TEST-3 Geo-Eco

Q. Indian agriculture is currently going through various problems? Discuss examine the efforts being
made by the Government to overcome these problems.

Ans. Indian Agricultural sector plays a crucial role in Indian economy. Overs 58% of rural household depend
on agriculture as their primary means of livelihood. Along with fisheries and forestry agriculture is one
of the largest contributors to nation’s GDP.

Major problem in Indian Agriculture Sector:

▪ Low productivity level: Per acre productivity of Indian agriculture is much lower than other major
crop producing countries such as China, Brazil and USA.
▪ Under developed Irrigation facilities: Required Agriculture Contributes nearly 45% of the total
agricultural output.
▪ Declining average size of farm holding: Increasing demographic pressure, disguised employment in
agriculture and conversion of agricultural land for alternative uses, have drastically reduced the
coverage land holding.
▪ Dependence on rainfall: Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on monsoon and ever increasing
global temperature has made agriculture more prone to extreme weather events.
▪ Low International policies: - Low global prices have affected exports and the cheaper imports have
hurt domestic prices in the country.
▪ Lack of easy credit: to agriculture and dependence on money landers.
▪ Fragmented Supply Chains: Large gaps in storage, cold chains.
▪ Limited connectivity
▪ Absence of marketing infrastructure
▪ Lack of latest technology: Introduction of latest technology has been limited due to various seasons
like accessibility for credit and low awareness.
▪ Soil degradation: Due to unscientific farming practices – excessive use of water, irrigation
unscientifically, irrational usage of fertilizer, pesticide.
▪ Climate change and uncertain monsoon: Nearly 60% is Rainfed, Uncertainty of monsoon makes the
agricultural sector vulnerable and less economic.
▪ Lack of crop grievance: -This is one of the problems in agricultural sector.
▪ Agricultural insurance mechanism in India is very low: The loss of crop due to natural calamities is
frequent and insurance cover is must to safeguard farmers.
▪ Famer’s Suicide: Cases of farmers, suicide is cruising due to crop failure, family problems, property
issues etc.
▪ Excess use of fertilizers: Extensive use of fertilizers and continuous cultivation for many years affected
the fertility of land use of manure will help the land to regenerate its fertility.
 Realizing such huge problems and backwardness of Indian agri-sector government has taken
appropriate initiatives and brought holistic reforms with following measures.

▪ Social Security Schemes – like Pradhanmantri Kisan Samman Nidhi provide income support all small
and marginal farmer by giving 6000/year.
▪ Under Pradhanmantri Kisan Maandhan Yojana, provide old age pension scheme to 3 crore marginal
old age farmers.
▪ For Insurance coverage and terminal support in the want of natural calamities, Government brought
PM Fasal Bima Yojana. Post-harvest loss are also covered which include losses from unseasonal and
cyclonic rainfall and hailstones.
▪ Formation and promotion of farmer producer organization. 10,000 FPO would be formed by 2023-24.
▪ For holistic new Green revolution Government brought Green Revolution – Kishanmati Yojana.
▪ For horticulture development brought mission of integrated development of Horticultures (MIDH)
▪ For Promotion of climatic residence Agriculture Scheme like Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana,
climate smart agriculture, Zero Base Budget farming are limited, which reduces fertilizer
consumption and promote organic agriculture.
▪ For strengthening the Agricultural marketing e-NAM scheme, One nation and one market scheme.
To reduce price volatility, brought Agriculture in future market by National commoditize derivative
exchange.
▪ For holistic Agriculture development, Rastriya Vikas Yojana – RAFTAAR is introduced.
▪ To increased Soil Productivity and diversified cropping – Soil health card scheme is introduced.
▪ For better irrigation scheme like Pradhanmantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana long term irrigation found
by NABARD, a dedicated micro-irrigation fund are placed to build up irrigation system and intensify
development program.
▪ For financial availability Kisan (KCC) Card Scheme, which now attend to animal husbandry and
fisheries.
▪ Technology advancement like NCTC ayog signed agreement with Microsoft for AI used in agriculture
other initiative like E-Rakam PUutal is conation platform, AGMARKNET portal for agriculture related
information.
▪ In fisheries sector: Blue revolution integrated development and management of fisheries, mission
functioning which targets to enhance fisheries production to 15 month by 2021.
▪ In Dairy Sector Program like Dairy development scheme for promotion of entrepreneurship been
mark. Dairy processing and Infrastructure Development fund scheme to create additional milk
processing capacity.
▪ Other scheme in Animal husbandry like National live stock mission, fisheries and Agriculture
Infrastructure Development fund and National action plan for control and eradication of slanders.
▪ Under Ministry of food processing PM Kisan Sampada Yojana which aim to supplement agriculture
modernize processing and decrease agro wastes.
▪ Other scheme in food sector like Maya Food Park Scheme to modernize food processing units,
operation Greens.
▪ Under Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan package
a. 1 lakh crore Agri-infrastructure fund for farm gate infrastructure for farmers.
b. Rs. 10,000 crores scheme for formalization of micro food enterprises.
c. Rs. 20,000 crores for fisherman through PM Matsya Sampada Yojana.
d. National animal disease central program for foot and mouth disease and Brucellosis launched.
▪ Recently 3 New farmer laws – “farmers produce trade and commerce promotional and facilitation act
2020, farmers (Empowerment and protection) agreement on price Assurance and farm services act,
2020, and essential commodities (amendment) act 2020, provide contract farming, doubling the
income of farmer, commercialization of agriculture, reduce block marketing.

The ever-changing agriculture sector requires productive policy management. Although

lots of efforts have already been made but there is lot more to be done in this direction. Therefore, in
the end, it is well expected Indian agriculture will generate better momentum in coming years. Due to
increased investment in agricultural infrastructure.
However, we need more multiple approach to reduce core issue like farmer friendly policies,
technological interventions which can increase the agricultural growth and farmer income.
- Maximum use of new technology like Nanotechnology, Internet of things, provision farming’s to
reduce yield gaps and thus improve productivity.
- Need for improve water use efficiency through deep irrigation.
- Promotion of corporative farming, improvement in Arrived Sectors to reduce burden on core
agriculture.
- There is need to mike shift from rice and wheat centric policies to millet, pulses and fish.
- What is abundantly clear is that loan wavers are not the panacea, those who want to help farmers
should be working much harder to figure out what they really need. So most effective way to support
farmer would be not only required through direct Benefit transfers but also through the effective
implementation of policies that intend to Reform and upgrade our agricultural methods too.
Q. Describe the method of determining the poverty line in India and review the programs being run
by the government to eradicate poverty in India.

Ans. According to world Bank, poverty is pronounced deprivation in wellbeing, and comprises many
dimensions. It includes low income and the inability to abjure the basic good and sources necessary for
survival with dignity.
Estimation of Poverty line in India:
▪ Poverty estimation in India is carried out by NITI Aayog task force through the calculation of poverty
line based on the data captured by the NSSO under the ministry of Statistics.
▪ Poverty line estimation in India is based on consumption expenditure and not on the income levels.
▪ Alagh committee (1979) determined poverty line based on a minimum daily requirement of 2400 and
2100 calories for an adult in rural and Urban area respectively.
▪ However, V.M. Dandekar and N Rath (1971) made first systemic assessment of poverty based on
national sample survey data.
▪ After Alagh, Lakdawala. Committee (1993) constructed poverty line based on assumption that basket
of goods and services used to calculate consumer price Index Industrial worker (CPI-100), and CPI-
AL(Agricultural labour), reflect the consumption pattern.
▪ Tendulkar committee was constituted to review methodology for poverty estimation. It computed
poverty lines for 2004-05 at level that was emigrant in purchasing power parity turns to 30 day.
▪ Ranga Rajan Committee Recommended poverty line should be based on nutrition and non-food
expenses. Based on Ranga Rajan number of poor were 19% higher in Rural area and 41% more in urban
areas then what was estimated using Tendulkar Committee formula.
Challenges associated with poverty equation:
▪ Determining components of poverty line Basket is one of the challenges.
▪ Further consumption patterns, nutritional needs keep on changing as per dynamics of macro
economy and demography.
▪ Luck of consensus among the states over the acceptance of Tendulkar and Rang Rajan Committee
report.
Poverty at glance:
According to world Data Lab – less than 50 million Indians may be living on less than 1-50 dollar a day.
According to Global multidimensional poverty index 2020. India lifted as many as 270 million people out
of multidimensional poverty between 2005-06 and 2015-16 is having a profound impact on poverty average
poverty levels will be set back 3 to 10 yr. due to COVID-19.
Cause of poverty in India:
1. Population explosion
2. Low Agriculture Productivity
3. In efficient resource utilization
4. Low Rate of economic development
5. Unemployment level rise
6. Lack of capital and enable entrepreneurship
7. Colonial exploration
8. Climate induced poverty
Poverty Allegation Programs in India and their review:
▪ Integrated Rural development program (IRDP) was introduced during 1978 aimed at providing
assistance to Rural Poor. However, program suffered from lack of investment.
▪ Swaranjayanti Gram Swarojgar yojana: It is conceived as industries program of micro enterprise
development in rural area. It emphasizes on organizing the rural poor into self-help group.
▪ Jawahar Rozgar Yojana: National Rural employment program and Rural Industries employment
guarantee program were merged under Jawahar Rojgar Yojana. JRY was meant to generate
meaningful employment opportunity.
▪ Rural housing under Indira Awas Yojana providing free housing to BPL.
▪ Food for work program launched in 8 most effected states. It arms to enhancing food security through
wages employment.
▪ Sampoorna Gramin rozgar yojana: aims to generate of wage employment, creation of durable
economic infrastructure.
▪ Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment guarantee act (MGNEREGA) 2005 provides 100 days
assured employment every year to every rural household.
▪ National Rural livelihood (AJEEVIKA) mission (NRLM) provides skill and placement initiative to
make livelihood properly.
▪ Pradhanmantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 2015 promotes skill training to 1.4 million youth.
▪ National heritage development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) aim to pressure and
regenerate the rich cultural heritage of the country. This program played very crucial role in the
development of the all sections of the society under concept of holistic development.
Poverty scheme – urban poverty alleviation
▪ Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana provide self-employment and skill wage employment opportunity.
▪ Pradhanmantri Awas Yojana (housing for all – urban – provide quality of life, free urban home for
poor.
Poverty Scheme under Atmanirbhar Bharat abhiyan:
▪ Short term plan for providing free ration to migrant labourers.
▪ Technology system enabled public distribution system – one nation one Ration used.
▪ Affordable Rental housing complex for migrant workers.
▪ Dilution of labour laws
▪ 1.70 lakh crore relief package under Pradhanmantri garib kalyan yojana for the poor to help them
light the battle against corona virus.
▪ Additional Energy working capital through NABARD.
▪ PM Svanydhi street vendor Atamnirbhar Nidhi) to compomer street vendor. The scheme facilitates
collateral free working capital loan up to 10,000 of one year tenure.
Analysis of antipoverty schemes:
A large number of programs have been implemented, and poverty rate has declined, but layer proportion
of our population is still lower in poverty. There are some reasonable causes for this:
▪ No systematic attempt to identify people who are in poverty.
▪ Lack of commitment by Govt. to support an individual through programs.
▪ The resource allocated to anti-poverty programs are inadequate for example MGNERGA does not
provide the guaranteed 100 days of work in many states.
▪ Lack of last mile connectivity and reach nest of program to all.
▪ Similarly lack of area-based approach for poverty alleviation.
▪ Lack of understanding the concept of poverty and multidimensional nature.
▪ Lack of center state strategy.
▪ Inadequate financial support to local bodies.
▪ Lack of awareness in the tribal part.
▪ Top-10 bottom approach strategy for poverty elimination.
However, before poverty all Nation Program Government must consider other measure also, which
promote holistic solution.
▪ Area based approach
▪ Participatory planning
▪ Evidence based planning by collection poverty data throughout the Region.
▪ Proper investment in Agriculture.
▪ By improving social infrastructure and Job opportunities in rural areas.
▪ Increase the base of manufacturing industries, which require promotion of MSME industry.
Continuous Economic Growth is pre requisite for removal of poverty ultimately political will is
necessary to eradicate poverty from the country through the implementation of various schemes.
Q. The growing population has affected India economic development & Review.
Overpopulation is growing problem throughout the world at this stage in time-Economist are torn b/w 2
theories, one that state population increases and growth help a nation’s economy by stimulating
economic growth and development. Another group of economists believe on Robert Malthus finding.
Malthus states that population increase is deter mental to a nation’s economy due to variety of foreland
caused by the growth.
According to Recent analysis by Lancet, India’s population is forecasted to peak around 1.6 billion in
2048. It will be followed by a 32% decline to around 1.05 billion in 2100.
Based on economic School Thought, how population growth in India retards economic development
are explained below:
▪ Population growth and Rate of Saving and Investment:
Increase population – Raise consumption level – lowers both saving and investment.
Co Ale and Hoover, in this famous work explained that saving rate was reduced by population growth
because of increase in burden of dependency.
▪ Investible Resources and Running Per capita In line:
Rapid growth of population – reduces investible Resourcing. Thus, when population increasing at rapid
rate, layer investment is needed to maintains the current level of income. Thus, adequate resources
are not left to raise per capita income significantly.
▪ Lower growth of per capita income:
Rapid population growth nullifies our investment efforts to rare the timing standards of our people.
Thus, is precisely what has happened during the planning era in India.
▪ Population growth and marketed surplus of food grains:
Another way in which growth in population is impeding economic development is its effect on
marketed surplus of food grains on India Rapid pop growth reduce the growth of marketable surplus
and leads to rise in food prices. Rapid population growth in already overpopulated country also raises
the problem of food security.
▪ Population growth and unproductive investment:
Rapid population growth has adverse effect on resource available. It forces the country to make non-
productive investment, that is to invest in duplicating certain social workers facilities such as
constitution of parks, houses, etc. It would reduce the growth of productive capital.
▪ Population growth and unemployment:
Explosive growth in population causes serious unemployment and under employment problem in
country.
▪ Population growth and poverty:
This is clear from the fact that tells us about 18 million people over and above 125 crores population
estimated on march 1, 2011 are being added to our population every year as per 2011 census. Thus, give
rise to these problems of properly feeding and clothing them.
▪ Population and Environment:
Economic development means sustainable development but growing population causes
environmental degradation by marking forest encroachment, deforestation running ruled out the
renature effects of population growth in the context of Indian economy, how population growth in
India promoted economic development are explained below:
On the positive side, one can see a chain reaction of events caused by population growth.
According to the neo classical growth model, population is beneficial to an economy due to fact that
population growth is corrected with technological advancement. Thus, it generates demand for goods
and result in overall economic growth.
Increase no. of Increase Increase demand of
Population High consumer income product

Increase Reduce labour Increase

labour cost investment

India is considered a developing country, although government reform over rent decade brought
unprecedent strong economic growth.
▪ India is still attaining its high growth rates despite the rise in population.
▪ One may ask again is India benefiting from then massive population. The answer is yes, no doubt
is achieving posture balance of result. Although one cannot say that India is certainly profiting
from an enormous population.
▪ The Indian govt acknowledged the high population growth of the nation, initiated fiscal policy on
education and thus expanded their frontier through a rise in productivity.
Demographic Dividend in India
India has one of youngest population. By 2025 median eye will be just 27, as compared to 37 in China.
▪ India has 60% of its population in the age group of 15-59 years which is ever increasing and will be
at peak around 2036g. Economic survey said India Demographic Dividend will peak around 2041.
▪ Advantage Associated with Demographic dividend that it provides labour force, Rise in women
workforce, rise of aspirational class.
▪ Demographic dividend has historically contributed up to 15% of its overall growth in advanced
economies.
▪ Due to COVID Pandemic, disruption in supply chain, has opened ample opportunity to India for
alterative manufacturing base from China, due to its cheap labour cost.
▪ However, at economic level, population may be good or bad depend upon, then skill, education,
fitness.
▪ Government has recognized this fact and beyond various initiative, which help to build human
capital.
▪ In area of skilling PM caused Vikas yojana, for poverty reduce scheme like MNREGA, PM Garib
Kalyan Yojana running COVID time use helping to convert its population liability into Democratic
assets.
▪ The new national educational policy promised balanced development.

By learning from global approach from countries such as Japan and South Korea and designing
solution considering the domestics complexities, we would be able to reap the benefits of demographic
dividend.
Q. Find out the possibilities of economic development in Bihar and discuss the efforts being made by
the Bihar government for economic development.
Bihar is one of the strongest agricultural states. The percentage of people employed in agricultural
production in Bihar is around 80%.
Economy at a glance:
According to new series of data on Cross State Domestic product, the growth rate of Bihar economy in
2018-19 was 10.53% at content paces and 15.01% at constant prices, which is higher than the growth rate
for the Indian economy.
Share of various sector in the GIVA
Primary Sector – 21.3%
Secondary Sector – 19.7%
Tertiary Sector – 59%
The top 3 most prosperous districts in terms of per capita small savings are:
(1) Patna (2) Saran (3) Buxar
Why Despite of high economic growth, Bihar has job less economy:
1. Agrarian Sector factor:
(a) Lack of land reforms, ownership of land is concentrated in few-hands.
(b) Low agricultural productivity due to less intervention of termological method of agriculture.
(c) Lack of commercial farming.
2. Manufacturing base:
(a) Lack of adequate private investment
(b) Majority of manufacturing units shut down as major industrial town are now part of Jharkhand.
(c) Lack of gross capital formation.
3. Lack of Physical and social infrastructure, there is brain drain.
4. Lack of Political will, and Politics based on caste and Religion not on development.
5. Twin natural Disaster – Worth Bihar mostly flood affected and sizeable part of South Bihar suffers
from drought.
Possibilities of economic development:
Despite being largely agrarian economy the key divers of growth here been air transport toed and repair
service, road transport and financial series. But the resource rich state has several other sectors primed
for greater investment.
Food Processing: It is not secret that Bihar has huge agricultural and annual production base provide
abundant supply of raw material capable of being processed for consumption.
The scope for extraconal is growing layer particularly within context of using ubiquitin the state and
changing lifestyle, both in the urban and rural areas.
Horticulture – fruit sector – Litchi Processing – Makhana processing
In Annual husbandry Dairy:
Labour intensive sector – Rural household income investment – high demand on account of their
nutritional value.
Involves – Booming commercial activity, would increase foreign unchanged, enhancing incomes.
Poultry – It is one of most profitable occupation in Bihar due to its high production, low initial cost, low
land requirement.
Entrepreneurs Sector:
Bihar industrial economy is driven by the demand of consumption goods.
Sugar industries:
Bihar account for 3.5% of total sugarcane production of India.
- High demand for bi product like Baya SSC used for electricity.
- At present II, Sugar mills are operating in 6 districts.
Non-Agro based industry:
Sericulture: Big potential in 3 type
Of Silk – Mulberry, tasar, and eri
Handloom and Power loom:
Provide job to rural people and increase the state income.
Leather: As foreign exchange earner, leather is one of rating sector and Bihar benefits from having a high
grow material base (hides and skins), plenty of capable, skilled semi-skilled labour.
Textile: There is plenty of scope to develop textile unit’s union state along with other value chain activities
the district Bhagalpur is a silk fabric manufacturing hub. As of 2014-15, the state was producing approx.
60 tonnes of self-yearly.
The strong creator community within the state – most of whom are young means that there is ample of
opportunity to develop the sector further.
IT Industries: Growth in IT sector spurs all round economic growth be it via core industries like
agriculture, education, tourism, health sector. But the sector is despite the presence of a large educated
and youthful Population.
Healthcare: The COVID-19 outbreak has exposed the game limitation of Bihar health care infrastructure.
A resilient healthcare system will have multiple effect on overall health of the state economy.
Tourism:
1. Both the National and International level, the attractive tourist spots in Bihar, are generally known to
be historical sites as Bodhgaya, Rajgir, Nalanda and Vaishali.
2. The number of tourist arrivals in Bihar has increased substantially from 183.96 lakh in 2011 to 336.21
lakh in 2018, growing an annual rate of 7.8%.
3. To realize the potential of other types tourism eco-tourism, Rural tourism must promote to earn more
money.
4. Foreign tourists along with domestic ones, can also contribute substantially to the generation of
employment opportunities.
Bihar Government efforts to promote more economic development:
Agriculture Sector: To reach the agricultural Potential state Government has initiated several programs
under Agriculture Roadmap for crop development, line story fisheries in Bihar.
- The Agriculture Roadmap (2017-22) specific focus is now being given by the state to organic cultural
and promotion of cultivation on rooftop.
- Bihar State Organic Mission is being implemented in 12 districts.
- Under Jal-Jeevan Hariyali campaign, the state government has recently launched a new scheme of
Jalvayu Ke Ankul Krishi (Climate relevant Agriculture)
- The State Govt. in fisheries sector introduced latest technology and probably fish seeds to increase the
production.
- The State Govt. has adopted Initiated water management system to recharge groundwater and soil
conservation.
Manufacturing Sector:
To increase the contribution of the Industrial sector in GSOP, the State Government has strategized
industrialization by introducing well-articulated Industrial Investment promotion policy 2016.
In Sugar Industry, State Government is presently implementing 3 ties seed replacement program called
as Mukhyamantri Gram Vikas Yojana.
For Handloom and Power loom, since 2013-14 State Govt has been helping to organize 204 training
program each year.
In Tourism Sector: Bihar State Government has planned us many 8 tourist circuits in State – (1) Buddhist
Circuit (2) Jain Circuit (3) Ramayan Circuit (4) Shiv Shakti Circuit (5) Sufi Circuit (6) Sikh Circuit (7) Gandhi
Circuit (8) Eco Circuit.
For Skill development State Government has taken multiple approach like –
1. In 2019-20 State Government has allocated 2 crores to establish Dashrath Manjhi labour and planning
institute to perform think tank for Stage Government on issue or labour and planning.
2. Bihar Skill Development Mission was constituted in 2016 and launched Kushal Yuva Program.
3. Other innovative Scheme like – Recruit Train – people (RTO) scheme establishes an effective and
efficient skill ecosystem in Bihar.
4. In Rural Road Network – The State Govt. has resolved Ghar Tak Pakki Gali Abhiyan as one of its goal
under Saat Nischaya. Mukhyamantri Gram Sampark Yojana and Gramin Tola Sampark Nischay
Yojana to provide household level connectivity in scatted habitations.
In mobilities sector National Water ways-I, and metro planning in Patna would improve logistic sector.
However, state must do planning comprehensively with another stallholder. Bihar need Area based
approach, with Balance Regional development. To Bring Prosperity, Government must empower local level
government. State must go hand to hand with central government, as central government schemes are
finally implementing by state machinery.
Bihar Government also, being one district one product, must open more food processing park on line of
Khagaria, and brought sustainable development for all with quality or life.
Q. What do you understand by economic growth and human development? Describe the various
indicators of human development index used for measurement of economic development, as well
as explain the position of India in the context of 2020 HDI index.
Economic growth is calculated in real terms where the effects of variation in the value of goods and
services due to inflation distortion are also accounted for
Factor influencing Economic growth:
1. Human resources 4. Population growth
2. Infrastructure 5. Advancement in technology
3. Planned utilization of natural resources
Human development:
It is defined as the process of enlarging people freedoms and opportunities and improving their well-
being. Human development is about the real freedom ordinary people have to decide who to be, what to
do, and how to live. The human development was developed by economist Mahbub ul Haq.
Human development Index
India Ranked 131 among 189 countries on the human development Index for 2019, slipping two places
from the previous year according to the human development report 2020released by UNDP.
- The 2020 report has introduced planetary ensures – adjusted Human development Index, which
adjusts the standard Human development Index by country per capita carbon dioxide emissions and
material footprint.
The other indicates that Form the part of the report are:
- Inequality – adjusted Human development Index (IMDI)
- Gender development Index (GDI)
- Gender Inequality Index (GII)
- Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
Based on 3 basic Division of Human development:
- A long and healthy life
- Access to knowledge
- A decent standard of living
Top performer of 2019
Norway topped the index, followed by Ireland and Switzerland. Hong Kong and Iceland complete top 5.
Performance of the Asian Rejoin
Singapore was ranked II, Saudi Arabia 40, and Malaysia was at 62, representing very high human
development.
- Sri Lanka, China, Vietnam among others were high human developing countries.
- India, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan was ranked among countries with medium human development with
Ranks b/w 120 and 156.
India Performance:
Overall performance: FDI value for 2019 is 0.645, which puts the country in the medium human
development category, positioning it at 131 out 189 countries. Between 1990 and 2019, Indian FDI value
increased from 0.429 to 0.645 an increase of 50.3%.
Long and Healthy life:
Live expectancy for Indian at birth was 69.7 years in 2019, slightly lower than the South Asian average of
69.9 years. Between 1990 and 2019 India life expectancy at birth increase by 11.8 years.
Access to knowledge:
The expected years of schooling in India was 12.2 years compared with 11.2 years in Bangladesh and 8.3
years in Pakistan. Between 1990 and 2019 mean years of schooling increased by 3.5 years, and expected
years of schooling increased by 4.5 years.
A decent standard of living:
In terms of cross-National Income (GNI) per capita India at USD 6,688 fared better than some others in
2019, despite a fall over the previous year. India GNI per capita increased by about 273.9% between 1990
and 2019.
PHDI (Planetary pressures – adjusted Human development Index)
Norway which tops HDI, falls 15 places if this matric used. India would move up eight places in the
banking.
IHDI:
For India IHDI value for 2019 is 0.537 (16.8% overall loss).
Gender development Index:
3 dimension – Reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market. In GII, India is at 123 Rank.
Multidimensional Poverty Index: MPI captures the multiple deprivations that people in developing
countries face in their health, education and standard of living.
Major Challenges at Glance:
While the devasting effect of courts have taken the world attention other layered crises, from climate
change to rushing inequalities, untenured to take their roll.
Challenges related to children:
Indigenous children in Cambodia, India and Thailand show more malnutrition related issues such as
stunting and wasting. Higher malnutrition among girls then among boys as a consequence of shores
likely linked to climate change.
Development in 2020:
Disasters continued to trigger most now displacement in 2020 cyclone Amphan hit Bangladesh and
India, driving the largest single displacement event in the first half of the year.
Solutions:
Expanding human development, more education to woman and girls, more economic empowerment of
women more bargaining power of young girls in households, reduced poverty etc.
Evidence from Colombia to India indicates that financial security and ownership of land improve
women is security and reduce the risk of gender-based violence, clearly indicating that owning land can
empower women.
Q. Recently United Nations celebrated its 75th anniversary. Evaluate the achievements of the United
Nations in this perspective, and present arguments in support of claims for India's permanent
membership in the UN Security Council. Also highlight its importance for India.
On October 24, 2020 the United Nation marked its diamond jubilee founded in 1945, UN is an
international organization aimed at:
▪ Maintaining International peace and security.
▪ Protecting human rights
▪ Determining humanitarian aid
▪ Promoting sustainable development
▪ Upholding international law
UN success Area:
▪ Involvement in the UN membership – Post 1960 decolonization, the membership of the UN expands
from about 50 members to double.
▪ Decolonization – It was the UN who played the lead role in the 1960 decolorization and helped
around 80 colonies in gaining their freedom.
▪ Development with civil society: The UN is no more an organization of nations only, more and more
UN bodies have begun engaging with the people within the nations.
▪ Better Sustain: The UN has successfully sustained itself till now, as compared to the league of nation,
which is an achievement.
Peace keeping: The UN has successfully prevented world war- III Despite that the UN has gone through
several improvements, the tussle b/w ‘Principle’ and ‘Power’) still remains the same.
▪ The UN always stands for global governance and not global government.
▪ Though the organization was desired to maintain a peaceful and just world, it still privileges the
most powerful states.
▪ The UN has seen achievements as well as failures almost equally.
▪ The UN must be sustained as there is no parallel organization to it.
UN major setbacks
▪ Arm races and cold war : Although www III has been successfully prevented but violence, are faces,
nuclear races and cold wars still own among nations.
▪ Power Suppressing Principles – The world body still continues to see a tussle b/w principle and
power.
▪ Not a multipolar organization – The UN unable to present itself as a multipolar and multilateral
organization.
▪ Backward in holistic growth – The organization had not been able to cope up with the increasing
globalization.

The significance role of India

India is one of the founding members of the UN. India has been active participant in all initiatives
undertaken by the UN like – millennium development goals, sustainable development goals, and
various UN summits, including on climate change.
▪ Maintaining Peace – India has performed quite well in maintaining peaceful and friendly relations
with most of the Nations.
▪ India is now listed in five biggest economy.
▪ India also time to time raising voice over Climate Change.
▪ India also participates with Red cross society

India – UNSC
India taking seat at the powerful UN security council as an elected non-permanent member for a
2-year term since 1 Jan 2021.
▪ In 2020, India was the only candidate for the vacancy from the Asia pacific and was enforced
unanimously by the Asia Pacific group, which comprises 55 countries, including Pakistan and China.
Argument in favour of UNSC Reform:
▪ Regional Representation:
Supporter of UNSC reforms claim that there is a European bias in P-5 due to presence of the UK and
France including Russia. While Regional groups like Latin America, Caribbean group, Arabs and
Africa do not have a single permanent member.
As China is the only Asian country among the 5 permanent members of UNSC.
▪ No representation from Africa is seems highly unfair.
Changing geopolitics: It is only appropriate that UNSC accommodate these changing geopolitics
through reform in its membership to make this body more representative.
▪ Question of Veto:
Veto is a kind of negative vote by a permanent member that presents the adoption of proposal, even
if it has received the required overall votes by the members.
▪ Transparency and working methods:
Debate on the working method of the council an equally important aspect to reform many member
states, has attracted less attention.
G-4 and India a purest for permanent seat:
In recent decades India has been very vocal in demanding of permanent seat in UNSC. It is also part of
G-4 group of 4 nations (India, Brazil, Germany, Japan) to lobby for permanent Positions on the UNSC.
Why India wants to become a permanent member:
▪ Veto power factor
▪ Sneer prestige associated with permanent membership of the most powerful multilateral forum.
Argument in favor of India bid for a permanent seat:
▪ India is the 2nd most popular nation, the 3rd largest economy in PPP terms, a responsible nuclear
power and the largest democracy in the world.
▪ India is a founding member of UN, and it has been the temporary member of the UNSC for 7 terms.
▪ India has provided the 2nd largest number of troops in peacekeeping missions. In Africa alone 6000
of our troops have been stationed under UN peacekeeping mission. India has argued in UN that
troops contributing nations should have greater say in UNSC.
▪ India enjoys the backing of major powers including four permanent members other than China and
those of African union, Latin America, middle eastern countries and other LPG from different parts
of the globe.
▪ India has been responsible power and it has contributed significantly in global peace efforts. India
rescued not only Indians but also many persons from other countries including Pakistan and USA
from was Yemen, Lebanon and South Indian under in operation Rahat and Sankat Mochan
respectively.
Obstacles in UNSC Reform:
▪ The P-5 will never agree to give up their veto right, not will they agree to accord this right to any
other country.
▪ United States and China are opposed to any major restructuring.
▪ France has reiterated this India view of veto for additional members.
▪ United Kingdom has supported G-4 as new permanent member without veto power.
▪ Russia while not opposing expansion has supported two or three classes of UNSC member. The G-5
with veto power, G-4 permanent member without the veto and whoever else may be elected by the
General Assembly.
▪ There is lack of unity and difference to views in terms of reform Agenda among G-4 members also
their regional rivals are opposed to the G-4 becoming permanent members.
▪ Any changes in the structure of UNSC will require amendment in the UN charter that will have to be
signed and retried by two/third majority of UNGA membership and it will also require concurrence
of event P-5 members. Veto of even one permanent member can do away with Indian dream.
▪ General membership of the UN wants to eliminate the existing veto, they will never agree to new
veto wielding powers.
▪ China is almost lively to block India and Japan bid for permanent seat considering its border
disputes with these two nations.
▪ There are presence groups within UN such as uniting for consensus who are against any expansion
in the permanent membership with veto power.
▪ Civil society the most effective engine of charge has not been actively engaged in UNSC reform to
any meaningful extent.
Way forward:
In recent times the credibility of UNSC has suffered a severe blow as it has been ineffective and
inefficient in tackling the conflicts in different parts of the world such as Syria, Ukraine etc., in most of
these situations UNSC has remained mere a mute spectator.
Therefore, the demand for reforms in the council has become a necessity to restore its credibility and
effectiveness in maintaining international peace and security.
▪ However, at present structural reforms of the council seem an uphill task, since it can only take
place if 2-3 of UN members states vote in favour, along with an affirmative vote from all the
permanent members, who enjoy the veto power. But still the framework fit for negotiation was a
welcome step and it has set the reform negotiations on an irreversible path.
 G-4 has been very accommodative in its demands as it is willing to forego veto rights in near future.
Now it is left to the permanent members to acknowledge the changing geopolitical realities and to accept
the reforms process as only bringing balance to the council can restore its credibility and legitimacy.
Conclusion
No other multilateral body in the world is more in need of reform that the UNSC as it still
constituted in accordance with the geopolitical architecture of 1945. The debate on expansion of UNSC
has been going on for quite some time now yet a consensus is still. Eluding the international community
and permanent members. It is high time to transform words into action and take a decision on the way
forward based on the wishes of majority of the UN membership.
7.(a). Cotton production in 2005-06 = 1.4 lakh bales
Cotton production in 2006-07 = 1.6 lakh bales
16−14
∴ Percentage Increase in Cotton Production = × 100 = 14.28%
14
Now, in 2005-06, cotton productivity = 373 kg/ha
Cotton productivity in 2006-07 = 513 kg/ha
513−373
Percentage Increase in Productivity of Cotton = × 100
373
140
= × 100 = 37.53%
373

(b) In India, 1 bale = 170 kg

Cotton production in 2009-10 = 15.25 lakh bales
= 15.25 × 170 = 2592.5 lakh kg
Cotton productivity in 2009-10 = 511 kg/ha
2592.5
∴ area = = 5.073 of lakh hectares
511
Now, cotton production in 2010-11 = 14 × 170 = 2380 lakh kg.
Cotton productivity in 2010-11 = 5.87 lakh kg/ hectare
2380
∴ area = = 4.054 of lakh hectares
587

(c) The production graph shows that cotton production has decreased in just 4 years.

a year percentage reduction

14 − 15.50
2005-06 × 100 = −9.67%
15.5
15 − 16
2007-08 × 100 = −6.25%
16
14 − 15
2008-09 × 100 = −6.67%
15
14 − 15.25
2010-11 × 100 = −8.19%
15.25

∴Cotton production has decreased by the maximum percentage in 2005-06 as compared to the
previous year.

(d) The productivity graph shows that the productivity of cotton has increased in just 3 years.

a year percentage increase

513 − 373
2006-07 × 100 = 37.53%
373
528 − 513
2007-08 × 100 = 2.92%
513
587 − 511
2010-11 × 100 = 14.87%
511

The maximum increase in cotton producer in 2006-07 has been 37.53%.

(e)
Production (lakh Productivity
a year Area (Lacs ha.)
kg) (kg.ha)
2635
2004-05 15.50 × 170 = 2635 424 = 6.21
424

2380
2005-06 14 × 170 = 2380 373 = 6.38
373

2720
2006-07 16 × 170 = 2720 513 = 5.30
513

2550
2007-08 15 × 170 = 2550 528 = 4.83
528

2380
2008-09 14 × 170 = 2380 522 = 4.56
522

2592.5
2009-10 15.25 × 170 = 2592.5 511 = 5.07
511

2380
2010-11 14 × 170 = 2380 587 = 4.05
587

∴The area of production of cotton in 2010-11 (4.05 lakh hectare) was the minimum area.
And in 2005-06, the production area maximum = 6.38 lakh hectares.
4.05
∴ identified percentage = × 100 = 63.48%
6.38

(f) Total production by farmer in 2008-09 = 522 × 5 = 2610 kg.

Given: 100 kg. Cotton = Rs. 1250
∵100 kg. Cotton = Rs. 1250
1250
∴2610 kg. Cotton = × 2610 = 32625Rs. 10,000/-
100
8.(a) Profit of A in 2007 % = 30%
∴Earnings of A = 130% (Earnings ∵= 100 + Profit %)
Profit of B in 2007 % = 65%
∴Income of B = 165%
(A + B) Earnings of = (130 + 165) = 295%

As per the question,

295% = 48.8 lakh
48.8
∴ 100% = × 100 = 16.54Lakh
295
∴ (A + B) expenditure = 200% = 2 × 16.54 = 33.08 lakh

(b) Suppose the expenditure of company B in the year 2004 = x

Expenditure of Company B in 2005 = y
x×160% 3
∴ = (Earnings = Expenditure × (100 + Profit %)
y×150% 5

x 3 15
= = × = 9: 16
y 5 16

(c) Income of company B in 2003 = 25 × 150% (Income = expenses × (100 + profit)

Earnings of Company B in 2004 = 30 × 160%
150 160
∴ Identified Income = 25 × + 30 × = 37.5 + 48 = 85.5Lacs
100 100

(d) The data are inadequate.

(e) Suppose the expenditure of company A in 2006 = 7x

Suppose the expenditure of company B in 2006 = 8x
170
Income of company A in 2006 =7x ×
100
160
Income of company B in 2006 =8x ×
100
7x×100
Intended ratio = = 119: 128
8x×160