question 10 – Determining Permeability and Reservoir Pressure from Buildup Tests

Estimate formation permeability and skin factor from the buildup test data given the following formation &
fluid properties: q = 7 STB/D; tp = 144 hr; pwf = 858.3 psia; h = 16 ft;  = 12.8 %;
rw = 0.37 ft; B = 1.077 RB/STB; ct = 7.8 10–6 psi–1; and 4.44 cp.
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Question 11 – Quantification of Wellbore Damage

Analysis of a pressure buildup test showed that an oil well with a productivity problem had a skin factor of
8.2 and an effective permeability to oil of 19.1 md. Prior to shutting in the well, the flowing bottomhole
pressure at the time of shut-in was 2309 psi, and the well with constant oil flow rate of 105 STB/D. Estimate
the following:
a) altered zone permeability, ks, for assumed altered zone radii of 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 feet;
b) the effective wellbore radius, rwa;
c) the additional pressure drop near the wellbore due to formation damage; and
d) the flow efficiency, E.
Use the following data: µ = 3.75 cp; B = 1.226 RB/STB; r w = 0.23 ft; h = 67 ft; k = 19.1 md; S = 8.2; q = 105
STB/D; pwf = 2309 psi; and p = 3137 psi.

Question 12 – Determining Reservoir Pore Volume from a Flow Test

A new well was drilled in a closed reservoir, and a 7-day flow test was run. Estimate formation permeability
and skin factor given the following formation and fluid properties: q=75 STB/D; p i=3394.81 psi; h=11 ft;
=9.9 %; rw=0.48 ft; B=1.303 RB/STB; ct=14.4x10–6 psi–1; µ=1.324 cp. Then estimate the reservoir pore
volume. The pressure data is given in the table below.