NAAN MUDHALVAN

UPSKILLING PLATFORM
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF

GASES
 SYNOPSIS

Introduction/Definition

Pulmonology

Pulmonologist

Anatomy and Physiology

Flowchart

Pathology Of Respiratory System

Diagnostic Tests

Medical Terms & Abbrevations

ICD And CPT Codes

 INTRODUCTION

Pulmonology A Branch Of Medicine That Specializes In Diagnosing And Treating Diseases

Of The Lungs And Other Parts Of The Respiratory System.

Pulmonologist Is A Physician Who Specializes In The Respiratory System. From The

Windpipe To The Lungs.

Definiton: The Process Of Exchange Of Gases Is Called As Respiration, Respiration Is An

Involuntary Activity Involves In Inhalation And Exhalation Of O2 And Co2 Respectively.

The System Consists Of 2 Major Units. The Respiratory Passage And A Respiratory Organ.
 RESPIRATORY PASSAGE

Respiratory Passage: It Takes Air From The

Atmosphere Through Nostrils. Nostrils,
Nasal Cavity,
Pair Of Internal Nares,
Naso-pharynx,
Larynx,
Trachea,
Bronchi,
Branches Of Bronchi On The Lung Surface
(Alveoli)
 RESPIRATORY TRACT
• The respiratory tract in humans is made up of the following parts:

• UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

• External nostrils – For the intake of air.

• Nasal chamber – which is lined with hair and mucus to filter the air from dust and dirt.

• Pharynx – It is a passage behind the nasal chamber and serves as the common passageway for both air and
food.

• Internal nares: posterior opening of nasal cavity that leads to nasopharynx

• Nasopharynx: It contains the pharyngeal tonsils, or adenoids, which are collections of lymphatic tissue. They

are more prominent in children and, if enlarged, can obstruct air passageways .
 RESPIRATORY TRACT

• Larynx–contains the vocal cords and is surrounded by pieces of cartilage for support The Thyroid cartilage is
the largest and in men is commonly referred to as the Adam’s apple, As expelled air passes the vocal cords,
they vibrate to produce sounds..

• Epiglottis – A flap of cartilage attached to the root of the tongue, prevents choking or aspiration of food. It
acts as a lid over the opening of the larynx. During swallowing, when food and liquid move through the
throat, the epiglottis closes over the larynx, preventing material from entering the lungs

• Paranasal sinuses - Hollow, air-containing spaces within the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity -
produces mucus- a lubricating fluid

• Trachea – It is a long tube passing through the mid-thoracic cavity. The trachea or the windpipe rises below
the larynx and moves down to the neck. The walls of the trachea comprise C-shaped cartilaginous rings
which give hardness to the trachea and maintain it by completely expanding.
 RESPIRATORY TRACT

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

• Bronchi – The trachea divides into left and right bronchi.

• Bronchioles – Each bronchus leads to a separate lung where it divides and subdivides into smaller and finer tubes,
somewhat like the branches of a tree - called bronchioles

• Alveoli – Each terminal bronchiole narrows into alveolar ducts, which end in collections of air sacs called alveoli. This
very thin wall permits an exchange of gases between the alveolus and the capillary surrounding it. Blood flowing through
the capillary accepts oxygen from the alveolus while depositing carbon dioxide into the alveolus. Erythrocytes in the
blood carry oxygen away from the lungs to all parts of the body and carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation

• Lungs – Humans have a pair of lungs, which are sac-like structures and covered by a double-layered membrane known as
pleura.
 PLEURA
• Each lung is covered by a double membrane, called the pleurae (pleura)
• • The visceral pleura adheres to the surface of the lung
• •The parietal pleura attaches to the thoracic cavity
• •The space between parietal and visceral layer is called pleural space / pleural
cavity
• •The pleural cavity is filled with pleural fluid.
PLEURA
RESPIRATORY
FLOW CHART
• RESPIRATORY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

The functions of the human respiratory system are as follows:

• INHALATION AND EXHALATION:

• The respiratory system helps in breathing (also known as

pulmonary ventilation.)

• The air inhaled through the nose moves through the pharynx,
larynx, trachea and into the lungs.

• The air is exhaled back through the same pathway.

• Changes in the volume and pressure in the lungs aid in

pulmonary ventilation.
• EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN LUNGS AND
BLOODSTREAM:

• Inside the lungs, the oxygen and carbon dioxide

enter and exit respectively through millions of
microscopic sacs called alveoli.

• The inhaled oxygen diffuses into the pulmonary

capillaries, binds to haemoglobin and is pumped
through the bloodstream.

• The carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into

the alveoli and is expelled through exhalation.
 DISEASE CONDITION

• Asthma. Your airways are constantly inflamed and may spasm, causing
wheezing and shortness of breath.

• Allergies, infections, or pollution can trigger asthma symptoms.

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). With this lung condition, you
can’t exhale the way you usually would, which causes trouble breathing.

• Emphysema. Lung Damage Allows Air To Be Trapped In Your Lungs In This

Form Of COPD. Trouble Blowing Air Out Is Its Hallmark
• Acute Bronchitis. This Sudden
Infection Of Your Airways Is Usually
Caused By A Virus.

• Cystic Fibrosis. With This Condition,

You Have Trouble Clearing Mucus
Out Of Your Bronchi. This Leads To
Repeated Lung Infections.
 LUNG DISEASES

AIR SACS (ALVEOLI)

Your airways branch into tiny tubes (bronchioles) that end in clusters of air sacs called
alveoli. These air sacs make up most of your lung tissue. Lung diseases affecting your
alveoli include:

• Pneumonia. An infection of your alveoli, usually by bacteria or viruses, including the

coronavirus that causes COVID-19.

• Tuberculosis Pneumonia that slowly gets worse, caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
 LUNG DISEASES

• Pulmonary edema. Fluid leaks out of the small blood vessels of your lung into the air sacs
and the area around them. One form is caused by heart failure and back pressure in your
lungs' blood vessels. In another form, injury to your lung causes the leak of fluid.

• Lung cancer. It has many forms and may start in any part of your lungs. It most often
happens in the main part of your lung, in or near the air sacs.

• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This is a severe, sudden injury to the lungs
from a serious illness. COVID-19 is one example. Many people who have ARDS need help
breathing from a machine called a ventilator until their lungs recover.
 LUNG DISEASES
INTERSTITIUM & BLOOD VESSELS

The interstitium is the thin, delicate lining between your alveoli. Tiny blood vessels run through
the interstitium and let gas transfer between the alveoli and your blood. Various lung diseases
affect the interstitium:

• Interstitial lung disease (ILD). This is a group of lung conditions that includes sarcoidosis,
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and autoimmune disease.

• Pneumonia and pulmonary edema can also affect your interstitium.

• The right side of your heart gets low-oxygen blood from your veins. It pumps blood into your
lungs through the pulmonary arteries. These blood vessels can have diseases, as well.
 LUNG DISEASES
• Pulmonary embolism(PE). A blood clot (usually in a deep leg vein, called deep vein thrombosis)
breaks off, travels to your heart, and gets pumped into your lungs. The clot sticks in a pulmonary
artery, often causing shortness of breath and low blood oxygen levels.

• Pulmonary hypertension. Many conditions can cause high blood pressure in your pulmonary
arteries. This can lead to shortness of breath and chest pain. If your doctor can’t find a cause,
they’ll call it idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.

• Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special
treatment.
LUNG DISEASES
 LUNG DISEASES
PLEURA & CHEST WALL
The pleura is the thin lining that surrounds your lung and lines the inside of your chest wall.
A tiny layer of fluid lets the pleura on your lung's surface slide along the chest wall with each
breath. Lung diseases of the pleura include:

• Pleural effusion. Fluid collects in the space between your lung and the chest wall.
Pneumonia or heart failure usually causes this. Large pleural effusions can make it hard to
breathe and may need to be drained.

• Pneumothorax. Air may get into the space between your chest wall and the lung,
collapsing the lung.
 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

• Adenoid/O- Adenoids • Cyan/O- Blue

• Alveol/O- Alveolus • Epiglott/O- Epiglottis

• Bronch/O- Bronchial tube • Laryng/O- Voice box

• Bronchiol/O- Bronchiole • Lob/O- Lobe of the lung

• Capn/O- Carbon dioxide

• Coni/O- Dust
 MEDICAL ABBREVATION
ABGS Arterial Blood Gases

DPT Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus—Toxoids For Vaccination Of Infants, To

Provide Immunity To These Diseases

BAL Broncho Alveolar Lavage

CO2 Carbon Dioxide
COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
—Airway Obstruction Associated With Emphysema And Chronic
Bronchitis

CPAP Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

CPR Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

ICU Intensive Care Unit

CTPA Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography

CXR Chest X-Ray [Film]

 ICD CODES
• Bradypnea-R06.89
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-J44. 9
• Chronic cough-R05.3
• Cystic fibrosis, unspecified -E84.9
• Emphysema, unspecified -J43.9

CPT PROCEDURE CODES

• Endotracheal intubation-31500
• Laryngoscopy,flexible;diagnostic-31575