Designation: D 3410/D 3410M – 03

Standard Test Method for

Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite
Materials with Unsupported Gage Section by Shear
Loading1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3410/D 3410M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane compressive bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
properties of polymer matrix composite materials reinforced by 2. Referenced Documents
high-modulus fibers. The composite material forms are limited
to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber reinforced compos- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
ites for which the elastic properties are specially orthotropic D 695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid
with respect to the test direction. This test procedure introduces Plastics2
the compressive force into the specimen through shear at D 792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
wedge grip interfaces. This type of force transfer differs from tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement2
the procedure in Test Method D 695 where compressive force D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics2
D 2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
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is transmitted into the specimen by end-loading, Test Method

D 6641/D 6641M where compressive force is transmitted by Resins3
combined shear and end loading, and Test Method D 5467/ D 2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plas-
D 5467M where compressive force is transmitted by subjecting tics3
a honeycomb core sandwich beam with thin skins to four-point D 3171 Test Method for Constituent Content of Composite
bending. Materials4
1.2 This test method is applicable to composites made from D 3878 Terminology for Composite Materials4
unidirectional tape, wet-tow placement, textile (for example, D 5229/D 5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption
fabric), short fibers, or similar product forms. Some product Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Ma-
forms may require deviations from the test method. trix Composite Materials4
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units D 5379/D 5379M Test Method for Shear Properties of
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the Composite Materials by the V-Notched Beam Method4
inch-pounds units are shown in brackets. The values stated in D 5467/D 5467M Test Method for Compressive Properties
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system of Unidirectional Polymer Matrix Composites Using a
must be used independently of the other. Combining values Sandwich Beam4
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the D 6641/D 6641M Test Method for Determining the Com-
standard. pressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Lami-
nates Using a Combined Loading Compression (CLC) Test
NOTE 1—Additional procedures for determining compressive proper- Fixture4
ties of resin-matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D 695,
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines5
D 5467/D 5467M, and D 6641/D 6641M.
E 6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the ing5
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the E 83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- someters5
E 111 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus,

1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
2
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
3
Lamina and Laminate Test Methods. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.
4
Current edition approved June 10, 2003. Published August 2003. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.03.
5
approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 1995 as D 3410/D 3410M – 95. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 D 3410/D 3410M – 03
and Chord Modulus5 is referenced relative to the reference axis to define the ply
E 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, orientation for that ply.
With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for Charac- 3.2.5 specially orthotropic, adj—a description of an ortho-
teristic of a Lot or Process6 tropic material as viewed in its principal material coordinate
E 132 Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at Room Tempera- system. In laminated composites, a specially orthotropic lami-
ture5 nate is a balanced and symmetric laminate of the [0i/90j]ns
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in family as viewed from the reference coordinate system, such
ASTM Test Methods6 that the membrane-bending coupling terms of the stress-strain
E 251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of relation are zero.
Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages5 3.2.6 transition strain, e transition, n—the strain value at the
E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics6 mid-range of the transition region between the two essentially
E 1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain linear portions of a bilinear stress-strain or strain-strain curve
Gages5 (a transverse strain-longitudinal strain curve as used for deter-
E 1309 Guide for the Identification of Fiber-Reinforced mining Poisson’s ratio).
Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases4 3.3 Symbols:
E 1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber- 3.3.1 A—cross-sectional area of specimen.
Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases4 3.3.2 By—percent bending in specimen.
E 1471 Guide for the Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and 3.3.3 CV—sample coefficient of variation, in percent.
Core Materials in Computerized Material Property Data- 3.3.4 E—modulus of elasticity in the test direction.
bases4
3.3.5 F cu —ultimate compressive stress (compressive
2.2 ASTM Adjunct:
strength).
Compression Fixture, D3410 Method B7
3.3.6 Gxz—through-thickness shear modulus of elasticity.
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2.3 Other Documents:

ANSI Y14.5M-19828 3.3.7 h—specimen thickness.
ANSI/ASME B46.1-19858 3.3.8 i, j, n—as used in a layup code, the number of repeats
for a ply or group of plies of a material.
3. Terminology 3.3.9 lg—specimen gage length.
3.1 Terminology D 3878 defines terms relating to high- 3.3.10 n—number of specimens.
modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology D 883 3.3.11 P—force applied to test specimen.
defines terms relating to plastics. Terminology E 6 defines 3.3.12 Pf—force applied to test specimen at failure.
terms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology E 456 and 3.3.13 Pmax—maximum force before failure.
Practice E 177 define terms relating to statistics. In the event of 3.3.14 s—as used in a layup code, denotes that the preced-
a conflict between terms, Terminology D 3878 shall have ing ply description for the laminate is repeated symetrically
precedence over the other Terminology standards. about its midplane.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.3.15 sn−1—sample standard deviation.
3.2.1 nominal value, n—a value, existing in name only, 3.3.16 w—specimen width.
assigned to a measurable property for the purpose of conve- 3.3.17 xi—measured or derived property.
nient designation. Tolerances may be applied to a nominal 3.3.18 x̄—sample mean (average).
value to define an acceptable range for the property. 3.3.19 ē—indicated normal strain from strain transducer.
3.2.2 orthotropic material, n—a material with a property of 3.3.20 nc—compressive Poisson’s ratio.
interest that, at a given point, possesses three mutually perpen- 3.3.21 sc—compressive normal stress.
dicular planes of symmetry defining the principal material
coordinate system for that property. 4. Summary of Test Method
3.2.3 principal material coordinate system, n—a coordinate
system with axes that are normal to the planes of symmetry that 4.1 A flat strip of material having a constant rectangular
exist within the material. cross section, as shown in the specimen drawings of Figs. 1-4,
3.2.4 reference coordinate system, n—a coordinate system is loaded in compression by a shear force acting along the
for laminated composites used to define ply orientations. One grips. The shear force is applied via wedge grips in a
of the reference coordinate system axes (normally the Carte- specially-designed fixture shown in Figs. 5-7. The influence of
sian x-axis) is designated the reference axis, assigned a this wedge grip design on fixture characteristics is discussed in
position, and the ply principal axis of each ply in the laminate 6.1.
4.2 To obtain compression test results, the specimen is
inserted into the test fixture which is placed between the
6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. platens of the testing machine and loaded in compression. The
7
A blueprint of the detailed drawing for the construction of the fixture shown in ultimate compressive stress of the material, as obtained with
Fig. 4 is available at a nominal cost from ASTM International Headquarters, 100 this test fixture and specimen, can be obtained from the
Barr Harbor Dr., PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428–2959. Order
Adjunct ADJD3410.
maximum force carried before failure. Strain is monitored with
8
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., strain or displacement transducers so the stress-strain response
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036. of the material can be determined, from which the ultimate

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 D 3410/D 3410M – 03
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Notes:
1. Drawing interpretation per ANSI Y14.5M-1982 and ANSI/ASME B46.1-1985.
2. See Section 8 and Table 2 and Table 3 of the test standard for values of required or recommended width, thickness, gage length, tab length and overall length.
3. See test standard for values of material, ply orientation, use of tabs, tab material, tab angle, and tab adhesive.
4. Ply orientation tolerance relative to -A- 60.5°.
FIG. 1 Compression Test Specimen Drawing, (SI with Tabs)

compressive strain, the compressive modulus of elasticity, so-called Celanese compression test fixture previously utilized
Poisson’s ratio in compression, and transition strain can be in this test method (1).9 Earlier versions of this test method
derived. containing full details of the Celanese test method, including
Test Method D 3410/D 3410M-95, are available.8 Another
5. Significance and Use fixture characteristic that can have a significant effect on test
5.1 This test method is designed to produce compressive results is the surface finish of the mating surfaces of the wedge
property data for material specifications, research and devel- grip assembly. Since these surfaces undergo sliding contact
opment, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. they must be polished, lubricated, and nick-free (11.5.1).
Factors that influence the compressive response and should
therefore be reported include the following: material, methods NOTE 2—An acceptable level of polish for the surface finish of wedge
of material preparation and layup, specimen stacking sequence, grip mating surfaces has been found to be one that ranges from 2 to 12
micro in. rms with a mean finish of 7 micro in. rms.
specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of
testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, 6.1.1 The specimen gripping faces of the wedge grips are
time at temperature, void content, and volume percent rein- typically roughened in some manner, as required for the
forcement. Properties, in the test direction, that may be particular application. Examples include serrated (7 to 8
obtained from this test method include: serrations/cm) or thermal-sprayed tungsten carbide particle
5.1.1 Ultimate compressive strength, (100 grit) grip faces (see also 8.3.3).
5.1.2 Ultimate compressive strain, 6.2 Test Method Sensitivity—Compression strength for a
5.1.3 Compressive (linear or chord) modulus of elasticity, single material system has been shown to differ when deter-
5.1.4 Poisson’s ratio in compression, and mined by different test methods. Such differences can be
5.1.5 Transition strain.
attributed to specimen alignment effects, specimen geometry
6. Interferences effects, and fixture effects even though efforts have been made
6.1 Test Fixture Characteristics—This test method trans-
mits force to the specimen via tapered rectangular wedge grips.
The rectangular wedge grip design is used to eliminate the 9
Boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this
wedge seating problems induced by the conical wedges of the test method.

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 D 3410/D 3410M – 03
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FIG. 2 Compression Test Specimen Drawing, (SI without Tabs)

to minimize these effects. Examples of differences in test found satisfactory include the following: fracturing a cured
results between various test methods can be found in Refs unidirectional laminate near one edge parallel to the fiber
(1,2). direction to establish the 0° direction, or laying in small
6.3 Material and Specimen Preparation—Compression filament count tows of contrasting color fiber (aramid in carbon
modulus, and especially ultimate compressive stress, are sen- laminates and carbon in aramid or glass laminates) parallel to
sitive to poor material fabrication practices, damage induced the 0° direction either as part of the prepreg production or as
by improper specimen machining, and lack of control of fiber part of panel fabrication.
alignment. Fiber alignment relative to the specimen coordinate 6.4 Tabbing and Tolerances—The data resulting from this
axis should be maintained as carefully as possible, although no test method has been shown to be sensitive to the flatness and
standard procedure to ensure this alignment exists. Procedures parallelism of the tabs, so care should be taken to ensure that

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 D 3410/D 3410M – 03

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Notes:
1. Drawing interpretation per ANSI Y14.5M-1982 and ANSI/ASME B46.1-1985.
2. See Section 8 and Table 2 and Table 3 of the test standard for values of required or recommended width, thickness, gage length, tab length, and overall length.
3. See test standard for values of material, ply orientation, use of tabs, tab material, tab angle and tab adhesive.
4. Ply orientation tolerance relative to -A- 60.5°.
FIG. 3 Compression Test Specimen Drawing, (Inch-Pound with Tabs)

the specimen tolerance requirements are met. This usually 7. Apparatus

requires precision grinding of the tab surfaces after bonding
7.1 Micrometers—The micrometer(s) shall use a suitable
them to the specimen.
size diameter ball interface on irregular surfaces such as the
6.5 Thickness and Gage Length Selection—The gage sec-
tion for this test method is unsupported, resulting in a tradeoff bag side of a laminate and a flat anvil interface on machined
in the selection of specimen gage length and the specimen edges or very smooth tooled surfaces. The accuracy of the
thickness. The gage length must be short enough to be free instruments shall be suitable for reading to within 1 % of the
from Euler (column) buckling, yet long enough to allow stress sample width and thickness. For typical specimen geometries,
decay to uniaxial compression and to minimize Poisson re- an instrument with an accuracy of 62.5 µm [60.0001 in.] is
straint effects as a result of the grips. Minimum thickness desirable for thickness measurement, while an instrument with
requirements are provided in 8.2.3. an accuracy of 625 µm [60.001 in.] is desirable for width
6.6 Gripping—A high percentage of grip-induced failures, measurement.
especially when combined with high material data scatter, is an 7.2 Compression Fixture:
indicator of specimen gripping problems. 7.2.1 Fixture—The fixture uses rectangular wedges and
6.7 System Alignment—Excessive bending will cause pre-
allows for variable width and thickness specimens. A sectional
mature failure, as well as highly inaccurate modulus of
schematic and photographs of the fixture are shown in Figs.
elasticity determination. Every effort should be made to elimi-
5-7. Each set of specimen wedge grips fits into a mating set of
nate bending from the test system. Bending may occur for the
following reasons: (1) misaligned (or out-of tolerance) grips or wedges that fits into the upper and lower wedge housing block
associated fixturing, (2) improper installation of specimen, or assemblies. By using wedges of different thicknesses, speci-
(3) poor specimen preparation. mens of varying thickness can be tested in this fixture. As
6.8 Edge Effects in Angle-Ply Laminates—Premature fail- indicated in Fig. 5, the wedge grips are sometimes provided
ures and lower stiffnesses are observed due to edge softening in with slots at the outer ends, to accommodate end bars. The ends
laminates containing off-axis plies. Because of this, the of the specimen can be butted against these bars during grip
strength and modulus for angle-ply laminates can be underes- screw tightening, to ensure that an equal length of specimen is
timated. For quasi-isotropic laminates and those containing gripped by each pair of wedge grips. These bars can be
even higher percentages of 0° plies, the effect is less. removed prior to the test, or remain in place to provide an

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 D 3410/D 3410M – 03

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Notes:
1. Drawing interpretation per ANSI Y14.5M-1982 and ANSI/ASME B46.1-1985.
2. See Section 8 and Table 2 and Table 3 of the test standard for values of required or recommended width, thickness, gage length, tab length, and overall length.
3. See test standard for values of material, ply orientation, use of tabs, tab material, tab angle and tab adhesive.
4. Ply orientation tolerance relative to -A- 60.5°.
FIG. 4 Compression Test Specimen Drawing, (Inch-Pound without Tabs)

(uncontrolled) degree of end-loading to the otherwise shear- 7.3.1 Testing Machine Heads—The testing machine shall
loaded specimen. These bars also promote equal movement of have two loading heads, with at least one movable along the
each of the wedges of a pair during specimen loading, thus testing axis.
reducing induced specimen bending. Typically, the upper 7.3.2 Fixture Attachment—Typically the upper portion of
wedge housing block assembly is attached to the upper the fixture is attached directly to the upper crosshead, and a flat
crosshead of the test machine while the lower wedge housing platen attached to the lower crosshead is used to support the
block assembly rests on a lower platen. lower portion of the fixture. The platen should be at least 20
7.2.2 Specimen Alignment Jig—Compression test results mm [0.75 in.] thick. The fixture may be coupled to the testing
generated by this test method are sensitive to the alignment of machine with a joint capable of eliminating angular restraint,
the specimen with respect to the longitudinal axis of the such as a hemispherical ball on the machine that fits into a
wedges in the test fixture. Specimen alignment can be accom- hemispherical recess.
plished by using an alignment jig or gage block that mechani- NOTE 3—The use of a joint capable of eliminating angular restraint,
cally holds the specimen captive outside the fixture housing such as a hemispherical ball, and the use of rigid, parallel crossheads
blocks (as shown in Fig. 8), or by using a custom jig or should both be considered for this test method (3). To determine the most
machinist’s square for a specimen inserted into wedge grips appropriate test configuration, a test fixture check-out procedure using
already in the fixture housing blocks. Alignment jigs and untabbed aluminum specimens with back-to-back strain gages can be
procedures other than those described are acceptable provided performed to determine the effect of attachment configuration on the
they perform the same function. accuracy and repeatability of test results.
7.3 Testing Machine—The testing machine shall be in 7.3.3 Drive Mechanism—The testing machine drive mecha-
conformance with Practices E 4, and shall satisfy the following nism shall be capable of imparting to the movable head a
requirements: controlled displacement rate with respect to the stationary

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 D 3410/D 3410M – 03

FIG. 7 Photograph of Compression Test Fixture

FIG. 5 Schematic of Compression Test Fixture

FIG. 6 Photograph of Compression Test Fixture

FIG. 8 Two Examples of Jigs for Specimen Alignment With
Wedge Grips Outside the Fixture Housing Blocks (for Other
Alignment Procedures see 7.2.2)
head. The displacement rate of the movable head shall be
capable of being regulated as specified in 11.3.
7.3.4 Force Indicator—The testing machine force-sensing the same test, such as when both elastic modulus and ultimate force are
device shall be capable of indicating the total force being being determined, place extreme requirements on the load cell and its
resisted by the test specimen. This device shall be essentially calibration. For some equipment, a special calibration may be required.
free from inertia-lag at the specified rate of testing and shall For some combinations of material and load cell, simultaneous precision
measurement of both elastic modulus and ultimate compressive stress may
indicate the force with an accuracy over the force range(s) of not be possible, and measurement of modulus and ultimate compresssive
interest of within 61 % of the indicated value, as specified by stresss may have to be performed in separate tests using a different load
Practices E 4. The force range(s) of interest may be fairly low cell range for each test.
for modulus evaluation or much higher for strength evaluation, 7.4 Strain-Indicating Device—Longitudinal strain shall be
or both, as required. simultaneously measured on opposite faces of the specimen to
NOTE 4—Obtaining precision force data over a large range of interest in allow for a correction as a result of any bending of the
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 D 3410/D 3410M – 03
specimen and to enable detection of Euler (column) buckling. ticularly important for a transversely mounted gage used to
Back-to-back strain measurement shall be made for all five determine Poisson’s ratio, as discussed in Note 15.
specimens when the minimum number of specimens allowed 7.4.2 Extensometers—Extensometers shall satisfy, at a
by this test method are tested. If more than five specimens are minimum, Practice E 83, Class B-2 requirements for the strain
to be tested, then a single strain-indicating device may be used range of interest, and shall be calibrated over that strain range
for the number of specimens greater than the five, provided the in accordance with Practice E 83. For extremely stiff materials,
total number of specimens are tested in a single test fixture that or for measurement of transverse strains, the fixed error
remains in the load frame throughout the tests (see Note 5), that allowed by Class B-2 extensometers may be too large. The
no modifications to the specimens or test procedure are made extensometer shall be essentially free of inertia lag at the
throughout the duration of the tests, and provided the bending specified speed of testing.
requirement of 11.9.1 is met for the first five specimens. If 7.5 Conditioning Chamber—When conditioning materials
these conditions are not met, then all specimens must be in other than ambient laboratory environments, a temperature-/
instrumented with back-to-back devices. When Poisson’s ratio moisture-level controlled environmental conditioning chamber
is to be determined, the specimen shall be instrumented to also is required that shall be capable of maintaining the required
measure strain in the lateral direction. Strain gages are recom- relative temperature to within 63°C [65°F] and the required
mended due to the short gage length of the specimen. Attach- relative vapor level to within 65 %. Chamber conditions shall

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ment of the strain-indicating device to the specimen shall not be monitored either on an automated continuous basis or on a
cause damage to the specimen surface. manual basis at regular intervals.
7.6 Environmental Test Chamber—An environmental test
NOTE 5—Portions of the test fixture may be removed from the loading
frame as required in Section 11. chamber is required for test environments other than ambient
testing laboratory conditions. This chamber shall be capable of
7.4.1 Bonded Resistance Strain Gages—Strain gage selec- maintaining the gage section of the test specimen within 63°C
tion is a compromise based on the procedure and the type of [65°F] of the required test temperature during the mechanical
material to be tested. Strain gages should have an active grid test. In addition, the chamber may have to be capable of
length of 3 mm [0.125 in.] or less (1.5 mm [0.063 in.] is maintaining environmental conditions such as fluid exposure or
preferable). Gage calibration certification shall comply with relative humidity during the test (see 11.4).
Test Methods E 251. When testing woven fabric laminates,
gage selection should consider the use of an active gage length 8. Sampling and Test Specimens
which is at least as great as the characteristic repeating unit of 8.1 Sampling—Test at least five specimens per test condi-
the weave. Some guidelines on the use of strain gages on tion unless valid results can be gained through the use of fewer
composites are presented below with a general discussion on specimens, such as in the case of a designed experiment. For
the subject in Refs (4,5). statistically significant data, the procedures outlined in Practice
7.4.1.1 Surface preparation of fiber-reinforced composites E 122 should be consulted. The method of sampling shall be
in accordance with Practice E 1237 can penetrate the matrix reported.
material and cause damage to the reinforcing fibers, resulting
NOTE 6—If specimens are to undergo environmental conditioning to
in improper specimen failures. Reinforcing fibers shall not be equilibrium, and are of such type or geometry that the weight change of
exposed or damaged during the surface preparation process. the material cannot be properly measured by weighing the specimen itself
Consult the strain gage manufacturer regarding surface prepa- (such as a tabbed mechanical specimen), then a traveler of the same
ration guidelines and recommended bonding agents for com- nominal thickness and appropriate size (but without tabs) shall be used to
posites. determine when equilibrium has been reached for the specimens being
7.4.1.2 Select gages having large resistances to reduce conditioned.
heating effects on low-conductivity materials. Resistances of 8.2 Geometry—The test specimen shall have a constant
350 ohms or higher are preferred. Use the minimum possible rectangular cross section with a specimen width variation of no
gage excitation voltage consistent with the desired accuracy (1 more than 61 % and a specimen thickness variation of no
to 2 V is recommended) to further reduce the power consumed more than 62 %. Specimen geometry requirements are listed
by the gage. Heating of the specimen by the gage may affect in Table 1, and specimen geometry recommendations are listed
the performance of the material directly, or it may affect the in Table 2. Dimensionally-toleranced specimen drawings for
indicated strain due to a difference between the gage tempera- both tabbed and untabbed forms are shown as examples in
ture compensation factor and the coefficient of thermal expan- Figs. 1 and 2 (SI version) and Figs. 3 and 4 (inch-pound
ion of the specimen material. version). Both the specimen width and thickness shall contain
7.4.1.3 Temperature compensation is recommended when a sufficient number of fibers or yarns to be statistically
testing at Standard Laboratory Atmosphere. Temperature com- representative of the bulk material, or the material shall not be
pensation is required when testing in non-ambient temperature tested using this test method.
environments. When appropriate, use a traveler specimen 8.2.1 Specimen Width—The nominal specimen width shall
(dummy calibration specimen) with identical layup and strain be as recommended in Table 2.
gage orientations for thermal strain compensation. 8.2.2 Specimen Thickness—Specimen thickness, gage
7.4.1.4 Consider the transverse sensitivity of the selected length, and width are related by Eq 1. The lower the expected
strain gage. Consult the strain gage manufacturer for recom- modulus and the higher the expected ultimate compressive
mendations on transverse sensitivity corrections. This is par- stress, the greater the specimen thickness must be in order to

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 D 3410/D 3410M – 03
TABLE 1 Compression Specimen Geometry Requirements increase with increasing specimen thickness and increasing
(Unless Otherwise Noted) Ex/Gxz ratio (6). For a typical carbon/epoxy specimen
Parameter Requirement (Ex = 138.6 GPa [20.1 Msi], Gxz = 4.6 GPa [0.67 Msi], h = 2.4
Specimen Requirements: mm [0.05 in.]), a uniform uniaxial compression stress state was
shape constant rectangular cross section achieved in 2.4 mm [0.094 in.]. This result shows a gage length
overall specimen length as neededA
specimen gage length as neededA of 12 mm [0.5 in.] is sufficient to allow stress decay for this
specimen width as neededA material. Reference (4), also presents data suggesting admis-
specimen thickness see Table 3
sible stress decay for a 12-mm [0.5-in.] gage length for both
specimen width tolerance 61 % of width
specimen thickness tolerance 62 % of thickness unidirectional boron- and glass-reinforced epoxy. For matrix
Tab Requirements (if used): materials that result in a composite with a high Ex/Gxz ratio
specimen thickness variation at 61 % of thickness
tabbed ends
(such as glass/PTFE, Ex/Gxz = 406) this gage length is not long
A
enough to allow admissible stress decay. The insensitivity of
See Table 2 for recommendations
the shear-loaded type of test specimen to gage length below the

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critical buckling length has also been shown experimentally in
prevent Euler (column) buckling in the test section. A conser- Ref (8). Recommended specimen gage length is 12 to 25 mm
vative assumption of pinned-end conditions for column buck- [0.5 to 1.0 in.] to balance the competing requirements of stress
ling was used in Eq 1 to compensate for beam-column effects decay length and Euler buckling length. For gage lengths
produced by the bending moments induced by specimen and longer than 25 mm [1.0 in.], the required specimen thickness
fixture tolerances. The requirement for the use of back-to-back (8.2.3 and Table 3) may become unreasonable for typical
strain measurements (7.4) provides the final assessment of fixturing. A tab length of 64 mm [2.5 in.] and resulting overall
specimen stability and quality of test results. Table 3 shows lengths of 140 to 155 mm [5.5 to 6.0 in.] are recommended.
calculations for minimum specimen thickness as a function of 8.3 Use of Tabs—Tabs are not required. The key factor in
expected modulus and ultimate compressive stress in the the selection of specimen tolerances and gripping methods is
direction of force application for gage lengths of 12, 20, and 25 the successful introduction of force into the specimen and the
mm [0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 in.] using an assumed value of Gxz of 4 prevention of premature failure due to a significant disconti-
GPa [600 000 psi] (Gxz can be determined using Test Method nuity. Therefore the need to use tabs, and specification of the
D 5379/D 5379M). major tab design parameters, shall be determined by the end
lg result: acceptable failure mode and location. If acceptable

ŒS DS D
h$ (1)
1.2Fcu Ec failure modes occur with reasonable frequency (>50 % of the
0.9069 1– G tests) then there is no reason to change a given gripping method
xz Fcu
(see 11.10).
where: 8.3.1 Tabs bonded to the specimen are recommended when
Ec = longitudinal modulus of elasticity, MPa [psi], testing unidirectional materials in the fiber direction. However
Fcu = ultimate compressive stress, MPa [psi], unidirectional [90]n materials, [0i/90j]ns or [90i/0j]ns laminates
Gxz = through-thickness shear modulus, MPa [psi], (when j $ i) and fabric-based materials can often be success-
h = specimen thickness, mm [in.], and
fully tested without tabs.
lg = length of gage section, 13 mm [0.50 in.].
8.3.2 Tab Geometry—The typical tab configuration is
NOTE 7—The conservative assumption of pinned-end conditions for shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 3. A tab bevel angle of 90° (untapered,
column buckling in Eq 1 is based on linear elastic material response. The as shown) is recommended. Tab thickness may vary, but is
shear response of commonly used composites is highly nonlinear, and
inelastic buckling calculations even for clamped-end conditions may not
commonly 1.5 mm [0.06 in.]. The selection of a tab configu-
always yield higher buckling loads than for the elastic pinned-end ration that can successfully produce a gage section compres-
condition. The use of back-to-back gages ensures that the thickness sion failure is dependent upon the specimen material, specimen
selected based on Eq 1 is sufficient to prevent column buckling. Back-to- ply orientation, and the type of grips being used. For alignment
back strain measurements will also indicate any secondary bending effects purposes, it is essential that the tabs be of matched thicknesses
because of imperfections. and the tab surfaces be parallel.
8.2.3 Overall Specimen Length and Gage Length—The 8.3.3 Friction Tabs—Tabs need not always be bonded to the
overall specimen length and gage length shall be determined by material under test to be effective in introducing the force into
the tab length and gage length chosen for the specimen. These the specimen. Friction tabs, essentially nonbonded tabs held in
requirements are listed in Table 1 and also shown in Figs. 1 and place by the pressure of the grip, and often used with emery
2. The choice of specimen gage length is a trade-off between a cloth or some other light abrasive between the tab and the
length short enough to be free from Euler (column) buckling, coupon, have been successfully employed in some applica-
yet long enough to both allow stress decay to uniform uniaxial tions. In specific cases, lightly serrated wedge grips have been
compression and minimize Poisson restraint effects due to the successfully used with only emery cloth as the interface
grips (6,7). The distance required for admissible stress decay in between the grip and the coupon. However, the abrasive used
a shear-loaded compression specimen has been shown to must be able to withstand significant compressive forces. Some

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TABLE 2 Compression Specimen Geometry Recommendations
Fiber Orientation Width, mm [in.] Gage Length, mm [in.] Tab Length, mm [in.] Overall Length, mm [in.] Tab Thickness, mm [in.]
0°, unidirectional 10 [0.5] 10–25 [0.5–1.0] 65 [2.5] 140–155 [5.5–6.0] 1.5 [0.06]
90°, unidirectional 25 [1.0] 10–25 [0.5–1.0] 65 [2.5] 140–155 [5.5–6.0] 1.5 [0.06]
Specially orthotropic 25 [1.0] 10–25 [0.5–1.0] 65 [2.5] 140–155 [5.5–6.0] 1.5 [0.06]

TABLE 3 Minimum Required Specimen Thickness (mm [in.])

Minimum Required Thickness (mm [in.]) for 10-mm [0.5-in.] Gage Length

Longitudinal Modulus, Expected Compression Strength, Fcu, MPa [ksi]

GPa [Msi] 300 [50] 600 [100] 900 [150] 1200 [200] 1500 [250] 1800 [300]
25 [5] 1.27 [0.058] 1.89 [0.087] 2.45 [0.114] 3.02 [0.142] 3.64 [0.174] 4.36 [0.214]
50 [7] 1.00 [0.049] 1.33 [0.074] 1.73 [0.096] 2.14 [0.120] 2.58 [0.147] 3.08 [0.180]
75 [10] 1.00 [0.041] 1.09 [0.062] 1.41 [0.081] 1.74 [0.101] 2.10 [0.123] 2.52 [0.151]
100 [15] 1.00 [0.040] 1.00 [0.050] 1.22 [0.066] 1.51 [0.082] 1.82 [0.101] 2.18 [0.123]
200 [20] 1.00 [0.040] 1.00 [0.044] 1.00 [0.057] 1.07 [0.071] 1.29 [0.087] 1.54 [0.107]
300 [30] 1.00 [0.040] 1.00 [0.040] 1.00 [0.047] 1.00 [0.058] 1.05 [0.071] 1.26 [0.087]
400 [50] 1.00 [0.040] 1.00 [0.040] 1.00 [0.040] 1.00 [0.045] 1.00 [0.055] 1.09 [0.068]
500 [70] 1.00 [0.040] 1.00 [0.040] 1.00 [0.040] 1.00 [0.040] 1.00 [0.047] 1.00 [0.057]
Minimum Required Thickness (mm [in.]) for 20-mm [0.75-in.] Gage Length

Longitudinal Modulus, Expected Compression Strength, Fcu, MPa [ksi]

GPa [Msi] 300 [50] 600 [100] 900 [150] 1200 [200] 1500 [250] 1800 [300]
25 [5] 2.53 [0.087] 3.77 [0.131] 4.90 [0.171] 6.04 [0.214] 7.28 [0.262] 8.72 [0.320]
50 [7] 1.79 [0.074] 2.67 [0.111] 3.46 [0.145] 4.27 [0.180] 5.15 [0.221] 6.17 [0.271]
75 [10] 1.46 [0.062] 2.18 [0.092] 2.83 [0.121] 3.49 [0.151] 4.21 [0.185] 5.04 [0.226]
100 [15] 1.27 [0.050] 1.89 [0.075] 2.45 [0.099] 3.02 [0.123] 3.64 [0.151] 4.36 [0.185]
200 [20] 1.00 [0.044] 1.33 [0.065] 1.73 [0.086] 2.14 [0.107] 2.58 [0.131] 3.08 [0.160]
300 [30] 1.00 [0.040] 1.09 [0.053] 1.41 [0.070] 1.74 [0.087] 2.10 [0.107] 2.52 [0.131]
400 [50] 1.00 [0.040] 1.00 [0.041] 1.22 [0.054] 1.51 [0.068] 1.82 [0.083] 2.18 [0.101]
500 [70] 1.00 [0.040] 1.00 [0.040] 1.10 [0.046] 1.35 [0.057] 1.63 [0.070] 1.95 [0.086]
Minimum Required Thickness (mm [in.]) for 25-mm [1.0-in.] Gage Length.

Longitudinal Modulus, Expected Compression Strength, Fcu, MPa [ksi]

GPa [Msi] 300 [50] 600 [100] 900 [150] 1200 [200] 1500 [250] 1800 [300]
25 [5] 3.17 [0.116] 4.72 [0.174] 6.12 [0.228] 7.55 [0.285] 9.10 [0.349] 10.91 [0.427]

--`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
50 [7] 2.24 [0.098] 3.33 [0.147] 4.33 [0.193] 5.34 [0.241] 6.44 [0.295] 7.71 [0.361]
75 [10] 1.83 [0.082] 2.72 [0.123] 3.53 [0.161] 4.36 [0.201] 5.26 [0.247] 6.30 [0.302]
100 [15] 1.58 [0.067] 2.36 [0.101] 3.06 [0.132] 3.77 [0.164] 4.55 [0.201] 5.45 [0.247]
200 [20] 1.12 [0.058] 1.67 [0.087] 2.16 [0.114] 2.67 [0.142] 3.22 [0.174] 3.86 [0.214]
300 [30] 1.00 [0.047] 1.36 [0.071] 1.77 [0.093] 2.18 [0.116] 2.63 [0.142] 3.15 [0.174]
400 [50] 1.00 [0.040] 1.18 [0.055] 1.53 [0.072] 1.89 [0.090] 2.28 [0.110] 2.73 [0.135]
500 [70] 1.00 [0.040] 1.05 [0.047] 1.37 [0.061] 1.69 [0.076] 2.04 [0.093] 2.44 [0.114]

types of emery cloth have been found ineffective in this be used when bonding tabs to the material under test. A
application due to disintegration of the abrasive.10 An alterna- bondline of uniform thickness is required to minimize induced
tive is to use grip surfaces thermal-sprayed with tungsten bending during the test.
carbide particles (9). 8.4 Specimen Preparation:
8.3.4 Tab Material—When tabs are used, the most com- 8.4.1 Panel Fabrication—Control of fiber alignment is
monly used materials are steel and continuous E-glass fiber- important. Improper fiber alignment will reduce the measured
reinforced polymer matrix materials (woven or unwoven), in a
properties. Erratic fiber alignment will also increase the coef-
[0/90]ns laminate configuration. Tabs bonded to the specimen
ficient of variation. Suggested methods of maintaining fiber
are recommended for unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced
alignment are discussed in Section 6. The panel preparation
composites that are to be tested in the fiber direction. Both steel
method used shall be reported.
and E-glass fabric tabs have been shown to produce satisfac-
tory results for unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced compos- 8.4.2 Machining Methods—Specimen preparation is ex-
ites (10). tremely important. The specimens may be molded individually
8.3.5 Adhesive Material—Any high-elongation (tough) ad- to avoid edge and cutting effects or they may be cut from
hesive system that meets the environmental requirements may panels. If they are cut from panels, precautions shall be taken
to avoid notches, undercuts, rough or uneven surfaces, or
delaminations caused by inappropriate machining methods.
10 Final dimensions should be obtained by precision sawing,
E-Z Flex Metalite K224 cloth, grit 120-J, or 120 grit D Burtie abrasive screen,
both available from Norton Co., Troy, NY 12181, have been found satisfactory in milling, or grinding. Mold or machine edges flat and parallel
this application. Other equivalent types of abrasive should be suitable. within the specified tolerances.

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 D 3410/D 3410M – 03
8.4.3 Labeling—Label the specimens so that they will be and report the area as the average of these three determinations
distinct from each other and traceable back to the raw material, to the accuracy in 7.1. Record the average area in units of
and in a manner that will both be unaffected by the test and not mm2 (in.2).
influence the test. 11.2.5 Apply strain gages (or extensometers) to both faces
of the specimen (see 7.4) as shown in Figs. 1-4.
9. Calibration 11.3 Loading Rate—It is desired to maintain a constant
9.1 The accuracy of all measuring equipment shall have strain rate in the gage section. If strain control is not available
certified calibrations that are current at the time of use of the on the testing machine, this may be approximated by repeated
equipment. monitoring and adjusting of the rate of force application to
maintain a nearly constant strain rate, as measured by strain
10. Conditioning transducer response versus time. Select the strain rate so as to
produce failure within 1 to 10 min from the beginning of force
10.1 Standard Conditioning Procedure—Condition in ac-
application. If the ultimate strain of the material cannot be
cordance with Procedure C of Test Method D 5229/D 5229M;
reasonably estimated, conduct initial trials using standard
store and test at standard laboratory atmosphere (23 6 3°C [73
crosshead speeds until the ultimate strain of the material and
6 5°F] and 50 6 10 % relative humidity) unless a different
the compliance of the system are known, and the strain rate can
environment is specified as part of the experiment.
be adjusted. The suggested standard rates are:
11.3.1 Strain-Controlled Tests—A standard strain rate of
11. Procedure
0.01 min−1.
11.1 Parameters To Be Specified Before Test: 11.3.2 Constant Head-Speed Tests—A standard crosshead
11.1.1 The compression specimen sampling method, speci- displacement of 1.5 mm/min [0.05 in./min].
men type and geometry, and if required, conditioning travelers.
11.1.2 The compressive properties and data reporting for- NOTE 10—Use of wedge grips can cause extreme compliance in the
system, especially when using compliant tab materials. In some such
mat desired. cases, actual strain rates 10 to 50 times lower than estimated by crosshead
NOTE 8—Determine specific material property, accuracy, and data speeds have been observed.
reporting requirements prior to test for proper selection of instrumentation
11.4 Test Environment—Condition the specimen to the de-
and data recording equipment. Estimate operating stress and strain levels
to aid in transducer selection, calibration of equipment, and determination sired moisture profile and, if possible, test under the same
of equipment settings. conditioning fluid exposure level. However, cases such as
elevated temperature testing of a moist specimen place unre-
11.1.3 The environmental conditioning test parameters. alistic requirements on the capabilities of common testing
11.1.4 If performed, the sampling method, specimen geom- machine environmental chambers. In such cases testing at
etry, and test parameters used to determine density and elevated temperature with no fluid exposure control may be
reinforcement volume. necessary, and moisture loss during mechanical testing may
11.2 General Instructions: occur. Reducing exposure time in the test chamber can mini-
11.2.1 Report any deviations from this test method, whether mize this loss, although care should be taken to ensure that the
intentional or inadvertent. specimen temperature is at equilibrium. This loss may be
11.2.2 If specific gravity, density, reinforcement volume, or further minimized by increasing the relative humidity in an
void volume are to be reported, then obtain these samples from uncontrolled chamber by hanging wet, coarse fabric inside the
the same panels as the test samples. Specific gravity and chamber, and keeping it moist with a drip bottle placed outside
density may be evaluated by means of Test Methods D 792. the chamber. In addition, fixtures may be preheated, tempera-
Volume percent of the constituents may be evaluated by one of ture may be ramped up quickly, and hold time at temperature
the matrix digestion procedures of Test Methods D 3171, or, may be minimized before testing. Environmentally conditioned
for certain reinforcement materials such as glass and ceramics, travelers may be used to measure moisture loss during expo-
by the matrix burn-off technique of Test Method D 2584. Void sure to the test environment. Weigh a traveler before testing
content may be evaluated from the equations of Test Method and place it in the test chamber at the same time as the
D 2734 and are applicable to both Test Methods D 2584 and specimen. Remove the traveler immediately after fracture and
D 3171. reweigh it to determine moisture loss. Record modifications to
11.2.3 Condition the specimens, either before or after strain the test environment.
gaging, as required. Condition travelers if to be used. 11.4.1 Store the specimen in the conditioned environment
NOTE 9—Gaging before conditioning may impede moisture absorption until test time, if the testing area environment is different than
locally underneath the strain gage or the conditioning environment may the conditioning environment.
degrade the strain gage adhesive, or both. On the other hand, gaging after 11.4.2 Monitor test temperature by placing an appropriate
conditioning may not be possible for other reasons, or the gaging activity thermocouple within 25 mm [1.0 in.] of the specimen gage
itself may cause loss of conditioning equilibrium. When to gage speci- section. Maintain the temperature of the specimen, and the
mens is left to the individual application and shall be reported.
traveler, if one is being used for thermal strain compensation or
11.2.4 Following final specimen machining and any condi- moisture loss evaluation, within 63°C [65°F] of the required
tioning, but before the compression testing, determine the condition. Taping thermocouple(s) to the test specimen (and
specimen area as A = w 3 h at three places in the gage section the traveler) is an effective measurement method.
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11.5 Fixture Installation: 11.6.5 Manually close the upper grips to check specimen
vertical displacement. As with the lower grips, when the upper
NOTE 11—The following procedure is intended for vertical testing
machines.
grips are closed onto the specimen the entire grip length should
be in contact with the wedge grip faces. If necessary, adjust the
11.5.1 Ensure that the sliding surfaces of the fixture wedges, head position and repeat 11.6.5.
guide rods, and bearings are flat (wedges), polished, lubricated, 11.6.6 Keeping the grips closed onto the specimen, slowly
and nick- and corrosion-free. close the distance between the housing blocks by moving the
11.5.2 Inspect the parallelism of the platens and the condi- crosshead while watching the force indicator. Stop the cross-
tion of the mating surfaces of the wedge housing blocks. head when the specimen begins to take a compressive force.
Correct if needed. The application of a small amount of initial compressive force,
11.5.3 Place the lower wedge housing block on the lower followed by immediate removal, may be helpful in seating the
platen. Attach the upper wedge housing block to the upper fixture grips before the test. This preload should be kept to a
crosshead or insert it into the upper wedge housing holding minimum, in no case more than 5 % of the ultimate force for
fixture, centered over the lower wedge housing block. While the material, and use of the technique shall be recorded in the
the load cell may be connected to either crosshead as required, test results.
the entire assembly must be centered on the line of action of 11.7 Transducer Installation—If the strain transducer(s)
applied force. other than strain gages are to be used, attach them to the
11.5.4 Move a crosshead to close the distance between the specimen at the mid-span, mid-width location. Attach the strain
two housing blocks while guiding the bearing guide rods into recording instrumentation to the strain gages or other transduc-
the mating bearing of the companion housing block. The lower er(s) on the specimen. Remove any remaining preload and zero
housing block can be fitted with guide rods long enough to the transducer(s).
allow the rods to remain in the bearings while the wedge/ 11.8 Loading—Apply the force to the fixture at the specified
specimen assembly is loading into and out of the housing rate until failure while recording data.
blocks. 11.9 Data Recording—Record force versus strain (or dis-
11.6 Specimen/Insertion: placement) continuously or at frequent regular intervals. If a
11.6.1 If necessary, move the testing machine crosshead to transition region or initial ply failures are noted, record the
open the distance between the two housing blocks so that both force, strain, and mode of damage at such points. If the
upper and lower wedge grip assemblies may be accessed. specimen is to be failed, record the maximum force, the failure
11.6.2 If specimen alignment is to be performed with the force, and the strain (or transducer displacement) at, or as near
grip/specimen assembly outside the fixture housing blocks (see as possible to, the moment of failure.
7.2.2), perform this procedure. Place the completed grip/ NOTE 13—Other valuable data that can be useful in understanding
specimen assembly into the lower housing block and close the testing anomalies and gripping or specimen slipping problems include
distance between the housing blocks as described in 11.6.6. force versus crosshead displacement data and force versus time data.

NOTE 12—The ends of the wedge grips should be even with each other 11.9.1 A difference in the stress-strain or force-strain slope
following insertion into the housing blocks to avoid inducing a bending from opposite faces of the specimen indicates bending in the
moment that results in premature failure of the specimen at the grips. specimen. For the elastic property test results to be considered
When using an untabbed specimen, a folded strip of medium-grade valid, percent bending in the specimen shall be less than 10 %
abrasive cloth between the specimen faces and the grip jaws (grit side as determined by Eq 2. Determine percent bending at the
toward specimen) may provide a non-slip grip on the specimen without midpoint of the strain range used for chord modulus calcula-
jaw serration damage to the surface of the specimen. When using tabbed
specimens, insert the specimen so that the grip jaws grip the entire length
tions (Table 4). The same requirement shall be met at failure
of the tab. strain for the strength and strain-to-failure data to be consid-
ered valid. This requirement shall be met for all five of the
11.6.3 If the specimen is to be aligned with the wedge grips specimens requiring back-to-back strain measurement. If pos-
in the fixture housing blocks, raise the lower jaws within the sible, a plot of percent bending versus average strain should be
lower housing assembly so that grip-faces open to allow recorded to aid in the determination of failure mode.
--`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

specimen insertion. Place the specimen between the grips such

that the entire grip length will contact the grip faces when
closed. Center the specimen from side to side (see 7.2.2) and TABLE 4 Specimen Alignment and Chord Modulus Calculation
then lower the grips, lightly clamping the specimen. Arrange Strain Ranges
any pre-attached transducer lead-wires as required. Longitudinal Strain Range for Chord
Longitudinal Strain
11.6.4 If necessary, free the upper wedge grips so that they Modulus Calculation
Checkpoint for Bending, µe
Start Point, µe End Point, µe
are in the fully open position. Moving the crosshead, close the 1000 A
3000 2000
distance between the housing blocks and guide the upper end A
This strain range was specified to represent the lower half of the stress/strain
of the specimen into the opening between the upper wedge curve. For materials that fail below 6000 µe, a strain range of 25 to 50 % of ultimate
grips. Stop the head and zero the force on the testing machine. is recommended.

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 D 3410/D 3410M – 03
e 1 2 e2 each of the appropriate failure-mode codes between the paren-
By 5 Percent Bending 5 e 1 e 3 100 (2)
1 2 theses of the M failure mode. For example, a typical gage-
section compression failure for a [90/0]ns laminate having
where:
By = percent bending in specimen, elements of h Angled, hKink-banding, and longitudinal hSplitting
e1 = indicated strain from Gage 1, in the middle of the gage section would have a failure mode
e2 = indicated strain from Gage 2, and code of M(AKS)GM. Examples of overall visual specimen
eave = average longitudinal strain (e1 + e2)/2 at the data failures and associated Failure Identification Codes (four
point closest to the strain checkpoint for bending. acceptable and four unacceptable) are shown in Fig. 9.
11.9.2 Rapid divergence of the strain readings on the 11.10.1 Acceptable Failure Modes—The first character of
opposite faces of the specimen, or rapid increase in percent the Failure Identification Code describes the failure mode. All
bending, is indicative of the onset of Euler (column) buckling, of the failure modes in the “First Character” Table of Fig. 9 are
which is not an acceptable compression failure mode for this acceptable with the exception of end-crushing or Euler buck-
test method. Record any indication of Euler buckling. ling. An Euler buckling failure mode cannot be determined by
11.10 Failure Identification Codes—Record the mode, area, visual inspection of the specimen during or after the test,
and location of failure for each specimen. Choose a standard therefore it must be determined through inspection of the
failure identification code based on the three-part code shown stress-strain or force-strain curves when back-to-back strain
in Fig. 9. A multimode failure can be described by including indicating devices are used (see 7.4).

FIG. 9 Compression Test Specimen Three-Part Failure Identification Codes and Overall Specimen Failure Schematics
--`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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11.10.2 Acceptable Failure Area—The most desirable fail- chord modulus of elasticity to three significant figures. Also
ure area is the middle of the gage section since the gripping/ report the strain range used in the calculation. A graphical
tabbing influence is minimal in this region. Because of the example of chord modulus is shown in Fig. 10.
short gage length of the specimens in this test method, it is very 12.3.1.1 The recommended strain ranges should only be
likely that the failure location will be near the grip/tab used for materials that do not exhibit a transition region (a
termination region of the gage section. Although not as significant change in the slope of the stress-strain curve) within
desirable as the middle of the gage section, this is an acceptable the recommended strain range. If a transition region occurs
failure area. If a significant fraction (>50 %) of the failures in within the recommended strain range, then a more suitable
a sample population occurs at the grip or tab interface, strain range should be used and reported.
reexamine the means of force introduction into the specimen.
Echord 5 Ds/De (7)
Factors considered should include the tab alignment, tab
material, tab adhesive, grip type, grip pressure, and grip where:
alignment. Any failure that occurs inside the grip/tab portion of Echord = chord modulus of elasticity, MPa [psi],
the specimen is unacceptable. Ds = difference in applied compressive stress between
the two strain points of Table 4, MPa [psi], and
12. Calculation De
--`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

= difference in the average compressive strain be-

12.1 Compressive Stress/Ultimate Compressive Stress— tween the two strain points of Table 4 (use
Calculate the ultimate compression strength using Eq 3 and absolute strain, not microstrain, nominally
report the results to three significant figures. If the compressive 0.002).
modulus is to be calculated, determine the compressive stress 12.3.2 Compressive Modulus of Elasticity (Other
at each required data point using Eq 4. Definitions)—Other definitions of elastic modulus may be
Fcu 5 Pmax/A (3)
evaluated and reported at the user’s discretion. If such data are
generated and reported, report also the definitions used, the
sci 5 Pi/A (4) strain range used, and the results to three significant figures.
where: Test Method E 111 provides additional guidance in the deter-
Fcu = compressive strength, MPa [psi], mination of Modulus of Elasticity.
Pmax = maximum force before failure, N [lbf], NOTE 14—An example of another modulus definition is the secondary
Pi = force at ith data point, N [lbf], chord modulus of elasticity for materials that exhibit essentially bilinear
A = cross-sectional area at test section, mm2[in.2], and stress-strain behavior. An example of secondary chord modulus is shown
sic = compressive stress as the ith data point, MPa [psi]. in Fig. 10.
12.4 Compressive Poisson’s Ratio:
12.2 Compressive Strain and Ultimate Compression
Strain—If compressive modulus or ultimate compressive strain NOTE 15—If bonded resistance strain gages are being used, the error
is to be calculated, determine the average compressive strain at produced by the transverse sensitivity effect on the transverse gage will
each required data point using Eq 5 and 6, respectively, and generally be much larger for composites than for metals. An accurate
measurement of Poisson’s ratio requires correction for this effect. Contact
report the results to three significant figures. the strain gage manufacturer for information on the use of correction
eli 1 e2i factors for transverse sensitivity.
eci 5 2 (5)
12.4.1 Compressive Poisson’s Ratio By Chord Method—
cu ecu cu
1 1 e2 Select the appropriate Poisson’s ratio strain range from Table 4.
e 5 2 (6)
Determine (by plotting or otherwise) the transverse strain
where: (strain in the plane of the specimen and perpendicular to the
eic = average compressive strain at ith data point, µe, applied force), et, at each of the two longitudinal strain range
eli = gage-1 compressive strain at ith data point, µe, endpoints (measured parallel to the applied force), el. If data
e2i = gage-2 compressive strain at ith data point, µe, are not available at the exact strain range endpoints (as often
ecu = average ultimate compressive strain, µe. occurs with digital data), use the closest available data point.
e1cu = gage-1 ultimate compressive strain, µe, and Calculate Poisson’s ratio in the appropriate strain range by Eq
e2cu = gage-2 ultimate compressive strain, µe. 8 and report to three significant figures.
12.3 Compressive Modulus of Elasticity: 12.4.1.1 When determining Poisson’s ratio, match the trans-
12.3.1 Compressive Chord Modulus of Elasticity—Select verse strain with the appropriate longitudinal strain. For
the appropriate chord modulus strain range from Table 4. instance, match output from a single transverse strain gage
Calculate the compressive chord modulus of elasticity from the with the output from the single longitudinal gage mounted in
stress-strain data using Eq 7. If data are not available at the an adjacent location on the same side of the specimen. If
exact strain range end points (as often occurs with digital data), back-to-back transverse gages are used, average their output
use the closest available data point. Report the compressive and compare to the average longitudinal strain.

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FIG. 10 Typical Compression Stress-Strain Curves

nc 5 Det/Del (8) they intersect. Determine to three significant figures the longi-
tudinal strain that corresponds to the intersection point and
where: record this value as the transition strain. Report also the
nc = Poisson’s ratio,
method of linear fit (if used) and the strain ranges over which
Det = difference in transverse strain occurring between the
two longitudinal strain points, and the linear fit or chord lines were determined. A graphical
Del = difference in longitudinal compressive strain occur- example of transition strain is shown in Fig. 10.
ring between the two strain points of Table 4 (use 12.6 Statistics—For each series of tests calculate the aver-
absolute strain, not microstrain, nominally either age value, standard deviation and coefficient of variation (in
0.001, 0.002, or 0.005). percent) for each property determined.
12.4.2 Compressive Poisson’s Ratio (Other Definitions)— 1 n
Other definitions of Poisson’s ratio may be evaluated and x̄ 5 n ~ ( xi !
i51
(9)

Œ
reported at the user’s discretion. If such data are generated and
n
reported, report also the definitions used, the strain range used,
~ ( ~xi 2 x̄!2!
and the results to three significant figures. Test Method E 132 i51
sn21 5 (10)
provides additional guidance in the determination of Poisson’s ~n 2 1!
ratio. CV 5 100 3 sn 2 1/ x̄ (11)
12.5 Transition Strain—Where applicable, determine the
transition strain from either the bilinear longitudinal stress where:
versus longitudinal strain curve or the bilinear transverse strain x̄ = sample mean (average),
versus longitudinal strain curve. Create a best linear fit or chord sn−1 = sample standard deviation,
CV = sample coefficient of variation, in %,
line for each of the two linear regions and extend the lines until

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n = number of specimens, and 13.1.2.2 Measured values will be reported for Fields M4
xi = measured or derived property. and M6. Nominal values are acceptable for Fields M7-M9.
13.1.2.3 The failure identification code will be reported in
13. Report Fields P15 and R64. The failure location is optional in Fields
P14 and R63 since the failure identification code includes this
13.1 The information reported for this test method includes
information.
material identification and mechanical testing data. These data
13.1.2.4 “Transition strain” is the progress damage param-
shall be reported in accordance with Guides E 1309 and
eter recorded in Fields P58 and R60. Values of the transition
E 1471. Each data item discussed is identified as belonging to
strain are considered essential for test validity in Fields P59,
one of the following categories: (ET) Essential for Test
R61, and R62.
validity, (RT) Recommended for Test validity, (EM) Essential
13.1.2.5 Statistical parameters for specimen dimensions and
for Material traceability, or (O) Optional. The following
bending strain are optional. These include Fields R1-R9 and
information applies to the use of these documents for reporting
R33. The testing summary sub-block is also optional (Fields
data:
R14-R18).
13.1.1 Guide E 1309 Identification of Composite Materials
in Computerized Material Property Databases: 14. Precision and Bias
13.1.1.1 The consolidation method should be reported as the 14.1 Precision—The precision, defined as the degree of
process stage type in Field F8. mutual agreement between individual measurements, cannot
13.1.1.2 The nominal cure cycle is essential for valid yet be estimated because of an insufficient amount of data.
material traceability in one set of process stage conditions in Round-robin data are available in ASTM STP 808(2).
Fields F9-F18. The actual cure cycle is recommended in a 14.2 Bias—Bias cannot be determined for this test method
second set of process stage conditions in Fields F9-F18. as no acceptable reference standard exists.
13.1.2 Guide E 1434 Development of Standard Data
Records for Computerization of Mechanical Test Data for 15. Keywords
High-Modulus Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials: 15.1 composite materials; compressive modulus of elastic-
13.1.2.1 The response for Field H6, Type of Test, is “Com- ity; compressive properties; compressive strength; Poisson’s
pression.” ratio

REFERENCES

(1) Hofer, K. E., and Rao, P. N., “A New Static Compression Fixture for IITRI Compression Test Method for Stiffness and Strength Determi-
Advanced Composite Materials,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, nation,” Composites Science and Technology, 1989, 32(1):pp. 57–76.
1977, 5(4). (7) Tan, S. C., “Stress Analysis and the Testing of Celanese and IITRI
(2) Adsit, N. R., “Compression Testing of Graphite/Epoxy,” Compression Compression Specimens,” Composites Science and Technology, Vol
Testing of Homogeneous Materials and Composites, ASTM STP 808, 44, 1992, pp. 57-70.
Chait and Papirno, Ed., ASTM, 1983, pp. 175–186.
(8) Adams, D. F., and Lewis, E. Q., “Influence of Specimen Gage Length
(3) Wegner, P. M., and Adams, D. F., “Verification of the Combined
and Loading Method on the Axial Compression Strength of a Unidi-
Loading Compression Test Method,” Final Report No. DOT/FAA/AR-
rectional Composite Material,” Experimental Mechanics, 1991,
00/26, Federal Aviation Administration Technical Center, Atlantic
31(1):pp. 14–20.
City, NJ, August 2000.
(4) Pendleton, R. P., and Tuttle, M. E., Manual on Experimental Methods (9) Coguill, R. J., and Adams, D. F, “Selection of the Proper Wedge Grip
for Mechanical Testing of Composites. 1989, Bethel, CT; Society for Surface for Tensile Testing Composite Materials,” Proceedings of the
Experimental Mechanics. 44th International SAMPE Symposium, Long Beach California, May
(5) Masters, J. E. and Ifju, P. G., “Strain Gage Selection Criteria for 1999, pp. 2332-2345.
Textile Composite Materials,” Journal of Composites Technology & (10) Adams, D. F., and Odom, E. M., “Influence of Specimen Tabs on the
Research, Vol 19, No. 3, 100, pp. 152-167. Compressive Strength of a Unidirectional Composite Material,”
(6) Bogetti, T. A., Gillespie, J. W. J., and Pipes, R. B., “Evaluation of the Journal of Composite Materials, 1990, 25(6):pp.774–786.

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