III.

2-3 CELL DIVISION AND CELL

CYCLE
III.2. CELL DIVISION
The process by which a cell divides to form two new
cells
Three types of cell division or cell reproduction in
organism
- Prokaryotes (bacteria)
- Binary fission
- Divide by forming two new identical cells

- Eukaryotes
- Mitosis
- Cell or organism growth
- Replacement or repair of damaged cells
- Meiosis
- formation of sex cells, or gamets
All cells are derived from pre-existing cells
New cells are produced for growth and to replace damaged or old
cells
Differs in prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (protists, fungi,
plants, & animals)

WHY DO CELLS DIVIDE?

Cells divide for growth, development, repair or worn-out tissues and
reproduction
To facilitate the exchange of materials
To control DNA overloading
The instructions for making cell parts
are encoded in the DNA, so each new
cell must get a complete set of the
DNA molecules
DNA REPLICATION
Original DNA
DNA must be copied or strand
replicated before cell
division
Two new,
Each new cell will then
identical DNA
have an identical copy of strands
the DNA
IDENTICAL DAUGHTER CELLS

Two
identical
daughter
cells

Parent Cell
CHROMOSOMES
PROKARYOTIC CHROMOSOME
The DNA of
prokaryotes
(bacteria) is one,
circular
chromosome
attached to the
inside of the cell
membrane
EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES
All eukaryotic cells store
genetic information in
chromosomes
Most eukaryotes have between
10 and 50 chromosomes in their
body cells
Human body cells have 46
chromosomes or 23 identical
pairs
EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES
Each chromosome is composed of a single, tightly coiled
DNA molecule
Chromosomes can’t be seen when cells aren’t dividing and
are called chromatin
COMPACTING DNA INTO CHROMOSOMES
DNA is tightly
coiled around
proteins called
histones
CHROMOSOMES IN DIVIDING CELLS
Duplicated
chromosomes are
called chromatids &
are held together by
the centromere

Called Sister Chromatids

 KARYOTYPE
A picture of the chromosomes
from a human cell arranged in
pairs by size
First 22 pairs are called
autosomes
Last pair are the sex
chromosomes
XX female or XY male
 The Y
BOY OR GIRL? Chromosome
Decides
III. 3. THE CELL CYCLE
• Consist of two(2) main periods;
I. Interphase
II. Mitotic Phase M phase
FIVE PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE
G1 - primary growth phase
S – synthesis; DNA replicated
M phase
G2 - secondary growth phase
collectively these 3 stages
are called interphase
M - mitosis
C - cytokinesis
INTERPHASE - G1 STAGE
1st growth stage after cell division
Cells mature by making more cytoplasm & organelles
Cell carries on its normal metabolic activities
INTERPHASE – S STAGE
Synthesis stage
DNA is copied or Two
replicated identical
copies of
DNA

Original DNA
INTERPHASE – G2 STAGE
2nd Growth Stage
Occurs after DNA has been copied
All cell structures needed for division are made
(e.g. centrioles)
Both organelles & proteins are synthesized
WHAT’S HAPPENING IN INTERPHASE?
MITOSIS
Division of the nucleus
Also called karyokinesis
Only occurs in eukaryotes
Has four stages
Doesn’t occur in some cells
such as brain cells
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
EARLY PROPHASE
Chromatin in nucleus condenses to form visible chromosomes
Mitotic spindle forms from fibers in cytoskeleton or centrioles (animal)

Nucleolus Cytoplasm

Nuclear Membrane
Chromosomes
LATE PROPHASE Chromosomes

Nuclear membrane & nucleolus are

broken down
Chromosomes continue condensing &
are clearly visible
Spindle fibers called kinetochores attach
to the centromere of each chromosome
Spindle finishes forming between the
poles of the cell
Nucleus & Nucleolus have disintegrated
SPINDLE FIBER ATTACHED TO CHROMOSOME
REVIEW OF PROPHASE
Nuclear membrane
disintegrates, and nucleolus
diasappears
Chromosomes condense
Mitotic spindle begins to
form and is complete at the
end of prophase
Kinetochores begin to
mature and attach to spindle
SPINDLE FIBERS
The mitotic spindle form from the microtubules in
Polar fibers extend from one pole of the cell to the opposite pole
Kinetochore fibers extend from the pole to the centromere of the
chromosome to which they attach
Asters are short fibers radiating from centrioles
SKETCH OF THE SPINDLE
METAPHASE
Chromosomes, attached to the kinetochore fibers, move to the center of the
cell
Chromosomes are now lined up at the equator
METAPHASE
Aster

Chromosomes at Equator
REVIEW OF METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
Occurs rapidly
Sister chromatids are pulled apart
to opposite poles of the cell by
kinetochore fibers
ANAPHASE
Sister
Chromatids
being
separated
ANAPHASE REVIEW
What the cell
looks like

What’s
occurring
TELOPHASE
Sister chromatids at opposite poles
Spindle disassembles
Nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids
Nucleolus reappears
CYTOKINESIS occurs
Chromosomes reappear as chromatin
COMPARISON OF ANAPHASE & TELOPHASE
CYTOKINESIS
Means division of the
cytoplasm
Division of cell into two,
identical halves called
daughter cells
In plant cells, cell plate
forms at the equator to
divide cell
DAUGHTER CELLS OF MITOSIS
Have the same number of chromosomes as each other and as the parent cell
from which they were formed
Identical to each other, but smaller than parent cell
Must grow in size to become mature cells (G1 of Interphase)
IDENTICAL DAUGHTER CELLS
What is the 2n or diploid
number?

Chromosome number the same, but cells smaller than parent cell
NAME THE MITOTIC STAGES:
1

7
6 2

5
4
EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION
Used for growth and repair
Produce two new cells identical to the original cell
Cells are diploid (2n)
Chromosomes during Metaphase of mitosis
MITOSIS ANIMATION
Name each stage as
you see it occur
MITOSIS IN ONION ROOT TIPS
Do you see any stages of mitosis?
TEST YOURSELF OVER MITOSIS
NAME THE STAGES OF MITOSIS:
IDENTIFY THE STAGES
?

? ?
?

? ?
?
LOCATE THE FOUR MITOTIC STAGES IN PLANTS
MEIOSIS
FORMATION OF GAMETES (EGGS & SPERM)
Facts About Meiosis
Preceded by interphase which includes chromosome replication
Two meiotic divisions --- Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Called Reduction- division
Original cell is diploid (2n)
Four daughter cells produced that are monoploid (1n)
Daughter cells contain half the number of chromosomes as the original cell
Produces gametes (eggs & sperm)
Occurs in the testes in males (Spermatogenesis)
Occurs in the ovaries in females (Oogenesis)
MORE MEIOSIS FACTS
Start with 46 double stranded chromosomes (2n)
After 1 division - 23 double stranded chromosomes (n)
After 2nd division - 23 single stranded chromosomes (n)
Occurs in our germ cells that produce gametes
WHY DO WE NEED MEIOSIS?
It is the fundamental basis of sexual reproduction
Two haploid (1n) gametes are brought together through fertilization to form
a diploid (2n) zygote
FERTILIZATION – “PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER”
REPLICATION OF CHROMOSOMES
Replication is the process of duplicating a
chromosome
Occurs prior to division, Occurs in Interphase (S
phase)
Replicated copies are called sister chromatids
Held together at centromere
A REPLICATED CHROMOSOME
MEIOSIS FORMS HAPLOID GAMETES
Meiosis must reduce the chromosome number by half
Fertilization then restores the 2n number
MEIOSIS: TWO PART CELL DIVISION
MEIOSIS I: REDUCTION DIVISION
PROPHASE I

Early prophase Late prophase

 Homologs pair.  Chromosomes condense.
 Crossing over  Spindle forms.
occurs.  Nuclear envelope
fragments.
TETRADS FORM IN PROPHASE I
Homologous chromosomes
Join to form a TETRAD
(each with sister chromatids)

Called Synapsis
CROSSING-OVER
Homologous
chromosomes in a
tetrad cross over
each other
Pieces of
chromosomes or
genes are exchanged
Produces Genetic
recombination in the
offspring
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES DURING
CROSSING-OVER
CROSSING-OVER

Crossing-over multiplies the already huge number of different gamete types

produced by independent assortment
METAPHASE I

Homologous pairs of
chromosomes align
along the equator of
the cell
ANAPHASE I

Homologs separate and move

to opposite poles.

Sister chromatids remain

attached at their centromeres.
TELOPHASE I
Nuclear envelopes reassemble.

Spindle disappears.

Cytokinesis divides cell into two.

MEIOSIS II
Only one homolog of each
Gene X
chromosome is present in the
cell.
Sister chromatids carry
identical genetic
information.

Meiosis II produces gametes with

one copy of each chromosome and thus
one copy of each gene.
PROPHASE II

Nuclear envelope
fragments.

Spindle forms.
METAPHASE II

Chromosomes align
along equator of cell.
ANAPHASE II Equator

Pole

Sister chromatids
separate and move
to opposite poles.
TELOPHASE II
Nuclear envelope
assembles.

Chromosomes
decondense.

Spindle disappears.

Cytokinesis divides cell

into two.
RESULTS OF MEIOSIS Gametes (egg & sperm)
form

Four haploid cells with one

copy of each chromosome

One allele of each gene

Different combinations of
alleles for different genes
along the chromosome