Scribd
Upload
13 views14 pages

Chapter 14 - Part 4

Calculus 3 chapter 14

Uploaded by

fandialreham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views14 pages

Chapter 14 - Part 4

Calculus 3 chapter 14

Uploaded by

fandialreham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Section 14.

Maximum and Minimum Values


Consider Figure 1 and see how maxima and minima appear on surfaces.
DEFINITION
A function of two variables has a local maximum at (a, b) if 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) ≤ 𝑓𝑓 (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏)
when (x, y) is near (a, b). [This means that 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) ≤ 𝑓𝑓 (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) for all points
(x, y) in some disk with center (a, b).] In this case, we say that 𝑓𝑓 (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) is called a
local maximum value.
On the other hand if 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) ≥ 𝑓𝑓 (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) when (x, y) is near (a, b), then 𝑓𝑓 (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏)
is a local minimum value.

THEOREM If 𝑓𝑓 has a local maximum or minimum at (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) and the first order
partial derivatives of 𝑓𝑓 exist there, then 𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) = 0 and 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) = 0.
Saddle point

The critical point (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) is called a saddle point of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) if every open disk centered
at (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) contains points (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) in the domain of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) for which 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 < 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) and
points (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) in the domain of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) for which 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 < 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏)

The graph of the function 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑥 2 is depicted below. The figure confirms
that a function may have a critical point, which is neither a maximum nor a minimum.

Notice that the point (0,0) is a critical


point for 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑥 2 .
You can see that 𝑓𝑓(0,0) = 0 is a
maximum in the direction of the x-axis
but a minimum in the direction of the
y-axis. Near the origin, the graph has
the shape of a saddle, there comes the
name “saddle point”.
Algorithm for Finding and Classifying Local Extrema

Step one: Find all the critical points (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) by solving the system

𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 0 and 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 0


Step two: Compute the factor
2
𝐷𝐷(𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) = 𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

Step Three: Follow the following criterion for classifying the critical point (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏)

Sign of Sign of
𝐷𝐷(𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) 𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) Interpretation of (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏)

+ + Local Min

+ – Local Max

Saddle Point
– Regardless

0 Test is inconclusive
Example. Find and classify all critical points for the functions
(a) 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2

(b) 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = 4 + 𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑦𝑦 3 − 3𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

(c) 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦 3 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑦 2 + 2


Example. Determine the point on the plane 4𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧 = 1 that is closest to the point
(−2, −1,5).
EXTREME VALUE THEOREM
If 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) is continuous on a closed, bounded set D in 𝑅𝑅2, then f attains an absolute
maximum value 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) and an absolute minimum value 𝑓𝑓(𝑐𝑐, 𝑑𝑑) at some points
(𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) and (𝑐𝑐, 𝑑𝑑) in D.

Algorithm for Finding Absolute Maximum And Minimum Values of a Continuous


Function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) on a Closed, Bounded Set D:
1. Find the values of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) at the critical points of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) in D.
2. Find the extreme values of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) on the boundary of D.
3. Find the values of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) at the vertices
4. The largest of the values from steps 1, 2 and 3 is the absolute maximum value; the
smallest of these values is the absolute minimum value.
Example. Find the absolute min and max of 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑦𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 4 on the
rectangle given by −1 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 1 and − 1 ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤ 1.

Example. Find the absolute extrema of 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦 2 on the region R
bounded by the graphs of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 and 𝑦𝑦 = 9.
Section 14.8

Constrained Optimization and


Lagrange Multipliers
METHOD OF LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS
To find the maximum and minimum values of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) subject to the constraint
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) = 𝑘𝑘 (assuming that these extreme values exist and ▽ 𝑔𝑔 ≠ 0 on the
surface 𝑔𝑔 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) = 𝑘𝑘), perform the following steps:

(1) Find all values of 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, and 𝑧𝑧 and such that

▽ 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧 = 𝜆𝜆 ▽ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧)


and
𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑘𝑘

(2) Evaluate 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) at all the points (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) that result from step (1). The
largest of these values is the maximum value of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧); the smallest is the
minimum value of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) .
Example. Find the extreme values of 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑦𝑦 2 on the circle 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 1
𝑥𝑥 2
Example. Find the extreme values of 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧 = 4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥 > 0, 𝑦𝑦 > 0 subject to +
9
𝑦𝑦 2
= 1.
16

Example. A rectangular box without a lid is to be made from 12 square meter of


cardboard. Find the maximum volume.
Example. Find the extreme values (max/min) of the plane 6𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑧 − 5 = 0 on the
ellipsoid 4𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑧𝑧 2 = 70.

Example. Find the point on the sphere 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑧𝑧 2 = 9 closest to the point (2,3,4).

You might also like