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II Unit FM Answer Key

II unit FM Answer Key

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Ryan Ahmed
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87 views20 pages

II Unit FM Answer Key

II unit FM Answer Key

Uploaded by

Ryan Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PART A

1. Water is flowing through a Pipe of 5cm diameter under a pressure of 29.43 N/cm2(Gauge)
and with mean velocity of 2.0 m/s. Find the Total Head or Total Energy per unit weight of
the water at a cross section, which is 5m above the Datum Line.

2. Define Pitot Tube.


It is a device used for measuring the velocity of flow at any point in a pipe or a
channel. It is based on the principle that if the velocity of flow at a point becomes zero,the
pressure there is increased due to the conversion of the kinetic energy into pressure
energy. In its simplest form,the pitot-tube consists of a glass tube, bent at right angle.The
lower end ,which is bent through 90 degree is directed in the upstream direction .The
liquid rises up in the tube due to the conversion of kinetic energy into pressure energy.

3. Find The Velocity of The Flow of an Oil Through a Pipe, When the difference of Mercury
level in a Differential U-Tube Manometer connected to the two tapings of the Pitot tube is
100mm. Take Co-Efficient of the Pitot Tube 0.98 And Specific gravity Of Oil as 0.8.

4. Define Fluid Dynamics.


It is the branch of science that deals with the study of fluid flow under motion when
the pressure is considered.
5. Define venturimeter.
A venturimeter is a device, which is used for measuring the rate of flow of fluid
through pipes. It consists of three part short converging part, throat and diverging part.
6. Define Turbulent flow.
Turbulent flow is that type of flow in which the fluid particles move in a zig-zag way.
Due to the movement of fluid particles in a zig-zag way, the eddies formation takes place
which are responsible for high energy loss.
7. State the equation of motion with condition.

8. What are the types of fluid flow?


Types of Fluid Flow:
 Steady and Unsteady.
 Viscous and Non-viscous.
 Laminar and Turbulent.
 Uniform and non-uniform.
 Compressible and incompressible.
 Rotational and irrotational.
 One, two and three dimensional.
9. Define the rate of flow or discharge.
Discharge or rate of flow (Q) is defined as the fluid flowing per second through a
channel or section of a pipe. This rate of flow is expressed in terms of “volume” when the
fluid flow is incompressible and is taken in terms of “weight” when the flow is
compressible.
Q=AxV
10. Why convergent portion is smaller than divergent portion?
This is because of avoiding flow separation and consequent energy loss in that
portion. But flow separation is occurring in divergent portion and therefore it is not used for
flow movement.
11. What is the Darcy Weisbach Equation for the head loss in a pipe?
The Head loss during the flow of fluid is given by Darcy Weisbach Equation i.e.
hf = 4Lfv2/2gd. This equation is applicable for turbulent flow of fluid having Reynolds
number Re > 2000. The Darcy factor of friction (fD) is a dimensionless quantity
depending on the characteristics of a pipe.
12. Define boundary layer thickness.
The thickness of the velocity boundary layer is normally defined as the distance from
the solid body to the point at which the viscous flow velocity is 99% of the freestream
velocity (the surface velocity of an inviscid flow).
13. Define laminar flow.
Laminar flow is the movement of fluid particles along well-defined paths or
streamlines, where all the streamlines are straight and parallel. Hence, the particles move
in laminar or layers gliding smoothly over the adjacent layer.Laminar flow occurs in
small diameter pipes in which fluid flows at lower velocities and high viscosity. This type
of flow is also called streamline flow or viscous Flow.
14. Write down the value of Reynolds number of laminar, transition and turbulent flow.
Re <2000 – Laminar flow
2000<Re<4000 -Transition flow
Re>4000 - Turbulent flow
15. Define laminar boundary layer.
Laminar boundary-layer flows occur when a moving viscous fluid comes in contact
with a solid surface and a layer of rotational fluid, the boundary layer, forms in response
to the action of viscosity and the no-slip boundary condition on the surface.
16. Write down Hagen-poiseuille equation of laminar flow?

17. What are the application of Darcy weishbach and chezys equation?
Dancy weishbach equation is generally usedfor flow through pipes.
Chezys formula is generally used for the flow through open channels.
18. Write the expression for the energy loss due to sudden enlargement and contraction and
entrance and exit of the pipe?
For sudden enlargement:
He = (V1-V2)2/2g
For sudden contraction:
Hc = 0.5V22/2g
19. Define displacement thickness.
The displacement thickness for the boundary layer is defined as **the distance the surface
would have to move in the y-direction to reduce the flow passing by a volume equivalent
to the real effect of the boundary layer.
20. Write the expression for the loss of energy due to entrance and exit of the pipe?
Loss of head at the entrance,hi=0.5V2/2g
Loss of head at the exit,ho=V2/2g
21. You're in a chemistry lab conducting an experiment that involves transferring a liquid
chemical from a storage container to a reaction vessel. The liquid is dispensed through a
cylindrical tube with a diameter of 0.8 cm. The height difference between the liquid levels
in the two containers is 25 cm. Calculate the rate of flow (in milliliters per second) of the
liquid into the reaction vessel.

PART B
1. The water is flowing through a pipe having diameter 20 cm and 10 cm at sections 1 and 2
respectively. The rate of flow through pipe is 35 litres/s. Section 1 is 6mm above datum
and section 2 is 4m above datum. If the pressure at section 1 is 39.24 N/cm2. Find the
intensity of pressure at section 2.
2. Express the equation for rate of flow through venturimeter.

3. An orifice meter with orifice diameter 10 cm is inserted in a pipe of 20 cm diameter. The


pressure gauges fitted upstream and downstream of the orifice meter gives readings of
19.62 N/cm² and 9.81 N/cm² respectively. Co-efficient of discharge for the orifice meter
is given as 0.6. Find the discharge of water through pipe.
4. (i)A 30 cm x 15 cm venturimeter is inserted in a vertical pipe carrying water, flowing in
the upward direction. A differential mercury manometer connected to the inlet and throat
gives reading of 20 cm. Find the discharge. Take C = 0.98.
(ii) The head of water over the centre of an orifice of diameter 20mm is 1m. The actual
discharge through the orifice is 0.85 lit/s. Find the coefficient of discharge.

5. At a sudden enlargement of a water main from 240mm to 480mm diameter, the hydraulic
gradient rises by 10mm. Estimate the rate of flow.
6. A horizontal pipe of diameter 500mm is suddenly contracted to a diameter of 250mm.
The pressure intensities in the large and the smaller pipe is given as 13.734 N/cm2 and
11.772 N/cm2 respectively. Find the loss of head due to contraction if Cc=0.62. Also
determine the rate of flow of water.
7. Find the head lost due to friction in a pipe of diameter 300mm and length 50m, through
which eater is flowing at a velocity of 3m/s using (I) Darcy formula, (ii) Chezy’s formula
for which C=60. Take v for water =0.01 stoke.
8. (i) An oil of sp.gr 0.8 is flowing through a venturimeter having inlet diameter 20cm and
throat diameter 10cm. The oil mercury differential manometer shows a reading of 25cm.
Calculate the discharge of oil through the horizontal venturimeter. Take Cd =0.98.

(ii)A submarine moves horizontally in sea and has its axis 15m below the surface of
water. A pitot tube properly placed just in front of the submarine and along its axis is
connected to the two limbs of the U-tube containing mercury. The difference of mercury
level is found to be 170mm. Find the speed of the submarine knowing that the sp.gr of
mercury is 13.6 and that of the sea is 1.026 with respect of fresh water.
9. Find the displacement thickness, the momement thickness and energy thickness for the
velocity distribution in the boundary layer given by (u/U) = (y/δ), where u = velocity at
distance y from the plate and u = U at y= δ, where δ= boundary layer thickness. Also
calculate the value of δ*/θ.

10. (i)Water is flowing through a horizontal pipe of diameter 200 mm at a velocity of 3 m/s. A
circular solid plate of diameter 150 mm is placed in the pipe to obstruct the flow. Find the
loss of head due to obstruction in the pipe if C = 0.62.
(ii)List the causes of minor energy losses in flow through pipes.

11. Scenario: Calculating Friction Losses in a Circular Pipe System.


You are an engineer tasked with designing a water distribution system for a small town.
The system involves a series of circular pipes to transport water from a reservoir to
various parts of the town. You need to calculate the friction losses in the pipes to ensure
efficient water delivery.
Given Data:
Pipe diameter (D): 150 mm
Pipe length (L): 500 m
Flow rate (Q): 0.05 m³/s
Kinematic viscosity of water (ν): 1.004 x 10^-6 m²/s
Assumptions:
The flow is turbulent.
You will use the Darcy-Weisbach equation to calculate friction losses.
The pipe is made of smooth commercial steel.
ii) Three pipes of length 800 m, 500 m and 400 m and of diameter 500 mm, 400 mm and
300 mm respectively are connected in series. These pipes are to be replaced by a single
pipe of length 1700m. Find the diameter of the single pipe.
PART C
1. State and derive Bernoulli’s equation. Write its assumptions and applications.
2. An oil of viscosity 0.1Ns/m2 and relative density 0.9 is flowing through a circular pipe of
diameter 50mm and of length 300m. The rate of flow of fluid through the pipe is 3.5
litres/s. Find the pressure drop in a length of 300m and also the shear stress at the pipe
wall.

3. The rate of flow of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.25m3/s. The diameter of the pipe
which is 200mm is suddenly enlarged to 400mm. The pressure intensity in the smaller
pipe is 11.772 N/cm2. Determine:(i) loss of head due to the sudden enlargement, (ii)
pressure intensity in the large pipe, (iii) power lost due to enlargement.
4. A main pipe divides into two parallel pipes which again forms one pipe. The length and
diameter for the first parallel pipe are 2000m and 0.1m respectively, while the length and
diameter for the second parallel pipe are 2000m and 0.8m. Find the rate of flow in each
parallel pipe, If the total flow in the main is 3.0m3/s. The co-efficient of friction for each
parallel pipe is same and equal to 0.005.
5. State and derive Hagen Poiseuille Formula.

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