CHAPTER 5

DRAINAGE
Siti Nazahiyah Rahmat
Mohd Shalahuddin bin Adnan

1
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

1 2 3
Estimate Peak
Discharge In Know the Analyse and
Designing
Types of Design Culvert
Drainage
System
Drainages
Introduction
An excavated channel or a combination
of channels are designed to direct runoff
away from construction site or disturbed
areas.

Drainage system is built in combination

of additional Best Management
Practices (BMPs) to prevent excessive
water inside the working area as well as
to channel the water to designated area.
Berms prevent off-site
sedimentation by diverting
runoff to a sediment trapping
device and can also be used
to divert clean water from
entering a disturbed area.
Guideline in Malaysia
• Manual Saliran Mesra Alam Malaysia or
Urban Stormwater Management Manual
for Malaysia (MSMA).
• Latest edition was published in year 2012,
MSMA 2nd Edition.

1975 2001 2012

Scope of Works

1. Site visit 2. Information 3. Liaison with LA 4. Design

. is there any drainage system
stated around the building or
The purposes of site Information that Basic data required outside building?
visit are to know the need to bring during from local authority
existing drainage system • identify the possibility of
site visit such as key for planning & discharge point (check the level)
(type, size, material),
plan, location plan, design of drainage
existing levels, existing • identify the starting point of
slopes, existing site plan, system - requirements on the drainage system, proposed
submission or guidelines to be the most suitable alignments of
structures, condition on architectural plan, followed the drainage system so that the
surrounding area, survey plan • available master plan of the water from the proposed
development area, history on building/project/surrounding
maximum/minimum area can be discharged or
the flood level, maximum &
flood level, etc minimum flood level, rainfall connected to the proposed
intensity, enquiring for existing discharge point. (check the
suitable discharge point with an proposed platform/road level)
appropriate level,
5.1 Estimates of Flow
Hydrology Analysis
• Rainfall Intensity
• Time of Concentration
• Manning’s roughness
• Surface Runoff
Rainfall Estimation - ARI
• Rainfall and subsequent discharge estimation is based on the selected
value of frequency or return period termed as the average recurrence
interval (ARI).
• ARI is the average length of time between rain events that exceed the
same magnitude, volume or duration (Chow, 1964) and is expressed as

*design must be examined for a range of ARI

and storm duration to ensure that the system
will perform satisfactorily
Stormwater systems are divided into two categories:

I. The strategy incorporate runoff source

Minor
eg swales,control, management
gutter, pipes, on site detentionand delayed
, bioretention
disposal on a catchment wide, proactive
and multi-functional basis. - MSMA
II. Major
e.g. natural streams, channel, pond, lakes, wetland, large
The
pipe strategy
and culverts incorporate runoff source
control, management and delayed
disposal on a catchment wide, proactive
and multi-functional basis. - MSMA
Rainfall Estimation - ARI
Time of Concentration, 𝑡𝑐
• 𝑡𝑐 is the travel time of runoff flows
from the most remote point upstream
in the contributing catchment area to
downstream area.
• 𝑡𝑐 is the sum of the overland flow (𝑡𝑜 )
and the time of travel in street gutters
(𝑡𝑔 ) or roadside, drain, channel, and
small stream (𝑡𝑑 ).
Time of Concentration, 𝑡𝑐
Please refer Chapter 2
in MSMA 2nd edition
Time of Concentration, tc
 Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) Curve
• Required in peak discharge estimation.
• Can be developed from the historical rainfall data
Please refer to Appendix 2.B in MSMA 2nd Edition
for other areas fitting constants for IDF
Peak Discharge Estimation
• There are several methods that can be used to estimate the peak discharge
(Empirical Formulae/ Rational Method/ Frequency Analysis/ Unit Hydrograph
Method).
• Rational Method is the most frequent used technique for runoff peak estimation
in Malaysia. The formula to compute peak discharge as follows;
 Peak Discharge Estimation – Runoff Coefficient, C

• Different land use within a sub-catchment have a different values of runoff

coefficient, c. Thus, the value of c can be computed as follows;
Peak Discharge Estimation –
Runoff Coefficient, C
Rational Method – Assumptions Used

The peak flow occurs when the entire catchment is

contributing to the flow,

The rainfall intensity is uniform over the entire

catchment areas, and

The rainfall intensity is uniform over a time duration

equal to the time of concentration, tc
Rational Method is not recommended to BE used when;

The catchment area is greater than 80 ha,

Ponding of stormwater is the catchment might

effect peak discharge, and

The design and operation of large and more costly

drainage facilities are to be undertaken, particularly
if they involve storage.
Process for peak flow
estimation using
Rational Method
Drainage design consideration
Freeboard Velocity
• To prevent sedimentation and vegetation
The depth of an open growth, the minimum average flow velocity
lined drain shall include a shall not be less than 0.6 m/s.
minimum freeboard of 50 • The maximum average flow shall not exceed
mm above the design 4.0 m/s. For flow velocities in excess of
storm water level in the 2 m/s, drains shall be provided with a 1.2 m
drain. high handrail fence or covered with solid or
grated covers for the entire length of the
drain for public safety.
Drainage design consideration
Depth of Open Drain Width of Open Drain
The maximum depth for lined open The width of lined drain may vary
drain shall be as follows. between a minimum width of 0.5 m and
maximum width of 1.0 m.
Summary of Drainage system design process
Example of Design Calculation
Example – IDF Curve Development
• Formula to be used
Example – IDF Curve Development
• The location of construction area located at Alor Gajah, please refer to
Appendix 2.B in MSMA 2nd Edition to find the constant fitting.

• In this case, the nearest station is Ladang Lendu. Thus, the value of this station
will be used in Eq. 2.2 to develop IDF.
 Example – IDF Curve Development
Let’s try to calculate the
rainfall intensity for 2 years
ARI with 15 minutes

𝜆𝑇 𝑘
•𝑖=
(𝑑+𝜃)𝜂

(72.163)(2)^(0.184)
•𝑖=
(0.25+0.376)^(0.9)

• 𝑖 = 124.96 𝑚𝑚/ℎ𝑟
 1000.00

50 tahun 25 tahun

20 tahun 10 tahun

100.00 5 tahun 2 tahun

Keamatan Hujan (mm/hr)

100 tahun

10.00

1.00
0.1 1 10 100
Masa (hr)
Example of Rational Method
Calculate a 20 years
ARI peak discharge for
drainage AB and BC
66
with the area of 68

40.7 ha in Wangsa
Maju, Kuala Lumpur
as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1
1. Determine the Runoff Coefficient, C
Area (ha) Runoff Coefficient, c
Area
Subcatchment Landuse Developed Undeveloped Vegetation Developed Undeveloped
Weighted C
Area Area cover Area Area
1 Condo 3.67 0.2 Grass 0.8 0.4 0.78
2 Apartment 3.22 1.73 Grass 0.8 0.4 0.66
3 Terrace 2.37 6.24 Bare soil 0.75 0.5 0.57
4 Industry 5.1 18.12 Grass 0.9 0.4 0.51

Catchment area can be

delineate into 4 sub- Determine the
catchment vegetation cover

Determine the size for Refer to Table

each sub-catchment 2.5 (MSMA)
2. Determine time of concentration, tc
Overland flow, calculate to

Time of Concentration, tc
to = 4.6 min
tc = to + td
Drain Flow, calculate td tc = 6.0 min

td = 1.4 min
2. Determine time of concentration, tc
Refer to Figure 1 Triangle shape Slope =
with dimension Distance/
0.3 m X 1.2 m Height (refer to
Refer to Figure 1 Refer to Figure 1 R=A/P figure 1)

Sub- Length Slope, to, min Ld A P R S, td, min tc, min

Catch , Lo S m/m
ment
1 53.5 3.74 4.6 200 0.18 1.342 0.134 0.02 1.4 6.0
2 97.67 46.1 3.4 474 0.18 1.342 0.134 0.11 1.4 4.8
3 64.82 30.85 3.2 491.2 0.18 1.342 0.134 0.15 1.2 4.4
4 98.93 50.54 3.4 1054 0.18 1.342 0.134 0.06 4.1 7.5

** assume that the channel geometry is triangular with the slope of 1:2, depth and
with of channel is 0.3 m and 1.2 m, respectively.
 Total Area Flow, Q
Drain Total CA Tc (min) I (mm/hr)
(Ha) (m3/s)
AB 31.83 16.7355 7.5 300.36 13.963
BC 40.65 23.0195 8.7 281.83 18.021

By referring to Figure 1, sub-catchments 3 & 4 through drain AB, while sub-

catchments 1 & 2 directly to point B.
* Calculate rainfall intensity for 20 years ARI
* Calculate tc for each drain, AB and BC. For BC, tc= 7.5 + 1.18 = 8.7 min
* Calculate peak flow.
Proposed Drain Section Velocity and discharge values must meet
Need to try several dimensions until meet the design requirement
all the design requirements
Drain Gradient, S = 0.004 Area, A = 4.5 m2
Width, b = 2.5 m Perimeter, P = 6.1 m
Hydraulic
Depth, d = 1.8 m Radius, R = 0.738 m
Freeboard = 0.1 m Velocity, V = 3.442 m/s
Flow, Q = 15.491 m3/s

• To prevent sedimentation and vegetation growth, the average flow velocity

shall be in between 0.6 m/s – 4.0 m/s.
• The value of discharge in drainage system must be larger than surface
runoff, Qdrain > Qrunoff
5.2 Municipal Storm, Land & Highway Drainages
• A municipal drain is simply a drainage system. Most municipal drains are
either ditches or closed systems such as pipes or tiles buried in the
ground, primarily located in rural agricultural areas.
• They can also include structures such as buffer strips, grassed waterways,
storm water detention ponds, culverts and bridges. Even some creeks
and small rivers are now considered to be municipal drains.
• They also remove excess water collected by roadside ditches, residential
lots, industrial lands and commercial lands.
• Land drain is the name given to flexible coiled pipes which are laid underground
to alleviate excess surface water. They are corrugated and come in either
perforated or unperforated lengths.
• It can be used in a variation of different applications from agriculture to
construction, for different purposes.
• In construction, land drain is used to remove surface water from around
buildings to prevent flooding. With no land drainage in built up areas, standing
water can increase the static load on underground structures and retaining walls,
by installing land drain to remove the excess water this relieves the pressure.
• Highway drainage consists of removing or controlling surface water and
subsurface water away from the road surface and the subgrade
supporting it. Part of the rain water flows on the ground or road surface,
while the other part percolates into the ground and reaches the ground
water table, raising its level.
• Roads are constructed with two types of drainage systems, each taking
care of their source of moisture: i) surface and
ii) subsurface drainages
 5.3 Culvert Analysis and Design
Culvert as Flow Measuring Device

• A convenient way of deriving such data is to measure high water marks at culverts
after major floods and then to estimate the actual flood flows, which pass through
the culvert.

• The calculated discharge can then be related to the catchment characteristic and
used to verify or improve existing runoff estimation methods.

• Careful identification and measurement of high water marks is essential and

should be carried out as soon as possible after the flood, before the evidence
disappears.
Regardless of the type of culvert, they should all conform to proper design standards
with regards to alignment with the channel, capacity, debris control, and energy
dissipation. They should all perform the following functions:
i. The culvert with its appurtenant entrance and outlet structures should
efficiently discharge water, bedload, and floating debris at all stages of flow.
ii. It should cause no direct or indirect property damage.
iii. It should provide adequate transport of water, debris, and sediment without
drastic changes in flow patterns above or below the structure.
iv. It should be designed so that future channel, and highway improvements can
be made without much difficulty.
v. It should be designed to function properly after fill has settled.
vi. It should not cause objectionable stagnant pools in which mosquitoes could
breed.
vii. It should be designed to accommodate increased runoff occasioned by
anticipated land development.
viii. It should be economical to build, hydraulically adequate to handle design
discharge, structurally durable, and easy to maintain.
ix. It should be designed to avoid excessive ponding at the entrance which may
cause property damage, accumulation of sediment, culvert clogging,
saturation of fills, or detrimental upstream deposits of debris.
x. Entrance structures should be designed to screen out material which will not
pass through the culvert, reduce entrance losses to a minimum, make use of
velocity of approach insofar as practical, and by use of transitions and
increased slopes, as necessary, facilitate channel flow entering the culvert.
xi. The outlet design should be effective in re-establishing tolerable non-erosive
channel flow within the right-of-way or within a reasonably short distance
below the culvert, and should resist undercutting and washout.
xii. Energy dissipators should be simple, easy to build, economical and
reasonably self-cleaning during periods of low flow.
xiii. Alignment should be such that water enters and exits the culvert directly. Any
abrupt change in direction at either end will retard flow and cause ponding,
erosion, or a buildup of debris at the culvert entrance. All of these conditions
could lead to failure. (See Figure 65 for suggested culvert-channel alignment
configurations and Figure 66 for suggested culvert grades. In practice, culvert
grade lines generally coincide with the average streambed above and below
the culvert.)
Figure: Possible culvert
alignments to
minimize channel
scouring (USDA, Forest
Service , 1971)
 Figure 2.1:Outlet Control Flow Types (Normann, et al., 2001)

Culverts A and B have unsubmerged inlets. Culverts C and D have submerged inlets.

Culverts A, B and C have unsubmerged outlets.

The higher of critical depth or tailwater depth at the outlet is used for calculating
outlet velocity. Since the barrel for Culvert D flows full to the exit, the full barrel area is
used for calculating outlet velocity.
Submerged outlets.
In Figure 2.1D, the tailwater controls the culvert outlet velocity. Outlet
velocity is determined using the full barrel area. As long as the tailwater
is above the culvert, the outlet velocity can be reduced by increasing
the culvert size. The degree of reduction is proportional to the
reciprocal of the culvert area. Table 2.1 illustrates the amount of
reduction that can be achieved.

Table 2.1: Velocity Reductions by Increasing Culvert Diameter (Normann, et al., 2001)
Culvert Diameter Change (SI) mm 914 to 1219 1219 to 1524 1524 to 1829

Culvert Diameter Change (CU) ft 3 to 4 4 to 5 5 to 6

Percent Reduction in Outlet Velocity (V=Q/A) 44% 35% 31%

Unsubmerged Outlets (Brink Depth)
Brink depth, yo, which is shown in Figure 2.2, is the depth that occurs at the exit of the
culvert. The flow goes through critical depth upstream of the outlet when the
tailwater elevation is below the critical depth elevation in the culvert.

Figure 2.2: Definition Sketch for Brink Depth

Figures 2.3 and 2.4 may be used to determine outlet brink depths for rectangular and
circular sections. These figures are dimensionless rating curves that indicate the effect
on brink depth of tailwater for culverts on mild or horizontal slopes. In order to use
these curves, the designer must determine normal depth or tailwater (TW) in the
outlet channel and Q/(BD3/2) or Q/D5/2 for the culvert.
Figure 2.3: Dimensionless Rating
Curves for the Outlets of Rectangular
Culverts on Horizontal and Mild Slopes
(Simons, 1970)
Figure 2.4: Dimensionless Rating
Curves for the Outlets of Circular
Culverts on Horizontal and Mild Slopes
(Simons, 1970)
Example 5.3
Design Example: Velocity Reduction by Increasing Culvert Size for Brink Depth
Conditions (SI)
Evaluate the reduction in velocity by replacing a 1.050 m pipe culvert with a larger pipe
culvert. Given:
Q = 1.7 m3/s
TW = 0.610 m, constant

Solution
Step 1. Calculate the quantity KuQ/D5/2 and TW/D. From Figure 2.3 determine yo/D. (See
following table for calculations.)

Step 2. Calculate yc from Figure B.2 or other appropriate method. Note that critical depth
is greater than brink depth.

Step 3. Determine flow area based on yo/D using Table B.2 and outlet velocity.
 From Table B2
From figure 2.3
From figure B2

D (m) 1.811Q/D5/2 TW/D yo/D yo (m) yc (m) A/D2 A (m2) V=Q/A (m/s)
1.05 2.73 0.58 0.64 0.67 0.73 0.5308 0.5852 2.905
1.2 1.95 0.51 0.55 0.66 0.70 0.4426 0.6373 2.667
1.35 1.45 0.45 0.47 0.63 0.70 0.3627 0.6610 2.572
1.5 1.12 0.41 0.42 0.63 0.67 0.313 0.7043 2.414

Changing culvert diameter from 1.050 to 1.500 m, a 43 percent increase, results in a

decrease of 17 percent in the outlet velocity.
Figure B.2 (SI). Critical Depth of Circular Pipe
Figure B.2 (CU). Critical Depth of Circular Pipe
Design Example: Velocity Reduction by Increasing Culvert Size for Brink Depth
Conditions CU)
Evaluate the reduction in velocity by replacing a 3.5 ft pipe culvert with a larger pipe
culvert. Given:
Q = 60 ft3/s
TW = 2 ft, constant

Solution
Step 1. Calculate the quantity KuQ/D5/2 and TW/D. From Figure 3.4 determine yo/D.
(See following table for calculations.)

Step 2. Calculate yc from Figure B.2 or other appropriate method. Note that critical
depth is greater than brink depth.

Step 3. Determine flow area based on yo/D using Table B.2 and outlet velocity.
D (ft) 1.0Q/D5/2 TW/D yo/D yo (ft) yc (ft) A/D2 A (ft2) V=Q/A (ft/s)
3.5 2.62 0.57 0.63 2.21 2.4 0.5212 6.3847 9.397
4 1.88 0.50 0.54 2.16 2.3 0.4327 6.9232 8.667
4.5 1.40 0.44 0.46 2.07 2.3 0.3527 7.1422 8.401
5 1.07 0.40 0.41 2.05 2.2 0.3032 7.5800 7.916

Changing culvert diameter from 3.5 to 5 ft, a 43 percent increase, results in a

decrease of only 15 percent in the outlet velocity.
Terima kasih