Scribd
Upload
3 views

Lecture1 Slides

Probailty lecture Notes

Uploaded by

philopateer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views

Lecture1 Slides

Probailty lecture Notes

Uploaded by

philopateer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

Statistical

Methods

Descriptive
Statistics Statistics

Describe a data set with summary tables, Draw a conclusion about a population
charts, graphs, …. based on your sample.

Consists of all subjects


that are being studied.
Is a group of subjects
selected from a population.
Qualitative Quantitative
(Categorical variables) (Numerical variables)

Ordinal Nominal Discrete Continuous


variables variables variables variables
A) Resources of Collected Data:

Primary Secondary
Data Data

B) Methods of Collecting Data:

Method of Method of
Mass Samples
Population
Methods of Samples:

• Random

• Systematic
• Stratified

• Cluster
Organizing Data

frequency
distributions

categorical ungrouped grouped


frequency frequency frequency
distribution distribution distribution

Example 1: Twenty-five army inductees were given a blood test to determine their blood
type. The data set is
A B B AB O
O O B AB B
B B O A O
A O O O AB
AB A O B A
Construct a frequency distribution for the data.
Solution
Since the data are categorical, discrete classes can be used. There are four blood types: A, B, O, and AB. These types will be used as the
classes for the distribution.
The frequency distribution for the data is:

A B C D
Class Tally Frequency Percent
A //// 5 20
B //// // 7 28
O //// //// 9 36
AB //// 4 16
Total 25 100

For the sample, more people have type O blood than any other type.

Example 2: Find the frequency distribution table for 20 families who own certain number of
pets. The data set is: 3, 0, 1, 4, 4, 1, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3.

Solution

The frequency distribution for the data is:

No. of Tally Frequency


Pets
0 //// 4
1 //// / 6
2 //// 5
3 /// 3
4 // 2
Total 20
For the sample, more families have 1 pet.
Example 3: These data represent the record high temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit (oF) for
each of the 50 states. Construct a grouped frequency distribution for the data
using 7 classes.

112 100 127 120 134 118 105 110 109 112
110 118 117 116 118 122 114 114 105 109
107 112 114 115 118 117 118 122 106 110
116 108 110 121 113 120 119 111 104 111
120 113 120 117 105 110 118 112 114 114
Solution
The grouped frequency distribution for the data is:

Class Class Class Cumulative Relative Relative


limits boundaries Midpoints Tally Frequency Frequency Freq.(prop.) Freq.(perc.)
100–104 99.5–104.5 102 // 2 2 2/50 4
105–109 104.5–109.5 107 //// /// 8 10 8/50 16
110–114 109.5–114.5 112 //// //// //// // 18 28 18/50 36
115–119 114.5–119.5 117 //// //// /// 13 41 13/50 26
120–124 119.5–124.5 122 //// // 7 48 7/50 14
125–129 124.5–129.5 127 / 1 49 1/50 2
130–134 129.5–134.5 132 / 1 50 1/50 2

n = Ʃf = 50
Histogram

Frequency Polygon

Ogive
Example 4: At an outpatient testing center, the number of cardiograms performed each day
for 20 days is shown. Construct a stem and leaf plot for the data.
25 31 20 32 13
14 43 02 57 23
36 32 33 32 44
32 52 44 51 45
Solution
1- Arrange the data in order:
02, 13, 14, 20, 23, 25, 31, 32, 32, 32, 32, 33, 36, 43, 44, 44, 45, 51, 52, 57
2- Separate the data according to the first digit, as shown.
02 13, 14 20, 23, 25 31, 32, 32, 32, 32, 33, 36
43, 44, 44, 45 51, 52, 57
3- A display can be made by using the leading digit as the stem and the trailing digit as the leaf. For example, for the value 32, the
leading digit, 3, is the stem and the trailing digit, 2, is the leaf. For the value 14, the 1 is the stem and the 4 is the leaf. Now a plot
can be constructed as shown in Figure:
Leading digit (stem) Trailing digit (leaf)

0 2
1 34
2 035
3 1222236
4 3445
5 127

You might also like