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    In Thermodynamics 12 Laurente

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    In Thermodynamics 12 Laurente

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    In thermodynamics 12 laurente

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    In Thermodynamics 12 Laurente

    Uploaded by

    dumayonin
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    of 5

    In thermodynamics, heat refers to the transfer of energy between a system and its

    surroundings due to a temperature difference. It is one of the basic forms of


    energy and can be transferred by conduction, convection, or radiation. Heat is
    measured in joules or calories.

    In thermodynamics, heat is defined as the transfer of energy between two systems


    or objects due to a temperature difference. It is denoted by the symbol Q.

    The equation for heat transfer, known as the heat transfer equation, is given

    by:Q = mcΔT

    Where:

    •Q is the amount of heat transferred


    •m is the mass of the object or substance

    •c is the specific heat capacity of the substance

    •ΔT is the change in temperature

    This equation states that the amount of heat transferred is directly proportional to
    the mass of the substance, the specific heat capacity of the substance, and the
    change in temperature.

    Explanation: When two objects or systems are at different temperatures, heat


    transfer occurs from the hotter object to the colder object until they reach thermal
    equilibrium. This transfer of energy is due to the random motion of particles within
    the substances.The specific heat capacity (c) is a measure of how much heat
    energy is required to raise the temperature of a substance by a certain amount.
    Different substances have different specific heat capacities, which means they
    require different amounts of heat energy to achieve the same temperature
    change.The change in temperature (ΔT) represents the difference in temperature
    between the initial and final states of the system. It can be positive or negative,
    depending on whether the temperature increases or decreases.By multiplying the
    mass, specific heat capacity, and change in temperature, we can calculate the
    amount of heat transferred (Q) between the two systems or objects.Overall, the
    heat transfer equation helps us understand and quantify the energy exchange that
    occurs due to temperature differences in thermodynamic systems.

    Here are a few examples of heat transfer in various scenarios:

    1. Boiling water: When you heat a pot of water on a stove, heat is transferred from
    the burner to the pot and then to the water, increasing its temperature and
    eventually causing it to boil.

    2. Radiator in a room: In a heating system, hot water or steam flows through


    radiators or baseboard heaters. The heat is transferred from the hot water/steam
    to the metal in the radiator, which then radiates heat to warm up the surrounding
    air in the room.

    3. Sunlight warming the Earth: The Sun's radiation reaches the Earth in the form of
    light and heat. The heat from the Sun warms the Earth's surface, resulting in
    various temperature variations and climate patterns.

    4. Conduction in a metal rod: When one end of a metal rod is heated (for example,
    by a flame), heat is conducted through the rod's particles, causing the other end to
    become hot as well.

    5. Heating food in a microwave: Microwaves generate electromagnetic waves that


    excite water molecules, causing them to vibrate and generate heat. This heat is
    then transferred to the surrounding food, heating it up.

    These examples illustrate how heat can be transferred and play a crucial role in
    various processes in our daily lives.

    Certainly! Here's an example problem related to heat in thermodynamics:

    Problem:

    A 0.2 kg block of metal initially at a temperature of 25°C is placed in a furnace.


    After some time, it reaches thermal equilibrium with the furnace at a temperature
    of 300°C. Calculate the amount of heat transferred to the block of metal if the
    specific heat capacity of the metal is 450 J/kg°C.

    Solution:

    To calculate the amount of heat transferred, we can use the formula:

    Q = m * c * ΔT

    Where:

    Q = heat transferred (in joules)

    m = mass of the block (in kilograms)

    c = specific heat capacity of the metal (in joules per kilogram per degree Celsius)

    ΔT = change in temperature (in degrees Celsius)

    Given:

    m = 0.2 kg

    c = 450 J/kg°C

    ΔT = (300 °C - 25 °C) = 275 °C


    Plugging in the values into the formula, we get:

    Q = (0.2 kg) * (450 J/kg°C) * (275 °C)

    Q = 24,750 J

    The amount of heat transferred to the block of metal is 24,750 Joules.

    Note: The formula used here assumes that the specific heat capacity remains
    constant over the temperature range. In reality, some materials exhibit slight
    variations in specific heat capacity with temperature, but for simplicity, we have
    assumed it to be constant in this example.

    Sure! Here's another example problem related to heat in thermodynamics:


    Problem:

    A copper cylinder with a mass of 0.5 kg and an initial temperature of 50°C is


    placed in contact with a block of ice. The ice melts completely, and the final
    temperature of the mixture is 10°C. Calculate the amount of heat transferred to
    the ice assuming that no heat is lost to the surroundings. The specific heat
    capacity of copper is 385 J/kg°C, and the latent heat of fusion for ice is 334,000
    J/kg.

    Solution:

    To solve this problem, we need to consider the heat transferred during the
    temperature change of copper, as well as the heat transferred during the phase
    change of ice.

    First, we calculate the heat transferred during the temperature change of copper
    using the formula:

    Q = m * c * ΔT

    Where:

    Q = heat transferred (in joules)

    m = mass of the copper cylinder (in kilograms)

    c = specific heat capacity of copper (in joules per kilogram per degree Celsius)

    ΔT = change in temperature (in degrees Celsius)

    Given:

    m = 0.5 kg

    c = 385 J/kg°C
    ΔT = (10 °C - 50 °C) = -40 °C (negative because the temperature decreases)

    Q1 = (0.5 kg) * (385 J/kg°C) * (-40 °C)

    Q1 = -7,700 J

    Next, we calculate the heat transferred during the phase change of ice using the
    formula:

    Q2 = m * L

    Where:

    Q2 = heat transferred (in joules)


    m = mass of the ice (in kilograms)

    L = latent heat of fusion for ice (in joules per kilogram)

    Given:

    m = mass of the ice (unknown)

    L = 334,000 J/kg

    Since the ice completely melts, we know that the mass of the ice is equal to the
    mass of the copper cylinder.

    Q2 = m * L

    -7,700 J = m * (334,000 J/kg)

    m = -7,700 J / (334,000 J/kg)

    m ≈ 0.023 kg

    Therefore, the mass of the ice is approximately 0.023 kg.

    The total heat transferred to the ice is the sum of Q1 and Q2:

    Total heat transferred = Q1 + Q2

    Total heat transferred = -7,700 J + (-7,700 J)

    Total heat transferred = -15,400 J

    The amount of heat transferred to the ice is approximately -15,400 Joules


    (negative sign indicates the direction of heat transfer).
    Sure! Here's an example problem about heat in thermodynamics with an
    explanation:

    Problem: A 2 kg block of metal is heated from 20°C to 80°C. The specific heat
    capacity of the metal is 0.5 J/g°C. How much heat is required to raise the
    temperature of the block?

    Explanation: To solve this problem, we can use the formula:

    Q = mcΔT

    Where: Q = heat energy (in joules)

    m = mass of the object (in kg)


    c = specific heat capacity (in J/g°C or J/kg°C)

    ΔT = change in temperature (in °C)

    Given:

    m = 2 kg

    c = 0.5 J/g°C

    ΔT = 80°C - 20°C = 60°C

    First, we need to convert the specific heat capacity from J/g°C to J/kg°C.

    Since there are 1000 grams in 1 kilogram, we can multiply the specific heat
    capacity by 1000:c = 0.5 J/g°C * 1000 g/kg = 500 J/kg°C

    Now, we can substitute the given values into the formula:

    Q = (2 kg) * (500 J/kg°C) * (60°C)

    Q = 60000 J

    Therefore, it requires 60000 joules of heat to raise the temperature of the 2 kg


    block of metal from 20°C to 80°C.

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