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    Intro To Modern Physics

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    Intro To Modern Physics

    Uploaded by

    urmylife4211
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    Njjjjj

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    Intro_to_Modern_Physics

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    2 views63 pages

    Intro To Modern Physics

    Uploaded by

    urmylife4211
    Njjjjj

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 63

    Introduction to Modern Physics

    A (mainly) historical perspective on


    - atomic physics
    - nuclear physics
    - particle physics
    Electron discovery 1897 Start of
    “Modern
    | Physics”
    Atomic Physics
    |
    Nuclear Physics
    |
    Particle Physics
    STANDARD MODEL
    A modest
    |
    goal !
    ?? Theory of Everything ??
    A lesson from history!!
    At the end of the 19th century…
    CLASSICAL PHYSICS
    Mechanics – Newton 1687
    Electromagnetism – Maxwell 1848
    Plus…a few loose ends!!
    = The End of Physics ??
    Then…attempt to predict Blackbody
    Radiation

    DISASTER !!
    Electromagnetic
    radiation
    Electromagnetic Radiation
    Electromagnetic Radiation
    c = f

    Speed of light Frequency

    3 x 108 #vibrations/
    meter/second Wavelength second
    (meter)
    or
    30cm (1 foot)
    per nanosecond
    Theories of
    Blackbody
    Radiation

    Classical
    disaster !

    Quantum
    solution
    Planck’s “Quantum Theory”

    I(,T) ~ -5 / (ehc/kT - 1)

    The “oscillators” in
    the walls can only
    have certain
    energies – NOT
    continuous!
    About the same time…
    the electron was discovered.
    So about 100 years ago people believed in
    the existence of “atoms”:
    - electron is part of an atom?
    - atoms emit radiation strangely?
    - what else is in an atom?
    - atoms emit electromagnetic waves?
    Then 1905 !! Einstein’s Miraculous Year
    - to be celebrated this year as the “Year
    of Physics”

    http://www.wyp2005.org/
    http://www.einsteinyear.org/
    Example…
    The Photoelectric Effect

    Light = tiny particles!

    Wave theory: takes too long to get enough


    energy to eject electrons
    Particle theory: energy is concentrated in
    packets -> efficiently ejects electrons!
    An application of the photoelectric effect
    So matter contains electrons and light
    can be emitted in “chunks”… so what
    does this tell us about atoms??

    Possible models of the atom

    Which one is correct?


    The Rutherford Experiment

    Electric potential
    V(r) ~ 1/r
    The “correct” model of the atom

    …but beware of simple images!


    Probability of
    finding electrons
    in a hydrogen
    atom

    Results from
    “quantum
    theory”
    Atomic “signatures”

    Rarefied gas

    Only discrete lines!


    How atomic light emmision “works”

    A photon!
    But why don’t all our atoms collapse??!!
    … if waves can be particles, perhaps
    particles can be waves…  = h/mv

    SELF
    OK ! DESTRUCTS!
    Electrons as waves – an application

    A GEM foil 140mm


    70mm
    1920’s – Full description of atomic
    behavior -> Quantum Mechanics

    Weird stuff!!

    Ghosts!??
    …so things get “fuzzy” at the atomic/quantum
    level
    …in fact we can no longer be certain of
    anything!
    x ~  (wavelength)

    p ~ h/

    (x) (p) ~ h
    Heisenberg’s
    Uncertainty Principle
    On to the Nucleus – 1930’s
    Existence of protons – Rutherford/neutral atoms
    1932 Chadwick discovers the neutron
    Note the relative scales!

    Nucleus ~ baseball

    Atom ~ city
    Nucleus
    Atomic mass number

    A
    Z X Nuclide

    Atomic number

    e.g. “Uranium-235”

    U
    235

    92
    A=N+Z
    …so normally N > Z
    “The most important graph in all of science”
    Why there are stable
    nuclei

    Why
    the
    Sun
    shines
    Why don’t nuclei fall apart??

    Two
    Protons + +
    Repel

    No
    charge
    No charge
    +

    No charge No charge
    So there MUST be a NEW FORCE

    The Strong Nuclear Force

    “Pions”
    “Gluons”
    …more later!
    Nuclei can also decay :

    Alpha decay e.g.

    Alpha particle

    Beta decay: n -> p + e + 

    Gamma decay e.g.


    Applications of Nuclear Physics

    Fission:

    Fusion: ~limitless
    energy ??
    Applications of Nuclear Physics

    e+ + e- -> 2
    PET

    MRI
    Or:
    But still open questions remain…
    What’s inside a proton/neutron?
    What causes Beta decay?
    What other “elementary” particles
    exist?
    What other forces exist?
    Why is the proton mass 1800x the
    electron mass?
    Where does mass come from?
    Introduction
    to

    High Energy Physics


    Research
    (or how to chase quarks and
    get paid for it)
    Structure of Matter

    Matter Molecule Atom Nucleus Baryon Quark


    (Hadron)

    cm 10-9m 10-10m 10-14m 10-15m <10-19m


    Chemistry protons, neutrons, top, bottom,
    mesons, etc. charm, strange,
    Atomic Physics p,W,L... up, down

    Nuclear
    Electron
    Mass Physics (Lepton)

    proton ~ 1 GeV/c2
    <10-18m
    High Energy Physics
    How do we DO Particle Physics

    Use collisions of elementary particles!


    Definition: “Study of matter and forces at the
    most fundamental level”

    Why HEP?: Investment in basic research has


    always returned major economic dividends.
    ?
    ~ 50% GNP related to “modern physics”
    - must keep up flow of new knowledge
    or economy/society will stagnate.
    History of Particle Physics
    Atomic Nuclear

    Physics Physics

    Quantum Relativity
    Mechanics
    Ingredients:
    -> discovering particles: e, p, n, m, p, , , , …
    -> understanding properties of interactions:
    Electromagnetic:  e scattering
    Weak nuclear: neutron decay
    Strong nuclear: proton-antiproton scattering
    (Gravity ??)
    -> Finding patterns
    -> Combining forces: e.m. + weak +? strong +??
    + gravity ???
    How do we “do” particle physics?

    Theory

    Phenomenology Experiment

    A constant interplay of
    ideas/experiment
    Electron discovery 1897 Start of
    “Modern
    | Physics”
    Atomic Physics
    |
    Nuclear Physics
    |
    Particle Physics
    STANDARD MODEL
    A modest
    |
    goal !
    ?? Theory of Everything ??
    What do we know now (2004)?
    A question of Scales:
    Planck scale ~ 10-35
    Quarks  10-19 m
    Nucleus ~10-14 m
    Atom ~10-10 m
    You ~1.5m
    Collider detector ~10 m
    Accelerator ~104 m
    Early Particle timeline

    I am born

    My career starts!
    The recent particle timeline
    Revolution!

    What next??
    Pacific Ocean
    I280
    “Junipero
    Sierra
    Freeway”

    2-mile
    accelerator

    Part of Stanford University


    The “Mark I”
    detector where
    the charm quark
    was discovered
    and a Nobel Prize
    was won
    Fermilab - Chicago
    We have seen that the Standard Model
    covers a wide range of phenomena – and
    explains them well.
    BUT:
    - no means of generating mass
    - matter asymmetry
    - dark matter
    - how is electroweak symmetry broken?
    - are quarks composite?
    Famous scientist as
    the Higgs
    Supersymmetry
    Do all forces become one at
    high energy??
    UTA and Particle
    Physics

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