Chapter 3

Network Access
 Chapter 3: Objectives

Students will be able to:

▪ Explain how physical layer protocols and services support
communications across data networks.
▪ Build a simple network using the appropriate.
▪ Explain the role of the data link layer in supporting
communications across data networks.
▪ Compare media access control techniques and logical
topologies used in networks.
Chapter 3
3.1 Physical Layer Protocols
3.2 Network Media
3.3 Data Link Layer Protocols
3.4 Media Access Control
3.5 Summary
Getting it Connected
Connecting to the Network
Getting it Connected
Connecting to the Network
Getting it Connected
Network Interface Cards

Connecting to the Wireless LAN with a Range Extender

Purpose of the Physical Layer
The Physical Layer
Purpose of the Physical Layer
Physical Layer Media
Purpose of the Physical Layer
Physical Layer Standards
Standard
Networking Standards
organization
• ISO 8877: Officially adopted the RJ connectors (e.g., RJ-11, RJ-45)
ISO • ISO 11801: Network cabling standard similar to EIA/TIA 568.
• TIA-568-C: Telecommunications cabling standards, used by nearly all
voice, video and data networks.
• TIA-569-B: Commercial Building Standards for Telecommunications
EIA/TIA Pathways and Spaces
• TIA-598-C: Fiber optic color coding
• TIA-942: Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers

ANSI • 568-C: RJ-45 pinouts. Co-developed with EIA/TIA

ITU-T • G.992: ADSL

• 802.3: Ethernet
IEEE • 802.11: Wireless LAN (WLAN) & Mesh (Wi-Fi certification)
• 802.15: Bluetooth
Fundamental Principles of Layer 1
Physical Layer Fundamental Principles
Physical
Media Frame Encoding Technique Signalling Method
Components
• UTP • Manchester Encoding • Changes in the
• Coaxial • Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) electromagnetic field
• Connectors techniques • Intensity of the
Copper • NICs • 4B/5B codes are used with Multi- electromagnetic field
• Ports Level Transition Level 3 (MLT-3) • Phase of the
cable • Interfaces signaling electromagnetic wave
• 8B/10B
• PAM5

• Single-mode Fiber • Pulses of light • A pulse equals 1.

• Multimode Fiber • Wavelength multiplexing using • No pulse is 0.
• Connectors different colors
Fiber Optic • NICs
cable • Interfaces
• Lasers and LEDs
• Photoreceptors

• Access Points • DSSS (direct-sequence spread- • Radio waves

Wireless • NICs spectrum)
media • Radio • OFDM (orthogonal frequency
• Antennae division multiplexing)
Fundamental Principles of Layer 1
Physical Layer Fundamental Principles
 Fundamental Principles of Layer 1
Bandwidth

• Bandwidth is the capacity of a medium to carry data.

• Digital bandwidth measures the amount of data that can flow
from one place to another in a given amount of time.
• Bandwidth is typically measured in kilobits per second (kb/s) or
megabits per second (Mb/s).
 Fundamental Principles of Layer 1
Throughput
• Throughput is the measure of the transfer of bits across the
media over a given period of time.
 Fundamental Principles of Layer 1
Throughput

• Due to a number of factors, throughput usually does not match

the specified bandwidth in physical layer implementations.
• Many factors influence throughput including:
• The amount of traffic
• The type of traffic
• The latency created by the number of network devices
encountered between source and destination
• Latency refers to the amount of time, to include delays, for data
to travel from one given point to another.
Fundamental Principles of Layer 1
Types of Physical Media
 Network Media
Copper Cabling

• Networks use copper media because it is inexpensive, easy to

install, and has low resistance to electrical current.
• However, copper media is limited by distance and signal
interference.
Network Media
Characteristics of Copper Media

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) or radio frequency

interference (RFI) - EMI and RFI signals can distort and corrupt
the data signals being carried by copper media.
Copper Cabling
Copper Media

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cable

Coaxial cable
Copper Cabling
Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) Cable
Copper Cabling
Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) Cable

Braided or Foil
Shield
Foil Shields
Copper Cabling
Coaxial Cable
Copper Cabling
Cooper Media Safety
 UTP Cabling
Properties of UTP Cabling
• UTP cable does not use shielding to counter the effects of EMI
and RFI.
• Instead, cable designers have discovered that they can limit the
negative effect of crosstalk by:
• Cancellation: Designers now pair wires in a circuit. When
two wires in an electrical circuit are placed close together,
their magnetic fields are the exact opposite of each other.
Therefore, the two magnetic fields cancel each other out
and also cancel out any outside EMI and RFI signals.
• Varying the number of twists per wire pair: To further
enhance the cancellation effect of paired circuit wires
designers vary the number of twists of each wire pair in a
cable.
UTP Cabling
UTP Cabling Standards
 UTP Cabling
UTP Connectors
UTP cable is usually terminated with an ISO 8877 specified RJ-45
connector.
UTP Cabling
Types of UTP Cable
UTP Cabling
Testing UTP Cables
Fiber Optic Cabling
Properties of Fiber Optic Cabling
Optical fiber cable has become very popular for interconnecting
infrastructure network devices. It permits the transmission of data
over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than
any other networking media.
Fiber Optic Cabling
Fiber Media Cable Design
Fiber Optic Cabling
Types of Fiber Media
Fiber Optic Cabling
Network Fiber Connectors
Fiber Optic Cabling
Testing Fiber Cables
Fiber Optic Cabling
Fiber versus Copper
Implementation issues Copper media Fibre-optic

Bandwidth supported 10 Mbps – 10 Gbps 10 Mbps – 100 Gbps

Relatively short Relatively High

Distance (1 – 100 meters) (1 – 100,000 meters)

High
Immunity to EMI and RFI Low
(Completely immune)
Immunity to electrical High
Low
hazards (Completely immune)

Media and connector costs Lowest Highest

Installation skills required Lowest Highest

Safety precautions Lowest Highest

Wireless Media
Properties of Wireless Media
Wireless Media
Types of Wireless Media
• IEEE 802.11 standards
• Commonly referred to as Wi-Fi.
• Uses CSMA/CA
• Variations include:
• 802.11a: 54 Mbps, 5 GHz
• 802.11b: 11 Mbps, 2.4 GHz
• 802.11g: 54 Mbps, 2.4 GHz
• 802.11n: 600 Mbps, 2.4 and 5 GHz
• 802.11ac: 1 Gbps, 5 GHz
• 802.11ad: 7 Gbps, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 60 GHz

• IEEE 802.15 standard

• Supports speeds up to 3 Mbps
• Provides device pairing over distances from 1 to
100 meters.

• IEEE 802.16 standard

• Provides speeds up to 1 Gbps
• Uses a point-to-multipoint topology to provide
wireless broadband access.
Wireless Media
Wireless LAN

Cisco Linksys EA6500 802.11ac wireless router

Wireless Media
802.11 Wi-Fi Standards

Maximum Backwards
Standard Frequency
Speed compatible

802.11a 54 Mbps 5 GHz No

802.11b 11 Mbps 2.4 GHz No

802.11g 54 Mbps 2.4 GHz 802.11b

802.11n 600 Mbps 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz 802.11b/g

1.3 Gbps
802.11ac (1300 Mbps)
2.4 GHz and 5.5 GHz 802.11b/g/n

7 Gbps
802.11ad (7000 Mbps)
2.4 GHz, 5 GHz and 60 GHz 802.11b/g/n/ac
Purpose of the Data Link Layer
The Data Link Layer
• The data link layer is responsible for the
exchange of frames between nodes over a
physical network media.
• It performs these two basic services:
• It accepts Layer 3 packets and packages
them into data units called frames.
• It controls media access control and
performs error detection.
Purpose of the Data Link Layer
Data Link Sublayers

Network

LLC Sublayer

Data Link

MAC Sublayer

Bluetooth
Ethernet

802.15
802.11
Wi-Fi
802.3
Physical
 Purpose of the Data Link Layer
Data Link Sublayers

The data link layer is actually divided into two sublayers:

• Logical Link Control (LLC): This upper sublayer defines the

software processes that provide services to the network layer
protocols. It places information in the frame that identifies which
network layer protocol is being used for the frame. This
information allows multiple Layer 3 protocols, such as IPv4 and
IPv6, to utilize the same network interface and media.

• Media Access Control (MAC): This lower sublayer defines the

media access processes performed by the hardware. It
provides data link layer addressing and delimiting of data
according to the physical signaling requirements of the medium
and the type of data link layer protocol in use.
Purpose of the Data Link Layer
Media Access Control
Purpose of the Data Link Layer
Providing Access to Media
Data Link Layer
Layer 2 Frame Structure
Layer 2 Frame Structure
Creating a Frame
Data Link Layer
Layer 2 Standards
Layer 2 Standards
Data Link Layer Standards
Standard
Networking Standards
organization

• 802.2: Logical Link Control (LLC)

• 802.3: Ethernet
• 802.4: Token bus
IEEE • 802.5: Token passing
• 802.11: Wireless LAN (WLAN) & Mesh (Wi-Fi certification)
• 802.15: Bluetooth
• 802.16: WiMax

• G.992: ADSL
• G.8100 - G.8199: MPLS over Transport aspects
ITU-T
• Q.921: ISDN
• Q.922: Frame Relay

• HDLC (High Level Data Link Control)

ISO
• ISO 9314: FDDI Media Access Control (MAC)

ANSI • X3T9.5 and X3T12: Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)

Topologies
Controlling Access to the Media
Topologies
Physical and Logical Topologies
WAN Topologies
Common Physical WAN Topologies
WAN Topologies
Physical Point-to-Point Topology
WAN Topologies
Logical Point-to-Point Topology
WAN Topologies
Half and Full Duplex
LAN Topologies
Physical LAN Topologies
LAN Topologies
Logical Topology for Shared Media
LAN Topologies
Contention-Based Access

Characteristics Contention-Based Technologies

• Stations can transmit at any time • CSMA/CD for 802.3 Ethernet
• Collision exist networks
• There are mechanisms to • CSMA/CA for 802.11 wireless
resolve contention for the media networks
LAN Topologies
Multi-Access Topology
LAN Topologies
Controlled Access

Characteristics Controlled Access Technologies

• Only one station can transmit at a time • Token Ring (IEEE 802.5)
• Devices wishing to transmit must wait • Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
their turn
• No collisions
• May use a token passing method
LAN Topologies
Ring Topology
Data Link Frame
The Frame
 Data Link Frame
The Header

• Start Frame field: Indicates the beginning of the frame.

• Source and Destination Address fields: Indicates the
source and destination nodes on the media.
• Type field: Indicates the upper layer service contained in the
frame.
Data Link Frame
Layer 2 Address
 Data Link Frame
The Trailer

• Data link layer protocols add a trailer to the end of each frame.
The trailer is used to determine if the frame arrived without
error.
• A transmitting node creates a logical summary of the contents
of the frame. This is known as the cyclic redundancy check
(CRC) value. This value is placed in the Frame Check
Sequence (FCS) field of the frame to represent the contents of
the frame.
Data Link Frame
LAN and WAN Frames
Data Link Frame
Ethernet Frame
Data Link Frame
Point-to-Point Protocol Frame
Data Link Frame
802.11 Wireless Frame
Network Access
Summary
• Physical Layer Protocols
• Network Media
• Data Link Layer Protocols
• Media Access Control