Example 3 (cont.

):
The grouped frequency distribution for the data is:
Class Class Class Cumulative Relative Relative
limits boundaries Midpoints Tally Frequency Frequency Freq.(prop.) Freq.(perc.)
100–104 99.5–104.5 102 // 2 2 2/50 4
105–109 104.5–109.5 107 //// /// 8 10 8/50 16
110–114 109.5–114.5 112 //// //// //// // 18 28 18/50 36
115–119 114.5–119.5 117 //// //// /// 13 41 13/50 26
120–124 119.5–124.5 122 //// // 7 48 7/50 14
125–129 124.5–129.5 127 / 1 49 1/50 2
130–134 129.5–134.5 132 / 1 50 1/50 2

n = Ʃf = 50
Histogram Frequency Polygon

Ogive
Relative Cumulative Frequency
The relative cumulative frequency is the quotient between the cumulative frequency of a particular
value and the total number of data. It can be expressed as a percentage.

Example

A city has recorded the following daily maximum temperatures during the month:

32, 31, 28, 29, 33, 32, 31, 30, 31, 31, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 31, 31, 30, 30, 29, 29, 30, 30, 31, 30, 31, 34,
33, 33, 29, 29.

In the first column of the table are the variables ordered from lowest to highest, in the second
column is the absolute frequency, in the third is the score of the cumulative frequency and in the
fourth is the relative frequency.

xi fi Fi RCF i
27 1 1 0.032
28 2 3 0.097
29 6 9 0.290
30 7 16 0.0516
31 8 24 0.774
32 3 27 0.871
33 3 30 0.968
34 1 31 1
31
Example 4: At an outpatient testing center, the number of cardiograms performed each
day for 20 days is shown. Construct a stem and leaf plot for the data.
25 31 20 32 13
14 43 02 57 23
36 32 33 32 44
32 52 44 51 45
Solution
1- Arrange the data in order:
02, 13, 14, 20, 23, 25, 31, 32, 32, 32, 32, 33, 36, 43, 44, 44, 45, 51, 52, 57
2- Separate the data according to the first digit, as shown.
02 13, 14 20, 23, 25 31, 32, 32, 32, 32, 33, 36
43, 44, 44, 45 51, 52, 57
3- A display can be made by using the leading digit as the stem and the trailing digit as the leaf. For example, for the value 32, the
leading digit, 3, is the stem and the trailing digit, 2, is the leaf. For the value 14, the 1 is the stem and the 4 is the leaf. Now a
plot can be constructed as shown in Figure:
Leading digit (stem) Trailing digit (leaf)

0 2
1 34
2 035
3 1222236
4 3445
5 127
 Descriptive
Statistics

Ungrouped Grouped
Data Data

Measures of Measures of Measures of

Central Variation Position
Tendency

1- Arithmetic Mean
Case 1: Ungrouped Data
a) The mean for sample with size n, is given as:
n

X1 + X 2 + X 3 +  + X n ∑X i
=X = i =1

n n
b) For a population with size N, the mean is given as:
N

X1 + X 2 + X 3 +  + X n ∑X i
=µ = i =1

N N
Example1: The data represent the number of days off per year for a sample of individuals selected from nine
different countries. Find the mean.
20, 26, 40, 36, 23, 42, 35, 24, 30
Solution:

=
X ∑=
X 20 + 26 + 40 + 36 + 23 + 42 + 35 + 24 + 30 276
= = 30.7 days
n 9 9
Case 2: Grouped Data
n

∑ f .X
i i
1 n
=X =
i =1
n ∑ fi . X i
∑ fi n
i =1
i =1

Example 2: The following table gives the frequency distribution of the number of orders received each day during
the past 50 days at the office of a mail-order company. Calculate the mean.
Solution
Number of orders f

10 – 12 4
13 – 15 12
16 – 18 20
19 – 21 14

n = 50
Number of f X f. X
orders
10 – 12 4 11 44
13 – 15 12 14 168
16 – 18 20 17 340
19 – 21 14 20 280
n = 50 = 832
X ∑ = =
f . X 832
= 16.64
n 50
 2- The Median
Case 1: Ungrouped Data
Example 3: The number of rooms in the seven hotels in downtown Pittsburgh is 713, 300, 618, 595, 311, 401, and
292. Find the median.
Solution:

Step 1 Arrange the data in order.

292, 300, 311, 401, 595, 618, 713
Step 2 Select the middle value.
292, 300, 311, 401, 595, 618, 713
↑
Median
Hence, the median is 401 rooms.

Example 4: The number of cloudy days for the top 10 cloudiest cities is shown. Find the median.
209, 223, 211, 227, 213, 240, 240, 211, 229, 212
Solution:
Arrange the data in order.
209, 211, 211, 212, 213, 223, 227, 229, 240, 240
↑
Median
213 + 223
MD = = 218
2
Hence, the median is 218 days.

Case 2: Grouped Data

n 
 2 − Fm−1 
Median = MD= L + i  
 f m 
 
Example 5: Based on the grouped data below, find the median.
Solution
Seconds f

51 – 55 2
56 – 60 7
61 – 65 8
66 – 70 4
Construct the cumulative frequency distribution

Height (in cm) f cf

51 – 55 2 2
56 – 60 7 9
61 – 65 8 17
66 – 70 4 21
n 21
= = 10.5 → class median is the 3rd class
2 2
So, F m-1 = 9, f m = 8, i = 5 and L = 60.5
Therefore,
n 
 2 − Fm−1 
MD= L + i  
 f m 
 
 10.5 − 9 
= 60.5 + 5  
 8 
=60.5 + 0.9375 =61.4375
 3- The Mode
Case 1: Ungrouped Data

Example 6: The data show the number of licensed nuclear reactors in the United States for a recent 15-year period.
Find the mode.
104 104 104 104 104
107 109 109 109 110
109 111 112 111 109
Solution
Since the values 104 and 109 both occur 5 times, the modes are 104 and 109. The data set is said to be bimodal.
Case 2: Grouped Data
 f m − f m−1 
Mode= L + i  
 ( f m − f m−1 ) + ( f m − f m +1 ) 
Example 7: Based on the grouped data below, find the mode.
Solution
Seconds f

51 – 55 2
56 – 60 7
61 – 65 8
66 – 70 4

L = 60.5, f m-1 = 7, f m = 8, f m+1 = 4, i = 5

 8−7 
= 60.5 + 5 
Mode 
 (8 − 7) + (8 − 4) 
1
=60.5 + 5   =61.5
 5
 4- The Midrange
lowest value + highest value
MR =
2
Example 8: Find the midrange of data:

18.0, 14.0, 34.5, 10, 11.3, 10, 12.4, 10

Solution
The smallest bonus is $10 million and the largest bonus is $34.5 million.
l0 + 34.5 44.5
=
MR = = $22.25 million
2 2
Notice that this amount is larger than seven of the eight amounts and is not typical of the average of the bonuses.
The reason is that there is one very high bonus, namely, $34.5 million.
5- The Weighted Mean
n

w1 X 1 + w2 X 2 + ... + wn X n ∑w X i i
=X = i =1

w1 + w2 + ... + wn
n

∑w i =1
i

Example 9: A student received an A in English Composition I (3 credits), a C in Introduction to Psychology

(3credits), a B in Biology I (4credits), and a D in Physical Education (2credits). Assuming A =4 grade
points, B =3 grade points, C =2 grade points, D =1 grade point, and F =0 grade points, find the
student’s grade point average.
Solution
Course Credits (w) Grade (X)

English Composition I 3 A (4 points)

Introduction to Psychology 3 C (2 points)
Biology I 4 B (3 points)
Physical Education 2 D (1 point)
n

∑w X i i
(3)(4) + (3)(2) + (4)(3) + (2)(1) 32
The grade point average = =
X i =1
= = = 2.7
3+ 3+ 4+ 2
n

∑ wi
i =1
12
Distribution Shapes

positively skewed or right-skewed distribution,

symmetric distribution,

negatively skewed or left-skewed.