Chapter 6

Artificial Lighting
Chapter Content
6.1 Principles and usage
6.2 Types of lamp
6.3 Lamp life cycle
6.4 Lamp systems temperature
6.5 Lighting levels
6.6 Method of lumen design
6.1 Principles and usage

 Artificial lighting is referring to

lighting that emanates from
electric lamps.
 Lamp is a light source
comprising light-emitting
element contained within an
outer container (bulb or tube)
which emits radiation within the
visible spectrum.
Characteristics of a Good Lighting for
Indoor Illumination

Build and construct

Proper amount of light
Look Good within budget, code &
based on its function
other constraints

6 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
Achieved the desired
Environmentally
moods based on its Able to control the light
responsible/sustainable
function
Functions
Ambient
lighting

Accent/
decorative
lighting
Functions of
Artificial
Lighting

Informational Task
Lighting Lighting

Mood
Lighting
Ambient Lighting
 Provides an area with overall illumination
 Also known as general lighting
 Radiates a comfortable level of brightness without glare and
allows occupants to see and walk safely.
 Often provided by traditional pendant type fixtures, down
lights, chandeliers or ceiling mounted fixtures.
 Providing a central source of ambient light in all rooms is the
fundamental to a good lighting plan.
Accent/Decorative Lighting
 Accent lighting is mainly decorative intended to highlight pictures, plants,
arts or other elements of interior design or landscaping.
 The angle of the lighting clearly needs to be just right to achieve the very
best effects.
 Lighting can be anything from track lights to small lamps used to illuminate
wall art.
Task Lighting
 Also known as directional lighting is
aimed at a specific task.
 Way to provides more light on a
specific area to perform a task that
requires more light than the ambient
fixtures can give.
 It can be provided by recessed and
track lighting, pendant lighting and
under cabinet lighting, as well as by
portable floor and desk lighting.
 Task lighting should be free of
distracting glare and shadows and
must be bright enough to prevent
eye strain.
Mood Lighting
 To create a mood for specific task in a specific
space such as in dining hall and garden.
Informational Lighting
 It is designed to help us
see our way safely
 The light in closet, the
light by the doorbell,
and night lights, as well
as path lighting and
motion lights are all
good examples of
informational lighting.
 Lighting can be
beautiful as well as
functional, and create
dramatic effects
6.2 Types of lamps
Three main sources for architectural artificial lighting:

Incandescent
lights

Electrical or gas
discharge lamps

Light-emitting
diodes (LED)
a)Incandescent lamps

 Most common
type of lighting
used in homes
 Traditionally
delivered about
85% of household
illumination
General Operational Characteristics
 An incandescent lamp bulb typically consists of
a glass enclosure containing tungsten filament.
 An electric current passes through the filament,
heating it to a temperature that produce white
Tungsten filament
light. This light operates without a ballast.
 The enclosing glass enclosure contains either
vacuum or an inert gas to preserve and protect Vacuum/Inert gas
the filament from evaporating and increase its
life. Glass
 Incandescent lamp light up instantly providing a
warm light and excellent color rendition. It can
also be dimmed.
 This light have a low efficacy compared to the
other lighting options (10-25 lumens per watt)
and short average operating life (750-2500 hours)
 Least expensive to buy, but inefficiency and short
life span cause this light to be more expensive to
operate
Advantages & Disadvantages

• Inexpensive (bulb)
• Available in different configuration
Advantages and colors
• No warm-up
• Easily controlled

• Inefficient (10-25 lumen/watt)

• Short lamp life
Disadvantages • Vibration sensitive
• Over-voltage sensitive
• Expensive (operation cost)
 Example of Incandescent lamp
Tungsten-Halogen Lamp
 Encloses the tungsten
filament in a quartz
capsule filled with
halogen gas
 Halogen gas combines
with the vaporized
tungsten and redeposit it
on the filament
 More efficient and last
longer (up to 6000 hours)
b) Electric/Gas Discharge lamp
General characteristics
 Lighten by sending an electrical discharge
through an ionized gas.
 It works by striking an electrical arc between
two electrodes at each corner, causing a filler
gas to give-off light.
 High voltage applied to the electrodes to
ionized the ions and electrons inside the tube
and produce light.
 Used different metals and filler gasses such as
argon, neon, krypton and xenon; or a mixture of
these gasses (low pressure). Different gases
produced different colors of the light.
 Most lamps are filled with additional materials,
like mercury, sodium and/or metal halides.
 This lamp provide high luminous efficacy
combined with long life, resulting the
economical light source for artificial lighting.
Electric/Gas Discharge lamp-Inert Gas Vs
Colors of Light
Types of Gas Discharge lamps
Low-pressure discharge lamps High-pressure discharge lamps High-Intensity discharge lamps

• Fluorescent • Metal halide • Mercury-vapor

Lamps, Compact lamps, High lamps, metal
Fluorescent Lamp pressure sodium halide lamps,
(CFL), Low lamps, high ceramic
Pressure Sodium pressure mercury- discharge metal
Lamps vapor lamps lamps, sodium-
vapor lamps,
xenon arc lamps,
Ultra-High
Performance
(UHP)

Mercury vapor lamp

 Fluorescent & Compact Fluorescent(CFL)
Light
 Fluorescent Lamp categories; T5, T8, T10, T12 and T17

“T-No” indicate the

physical and electrical
characteristics of the
lamp
Ballast for Fluorescent Lamp
 In fluorescent lighting system, the ballast
regulates the current for the lamps and
provides sufficient voltage to start the lamps.
 Without the ballast to limit its current, a
fluorescent lamp connected directly to a
high voltage power source and could lead
to overheat and burn out.
 During lamp starting, the ballast must briefly
supply high voltage to establish an arc
between the two lamp electrodes. Once
the ballast established, the ballast quickly
reduces the voltage and regulates the
electric current to produce a steady light
output.
 Functions of Ballast:
◦ Provide the higher voltage required to
start lamp
◦ Stabilize the lamp current
Advantages & Disadvantages of using
Fluorescent Lamps
Advantages Disadvantages
 Efficient (75+ lumens/watt)  Require a ballast
 Available in many configurations.  Temperature sensitive
 Desirable colors available (2,700K to 4,100K)  May require special control
 Long life (6,000 -20,000 hours)  If the lamp is broken, mercury can
 Life span is 5 times than the incandescent contaminate the surrounding environment
lamps and poison its inhabitants
 More efficient than incandescent light bulbs
of an equivalent brightness due to a greater
proportion of the power used in converted to
usable light and a smaller proportion is
converted to heat, allowing fluorescent lamps
to run cooler.
 A typical fluorescent lamps concert between
6.6% & 15.2 % of their power input to visible
light compared to 100Watt tungsten filament
incandescent lamp (2.6% of its power)
Compact Fluorescent(CFL) Lamp
 A compact fluorescent
lamp (CFL)/energy-saving
light/compact fluorescent tube.
 A fluorescent lamp designed to
replace an incandescent light bulb.
 The lamps use a tube that is curved or
folded to fit into the space of an
incandescent bulb, and a
compact electronic ballast in the base
of the lamp.
Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) lamps
 Similar in operation with fluorescent
lamps.
 LPS are used mostly in outdoor lighting
of some parking areas and bridge
underpasses.
 Produce only one light colour, a dirty
yellow color.
 The yellow color of the lamp does not
attract insects, but it distorts colors.
 Highly energy-efficient they are rarely
used because all objects under their
light appear to be yellow or yellow-
gray.
 Efficacy 160 lumens/watt
 Life cycle 18,000 hours
Metal Halide Lamps
 Metal-halide lamps are used
for general lighting purposes
both indoors and outdoors,
such as commercial,
industrial, and public spaces,
parking lots, sports arenas,
factories, and retail stores, as
well as residential security
lighting; automotive and
specialty applications are
further fields of usage.
High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps
 HID lamp is a type of electrical lamp
which produce light by means of an
electric arc between tungsten
electrodes housed inside a
translucent or transparent fused
quartz or fused alumina arc tube.
 HID passes electricity through a gas,
which excites the gas and causes it
to glow.
 Required ballasts to operate, which
supply proper voltage and control
current.
 Used different gases to produce
light:
◦ Mercury vapour
◦ Metal Halide
◦ High pressure sodium
Physical and operating characteristics Advantages

◦ Utilize an internal arc tube and

outer envelop construction The amount of light produced
◦ Require a ballast operation by HID light is greater than a
standard halogen bulb and it
◦ Require warm up period consumes less power.
◦ Require cool-down period
before they can restrike.
HID last longer than a halogen
bulb.

High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps

Mercury Vapor Lamps
 Mercury vapour lamps produce
a bluish-green color light
 Due to its low efficacy and
poor rendition, they are seldom
used in new construction
 Most current usage is for
outdoor areas/parking lot
lighting
 Provide certain low cost options
for replacing less efficient lamps
such as incandescent lamps
without changing the fixtures
 Metal Halide Lamps
 Metal Halide lamps are similar in
construction with Mercury Vapor
lamps.
Advantages Disadvantages
• Higher efficacy • Color shit towards
(`100 lumens/watt) the end of lamp life
• A crisp clear white • Some lamps are
color designed for
• Excellent color enclosed fixtures
rendering (CRI 70- only
85) • Orientation
• Become main sensitive (horizontal
choice where vs vertical)
colour rendering is
critical, such as car
lots, service
stations, athletic
fields, industrial
manufacturing
Higher Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps
 HPS lamps are used for
both interior and exterior
lighting applications.
 Mainly used for street
lighting
 The most efficient white
light source.
 Operating characteristics:
◦ Efficacy : 70-120 lumens/watt
◦ Color temperature 2100-
2200K
◦ CRI 65
◦ Life span 24,000hrs
Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
 Light source based on electro
luminescence
 The light is generated in the depletion layer
by the recombination of electrons and
hole.
 The emitting spectra is depending on the
composition of the semiconductor material.
 LED does not emit infrared or ultraviolet
light.
 LED requires low voltage to emits light
(depending on colors e.g., 2V for red and
3.6 V for blue)
 LED today have luminous efficacies in the
same range as compact fluorescents.
 LED have extremely long lifetimes (30,000 to
100,000 hours), physical robustness, and
extremely small sized units
Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
6.3 Lamps Life Cycle
 Lamp efficiency is measured Type of lamp Lumens/watt Average lamp
in lumens per watt life (hours)
 A lumen is a unit for
measuring the amount of
light Incandescent 8-25 1000-2000
 A watts is a unit for measuring
Mercury vapor 13-48 12000->24000
the amount of electrical
energy used Metal Halide 60-100 10000-15000
 Lamp that gives the most
lumen per watt is the most High Pressure 45-110 12000-24000
efficient lamp Sodium

 Higher lumen with low Fluorescent 60-600 10000-24000

wattage is the best because
it can illuminate more with Low Pressure 80-800 10000-18000
less energy Sodium
6.4 Lamps System Temperature
 Color temperature is a characteristics of visible light that has
important applications in lighting, photography, publishing and
other fields.
 The color temperature of a light source is determined by
comparing its chromaticity with that of an ideal black body
radiator.
 The temperature is usually measured in Kelvin (K)
Color selection guide-CRI
 The color rendering of a light source describes that source’s
ability to accurately render the colors of perceived objects-
people & things.
 General rules-The higher a light source Color Rendering Index
(CRI) number, the better the lamp will make things appear.
 CRI is measured on a scale from 1 to 100, with 100 representing
daylight
6.5 Lighting Levels
Basic Terminology  Efficacy-similar to efficiency, but
 Lumen- a measure of the gross the units are different. Efficacy is
light output from the lamp. A lumens output per watts input @
higher lumen is a brighter lamp lumen/watts. It represent the way
to compare different kind of lamps
to a common measurement.
 Colour Rendering Index (CRI)- Higher efficacy means more
Lamp color or CRI is the rating efficient light relates to energy
given to a lamp as to how well it used but not necessarily a better
represents the true colours of the light for a given task.
object it illuminates. A higher CRI
(80-90) means the light source is
very true colours. A low CRI (below
50) means the light does not
correctly indicate most colours
Basic Terminology-continued
 Foot Candle Standard-measure of light  Lighting Power Density (LPD)-measure
required for adequate writing space. of electric power used to light a given
Specific Foot-candle are given for a space. Units in watts per square foot.
specific space/task. It is the same with High LPD means more watts per
lumen per square foot. square foot. Energy codes use the LPD
to determine the lighting system
efficiency
 Lux-is a metric measurement of light
on a surface, 1 lux = 1 lumen per
square meter. Since 1 square meter is  Coefficient of Utilization (CU)-ratio of
about 10 sqft, therefore 1 lux = 10 lumens from a fixture received on the
lumens workplace compared to the lumens
emitted by the lamp. A high CU
means a quality fixture correctly
installed whereby most of the
available light from the lamp reaches
the places it needs to be
6.6 Methods of Lumen Design
General Aspects:
I. Understand the lighting needs
II. Fulfills with the lighting design/requirements
Need/Task Location Footcandles/lux Lighting Effects
Safety & Security in Public spaces with 3/32 Overall ambient
unoccupied dark surroundings lighting
outdoor area
Visibility for short Corridors, inactive 7.5/80 Overall ambient
visits or walk- storage areas, lighting
through dining areas in
restaurants
Service-oriented Office and hotel 15/160 Overall ambient
work with minimal lobbies, elevators, lighting
visual task stairways,
washrooms, active
storage
Need/Task Location Footcandles/lux Lighting Effects
Shop or office work Conference rooms, 30/320 Task lighting
that involves high- general office and
contras or large-size shop areas, cashiers
visual tasks

Shop or office work Office desk areas, 75/800 Task lighting

that involves machine shop task
medium contras or lighting, restaurant
small-size visual kitchen
tasks

Drafting, general Operating rooms 150/1600 Task lighting

health care and health care
examinations and facilities, drafting
other tasks of low rooms etc
contras or tiny size
Need/Task Location Footcandles/lux Lighting Effects
Cutting and sewing Garment 300/3200 Combination of
textiles, jewelry or manufacturing ambient and task
watch repair, and facilities, jewelry lighting
performing other manufacturing,
tasks of low contras repair facilities
or tiny size for
prolonged periods
Precision in welding, Hospital, metal- 750/8000 Combination of
operations, metal manufacturing ambient and task
finishing, and other facilities, finishing lighting
prolonged and facilities
exacting visual task
Product inspection Textile facilities, 1500/16000 Combination of
and other tasks of jewelry facilities, ambient and task
extremely low metal facilities lighting
contras and small
size
Illuminance
 Illuminance is measured
with the unit of Lux
(upon sqm) or foot-
candle (upon sqft)
 Practically can be
measured with the Lux
meter equipment.
Example 1
 At specific area, there is always a required
average foot-candles/lux measurement to
illuminate the working panels perfectly.
 E.g., the perfect lux reading for general office is
400 lux or 37 foot-candle.
 In order to get that, the area may require certain
measurement on the working plane based on:
◦ Number/type of luminaires
◦ Size of the room
◦ Color of the ceiling, wall and floor panels of the room
Example of solution
 Based on foot-candle requirement, i.e. 20 fc, determine the number
of luminaires fitting for a room with floor area 30 ft x 40 ft.
 Refer to Table 1:
Table 1
Average Fc Watts per square foot of
fluorescent
5-10 0.2-0.4
10-20 0.4-0.8
20-50 0.8-1.2

 Watts per square foot of Fluorescent =0.8 (Table 1)

 If the room floor area is =30 ft x 40 ft =1200 sqft
 Therefore, the required watts = 1200 sqft x 0.8 w/ft2= 980 watts
 If the 32 Watts Fluorescent lamp is used, the total number of lamps
required = 960 watts/32 watts = 30 units
Example 2: Choose between two lamps
Bulb Type 100 W Incandescent 23 W Compact
Lamp Fluorescent lamp
Bulb Price RM 3.00 RM 30.00
Life Cycle 750 hours 10, 000 hours
Operating hours/day 4 hours 4 hours
Electricity cost/kWh RM 0.08
Solution
100 W Incandescent Lamp 23 W Compact Fluorescent Lamp

Lamp Life = 750 hours Lamp Life = 10 000 hours

Energy usage (convert to kW) Energy usage (convert to kW)
= 100 watt/1000=0.1kW = 23 watt/1000=0.023kW

Usage (hours/year); Usage (hours/year);

= 4 hours/day x 365 days/year = 1460 hours/yr = 4 hours/day x 365 days/year = 1460 hours/yr

Electrical cost (RM0.08/kWh) Electrical cost (RM0.08/kWh)

COST SAVING=
Annual cost Annual cost
RM53.04-RM38.07 = 0.1kW x 1460 hours/year x RM0.08/kWh = 0.023kW x 1460 hours/year x RM0.08/kWh
= RM11.68/year = RM2.69/year
=RM14.97
Therefore; 3 years energy cost Therefore; 3 years energy cost
= RM11.68 x 3 years= RM 35.04 = RM2.69 x 3 years= RM 8.07

Cost of lamp= RM 3.00 Cost of lamp= RM 30.00

Changing time in 3 years (based on life cycle); Changing time in 3 years (based on life cycle);
= =
3 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑥 1460 ℎ𝑟𝑠/𝑦𝑟 3 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑥 1460 ℎ𝑟𝑠/𝑦𝑟
= 5.8 times @ 5 times = 0.43 times @ 0 times
750 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 10 000 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

Lamp cost for 3 years Lamp cost for 3 years

= RM 3.00 x (5+1)= RM 18.00 = RM 30.00 x (0+1)= RM 30.00

Total lighting cost for 3 years; Total lighting cost for 3 years;

RM 35.04+RM18.00=RM53.04 RM 8.07+RM30.00=RM38.07
How many lamps required=total lumens
 The number of light • The number of fittings can be
fittings is found from calculated by using the formula:
the total lumens
needed at the working
plane and the
illumination provided
by each fitting.
Utilization factor in lumen design
 UF provided by the manufacturer and takes into account
the pattern of light distribution from the whole fittings,
 UF is a light distribution efficiency, the shape and size of
the room and also the reflectivity of the ceiling and walls.
 UF values vary from 0.3 (30%) on poor reflecting surfaces
to 0.75 (75%) and above for a good reflective surfaces.
 UF for a specific room is highly depends on:
◦ Luminance factor of the room
◦ Room index
Utilization Factor-Luminance factors for a
painted surfaces
Room Index Requirement in Lumen
Design
 Room index, (K) is a number
that describes the ratios of the
room length, width and height.
 It is calculated using the
formula;
Example
Solution
Solution-continued
Solution-continued
Solution-continued
Normal Spacing to
Height Ratio (SHR)=
S = 1.5
H
Tutorial 1
Solution Tutorial 1
Solution Tutorial 1
Spacing (c-c)

H
4m

1.2 m
Solution Tutorial 1
Length

Refer to SHR max

distance (must
not exceed)

rows
width

No of fittings in each row

Selection of lamp in lighting design

Cost

Space
Requirements
Example cost projection analysis for
lighting design
solution
Solution-continued

Change unit from W to kW

Solution-continued
The End
Thank You