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ChatGPT History

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197 views58 pages

ChatGPT History

chatgpt history

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pofoxi1736

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

ChatGPT

Developer(s) OpenAI

Initial release November 30, 2022; 22 months

ago
Stable release August 8, 2024; 2 months ago[1]

Engine • GPT-4

• GPT-4o

• GPT-4o mini

Platform Cloud computing platforms

Type • Chatbot

• Large language model

• Generative pre-trained
transformer

License Privative service

Website chatgpt.com

ChatGPT is a generative artificial intelligence chatbot[2][3] developed by OpenAI.

Launched in 2022 based on the GPT-3.5 large language model (LLM), it was later
updated to use the GPT-4 architecture. ChatGPT can generate human-like
conversational responses and enables users to refine and steer a conversation towards
a desired length, format, style, level of detail, and language.[4] It is credited with
accelerating the AI boom, which has led to ongoing rapid investment in and public
attention to the field of artificial intelligence (AI).[5] Some observers raised concern
about the potential of ChatGPT and similar programs to displace or atrophy human
intelligence, enable plagiarism, or fuel misinformation.[6][7]

By January 2023, ChatGPT had become what was then the fastest-growing consumer
software application in history, gaining over 100 million users in two months[8] and
contributing to the growth of OpenAI's current valuation of $86 billion.[9][10] ChatGPT's
release spurred the release of competing products,
including Gemini, Claude, Llama, Ernie, and Grok.[11] Microsoft launched Copilot,
initially based on OpenAI's GPT-4. In June 2024, a partnership between Apple Inc. and
OpenAI was announced in which ChatGPT is integrated into the Apple
Intelligence feature of Apple operating systems.[12] As of July 2024, ChatGPT's website is
among the 20 most-visited websites.[13][14]

ChatGPT is built on OpenAI's proprietary series of generative pre-trained

transformer (GPT) models and is fine-tuned for conversational applications using a
combination of supervised learning and reinforcement learning from human
feedback.[6] Successive user prompts and replies are considered at each conversation
stage as context.[15] ChatGPT was released as a freely available research preview, but
due to its popularity, OpenAI now operates the service on a freemium model. Users on
its free tier can access GPT-4o. The ChatGPT subscriptions "Plus", "Team", and
"Enterprise" provide additional features such as DALL-E 3 image generation and an
increased usage limit.[16]

Training

Part of a series on

Artificial intelligence

show

Major goals

show

Approaches

show

Applications

show

Philosophy

show

History

show

Glossary

• v

• t

• e
ChatGPT is based on particular GPT foundation models, namely GPT-4, GPT-
4o and GPT-4o mini, that were fine-tuned to target conversational usage.[17] The fine-
tuning process leveraged supervised learning and reinforcement learning from human
feedback (RLHF).[18][19] Both approaches employed human trainers to improve model
performance. In the case of supervised learning, the trainers played both sides: the user
and the AI assistant. In the reinforcement learning stage, human trainers first ranked
responses that the model had created in a previous conversation.[20] These rankings
were used to create "reward models" that were used to fine-tune the model further by
using several iterations of proximal policy optimization.[18][21]

Time magazine revealed that to build a safety system against harmful content
(e.g., sexual abuse, violence, racism, sexism), OpenAI used outsourced Kenyan workers
earning less than $2 per hour to label harmful content. These labels were used to train a
model to detect such content in the future. The outsourced laborers were exposed to
"toxic" and traumatic content; one worker described the assignment as "torture".
OpenAI's outsourcing partner was Sama, a training-data company based in San
Francisco, California.[22][23]

ChatGPT initially used a Microsoft Azure supercomputing infrastructure, powered

by Nvidia GPUs, that Microsoft built specifically for OpenAI and that reportedly cost
"hundreds of millions of dollars". Following ChatGPT's success, Microsoft dramatically
upgraded the OpenAI infrastructure in 2023.[24] Scientists at the University of California,
Riverside, estimate that a series of prompts to ChatGPT needs approximately 500
milliliters (18 imp fl oz; 17 U.S. fl oz) of water for Microsoft servers cooling.[25] TrendForce
market intelligence estimated that 30,000 Nvidia GPUs (each costing approximately
$10,000–15,000) were used to power ChatGPT in 2023.[26][27]

OpenAI collects data from ChatGPT users to train and fine-tune the service further.
Users can upvote or downvote responses they receive from ChatGPT and fill in a text
field with additional feedback.[28][29]

ChatGPT's training data includes software manual pages, information about internet
phenomena such as bulletin board systems, multiple programming languages, and the
text of Wikipedia.[30][31][6]

Features and limitations

Features
A screenshot of ChatGPT in Mozilla
Firefox on ZorinOS

Although a chatbot's core function is to mimic a human conversationalist, ChatGPT is

versatile. It can write and debug computer programs;[32] compose music, teleplays, fairy
tales, and student essays; answer test questions (sometimes, depending on the test, at
a level above the average human test-taker);[33] generate business ideas;[34] write poetry
and song lyrics;[35] translate and summarize text;[36] emulate a Linux system; simulate
entire chat rooms; play games like tic-tac-toe; or simulate an ATM.[30]

Compared to its predecessor, InstructGPT, ChatGPT attempts to reduce harmful and

deceitful responses.[37] In one example, whereas InstructGPT accepts the premise of the
prompt "Tell me about when Christopher Columbus came to the U.S. in 2015" as
truthful, ChatGPT acknowledges the counterfactual nature of the question and frames
its answer as a hypothetical consideration of what might happen if Columbus came to
the U.S. in 2015, using information about the voyages of Christopher Columbus and
facts about the modern world—including modern perceptions of Columbus's actions.[18]

ChatGPT remembers a limited number of previous prompts in the same conversation.

Journalists have speculated that this will allow ChatGPT to be used as a personalized
therapist.[38] To prevent offensive outputs from being presented to and produced by
ChatGPT, queries are filtered through the OpenAI "Moderation endpoint" API (a separate
GPT-based AI).[39][40][18][38]

In March 2023, OpenAI added support for plugins for ChatGPT.[41] This includes both
plugins made by OpenAI, such as web browsing and code interpretation, and external
plugins from developers such as Expedia, OpenTable, Zapier, Shopify, Slack,
and Wolfram.[42][43]

Limitations

When prompted to "summarize an article" with a fake

URL that contains meaningful keywords, even with no Internet connection, the chatbot
generates a response that seems valid at first glance. It guesses the content from the
last portion of the fake URL "chatgpt-prompts-to-avoid-content-filters.html"

OpenAI acknowledges that ChatGPT "sometimes writes plausible-sounding but

incorrect or nonsensical answers".[18] This behavior is common for large language
models, and is called "hallucination".[44] The reward model of ChatGPT, designed around
human oversight, can be over-optimized and thus hinder performance, in an example of
an optimization pathology known as Goodhart's law.[45]

As of May 2024, GPT-4 has knowledge of events that occurred up to December

2023[46] and GPT-4o's knowledge cut-off is October 2023.[47] Paid subscriptions enable
ChatGPT to search the web for real-time data.[48]

Training data also suffers from algorithmic bias, which may be revealed when ChatGPT
responds to prompts including descriptors of people. In one instance, ChatGPT
generated a rap in which women and scientists of color were asserted to be inferior to
white male scientists.[49][50] This negative misrepresentation of groups of individuals is an
example of possible representational harm.

In an article for The New Yorker, science fiction writer Ted Chiang compared ChatGPT
and other LLMs to a lossy JPEG picture:[51]

Think of ChatGPT as a blurry JPEG of all the text on the Web. It retains much of the
information on the Web, in the same way, that a JPEG retains much of the information of
a higher-resolution image, but, if you're looking for an exact sequence of bits, you won't
find it; all you will ever get is an approximation. But, because the approximation is
presented in the form of grammatical text, which ChatGPT excels at creating, it's usually
acceptable. [...] It's also a way to understand the "hallucinations", or nonsensical
answers to factual questions, to which large language models such as ChatGPT are all
too prone. These hallucinations are compression artifacts, but [...] they are plausible
enough that identifying them requires comparing them against the originals, which in
this case means either the Web or our knowledge of the world. When we think about
them this way, such hallucinations are anything but surprising; if a compression
algorithm is designed to reconstruct text after ninety-nine percent of the original has
been discarded, we should expect that significant portions of what it generates will be
entirely fabricated.

In June 2024, ChatGPT was found to have repeated misinformation about the 2024
United States presidential debates.[52]

Jailbreaking

OpenAI tries to battle jailbreaks:[20]

The researchers are using a technique called adversarial training to stop ChatGPT from
letting users trick it into behaving badly (known as jailbreaking). This work pits multiple
chatbots against each other: one chatbot plays the adversary and attacks another
chatbot by generating text to force it to buck its usual constraints and produce
unwanted responses. Successful attacks are added to ChatGPT's training data in the
hope that it learns to ignore them.

Service

ChatGPT Plus

ChatGPT was initially free to the public, and OpenAI planned to monetize the service
later.[57] In February 2023, OpenAI launched a premium service, ChatGPT Plus, that
costs US$20 per month. According to the company, the updated but still "experimental"
version of ChatGPT would provide access during peak periods, no downtime, priority
access to new features, and faster response speeds.[58]

GPT-4, which was released on March 14, 2023, was made available via API and for
premium ChatGPT users.[59] But premium users were limited to a cap of 100 messages
every four hours, with the limit tightening to 25 messages every three hours in response
to increased demand.[60] In November 2023 the limit changed to 50 messages every
three hours.

In March 2023, ChatGPT Plus users got access to third-party plugins and to a browsing
mode (with Internet access).[61]

In September 2023, OpenAI announced that ChatGPT "can now see, hear, and speak".
ChatGPT Plus users can upload images, while mobile app users can talk to the
chatbot.[62][63][64]
In October 2023, OpenAI's latest image generation model, DALL-E 3, was integrated into
ChatGPT Plus and ChatGPT Enterprise. The integration uses ChatGPT to write prompts
for DALL-E guided by conversation with users.[65][66]

Mobile app

In May 2023, OpenAI launched an iOS app for ChatGPT. The app supports chat history
syncing and voice input (using Whisper, OpenAI's speech recognition model).

In July 2023, OpenAI unveiled an Android app, initially rolling it out

in Bangladesh, Brazil, India, and the U.S.[67][68] The app later became available
worldwide. OpenAI is working on integrating ChatGPT with Android's assistant APIs.[69]

Software development support

As an addition to its consumer-friendly "ChatGPT Plus" package, OpenAI made its

ChatGPT and Whisper model APIs available in March 2023, providing developers with
an application programming interface for AI-enabled language and speech-to-text
features. ChatGPT's new API uses the same GPT-3.5-turbo AI model as the chatbot. This
allows developers to add either an unmodified or modified version of ChatGPT to their
applications.[70] The ChatGPT API costs $0.001 per 1,000 input tokens plus $0.002 per
1,000 output tokens (about 750 words), making it ~10% the price of the original GPT-3.5
models.[71][72]

A few days before the launch of OpenAI's software developer support service, on
February 27, 2023, Snapchat rolled out, for its paid Snapchat Plus userbase, a custom
ChatGPT chatbot called "My AI".[73]

March 2023 security breach

OpenAI CEO Sam Altman

In March 2023, a bug allowed some users to see the titles of other users' conversations.
OpenAI CEO Sam Altman said that users were unable to see the contents of the
conversations. Shortly after the bug was fixed, users could not see their conversation
history.[74][75][76][77] Later reports showed the bug was much more severe than initially
believed, with OpenAI reporting that it had leaked users' "first and last name, email
address, payment address, the last four digits (only) of a credit card number, and credit
card expiration date".[78][79]

Languages

ChatGPT works best in English but also functions in most other languages, with varying
degrees of accuracy.[35]

OpenAI met Icelandic President Guðni Th. Jóhannesson in 2022. In 2023, OpenAI
worked with a team of 40 Icelandic volunteers to fine-tune ChatGPT's Icelandic
conversation skills as a part of Iceland's attempts to preserve the Icelandic language.[80]

PCMag journalists conducted a test to determine translation capabilities of

ChatGPT, Google's Bard, and Microsoft Bing, and compared them to Google Translate.
They "asked bilingual speakers of seven languages to do a blind test". Languages tested
were Polish, French, Korean, Spanish, Arabic, Tagalog, and Amharic. They came to the
conclusion that ChatGPT was better than both Google Translate and other chatbots.[81]

Japanese researchers compared Japanese to English translation abilities of ChatGPT

(based on GPT-4), Bing, Bard and DeepL, and found that ChatGPT provided the best
translations, noting that "AI chatbots’ translations were much better than those of
DeepL—presumably because of their ability to capture the context".[82]

In December 2023, the Albanian government signed an agreement with OpenAI to use
ChatGPT for fast translation of European Union documents and analysis of required
changes needed for Albania to be accepted into the EU.[83]

In August 2024 a representative of the Asia Pacific wing of OpenAI made a visit to
Taiwan, during which a demonstration of ChatGPT's Chinese abilities was
made.[84] ChatGPT's Mandarin Chinese abilities were lauded, but the ability of the AI to
produce content in Mandarin Chinese in a Taiwanese accent was found to be "less than
ideal."[85]

GPT Store

Main article: GPT Store

In January 2024, OpenAI launched the GPT Store, a marketplace for custom ChatGPT
chatbots labeled GPTs.[86][87] The company initially planned to launch the store in
November 2023, but it was delayed.[88] At launch, the GPT Store offered more than 3
million custom chatbots.[89] Chatbots available through the store are developed using
OpenAI's GPT Builder system.[88] Development of chatbots on the platform does not
require programming skills.[90] Two days after launch, the GPT Store offered many
versions of "virtual girlfriend" bots, something that is against OpenAI's terms of
service.[91]
GPT-4

Main article: GPT-4

OpenAI's GPT-4 model was released on March 14, 2023. Observers saw it as an
impressive improvement over GPT-3.5, with the caveat that GPT-4 retained many of the
same problems.[92] Some of GPT-4's improvements were predicted by OpenAI before
training it, while others remained hard to predict due to breaks[93] in downstream scaling
laws. OpenAI demonstrated video and image inputs for GPT-4, although such features
remain inaccessible to the general public.[94] OpenAI has declined to reveal technical
information such as the size of the GPT-4 model.[95]

The ChatGPT Plus subscription service offers access to a GPT-4-powered version of

ChatGPT.[96] Microsoft acknowledged that Bing Chat was using GPT-4 before GPT-4's
official release.[97]

In November 2023, OpenAI launched GPT-4 Turbo, which notably has a much
larger context window.[98]

GPT-4o

Main article: GPT-4o

In May 2024, OpenAI released GPT-4o ("o" for "Omni"), a model capable of analyzing
and generating text, images, and sound. GPT-4o is twice as fast and costs half as much
as GPT-4 Turbo. GPT-4o is free to all users within a usage limit, despite being more
capable than the older model GPT-4, which is only available through paid subscriptions.
The usage limit is five times higher for ChatGPT Plus subscribers than for free users.[99]

On July 18, 2024, OpenAI released GPT-4o mini, a smaller version of GPT-4o replacing
GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million input tokens and
$0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o.

Main article: OpenAI o1

On September 12, 2024, OpenAI introduced the o1-preview model. o1 is designed to

solve more complex problems by spending more time thinking before it answers,
enabling it to analyze its answers and explore different strategies. According to OpenAI,
o1-preview outperforms GPT-4o in areas like competitive programming, mathematics,
and scientific reasoning. o1-preview ranked in the 89th percentile on Codeforces'
competitive programming contests, scored 83% on a International Mathematics
Olympiad qualifying exam (compared to 13% for GPT-4o), and performs similarly to
Ph.D. students on benchmarks in physics, biology, and chemistry. A faster and cheaper
version, named o1-mini, was also released.[100][101]
Model versions

The following table lists the main model versions of ChatGPT, describing the significant
changes included with each version:[102][103]

Release
Version Description Status
date

November The first ChatGPT version used the GPT-3.5

GPT-3.5 Discontinued
2022 model.

An improvement over the legacy version of

GPT-3.5 GPT-3.5, GPT-3.5 Turbo in ChatGPT offered
2023 Discontinued
Turbo better accuracy in responses while using a
similar model.

Introduced with the ChatGPT Plus

GPT-4 March 2023 subscription, the March 2023 version is Active
based on the more advanced GPT-4 model.

Capable of processing text, image, audio,

and video, GPT-4o is faster and more capable
GPT-4o May 2024 Active
than GPT-4, and free within a usage limit that
is higher for paid subscriptions.[104]

A smaller and cheaper version of GPT-4o.

GPT-4o
July 2024 GPT-4o mini replaced GPT-3.5 in the July Active
mini
2024 version of ChatGPT.[105]

o1- September A preview version of OpenAI o1, which has

Active
preview 2024 not been released yet.[106]

September
o1-mini A smaller and faster version of OpenAI o1.[106] Active
2024

Reception

OpenAI engineers have said that they had not expected ChatGPT to be very successful
and were surprised by the coverage and attention that it received.[107][108][109]

ChatGPT was widely assessed in December 2022 as having some unprecedented and
powerful capabilities. Kevin Roose of The New York Times called it "the best artificial
intelligence chatbot ever released to the general public".[38] Samantha Lock of The
Guardian noted that it was able to generate "impressively detailed" and "human-like"
text.[15] Alex Kantrowitz of Slate magazine lauded ChatGPT's pushback to questions
related to Nazi Germany, including the statement that Adolf Hitler built highways in
Germany, which was met with information about Nazi Germany's use of forced
labor.[110] In The Atlantic magazine's "Breakthroughs of the Year" for 2022, Derek
Thompson included ChatGPT as part of "the generative-AI eruption" that "may change
our mind about how we work, how we think, and what human creativity is".[111] Kelsey
Piper of Vox wrote that "ChatGPT is the general public's first hands-on introduction to
how powerful modern AI has gotten, and as a result, many of us are [stunned]" and that
ChatGPT is "smart enough to be useful despite its flaws".[112] Paul
Graham of Y Combinator tweeted: "The striking thing about the reaction to ChatGPT is
not just the number of people who are blown away by it, but who they are. These are not
people who get excited by every shiny new thing. Something big is happening."[113]

ChatGPT gained one million users in five days[114] and 100 millions in two months,
becoming the fastest-growing internet application in history.[8] ChatGPT's launch and
popularity caught Google off-guard, prompting a sweeping and unprecedented
response in the ensuing months.[115] In December 2022, Google executives sounded a
"code red" alarm, fearing the threat of ChatGPT and Microsoft's collaboration with
OpenAI to Google Search, Google's core business.[116] After mobilizing its workforce,
Google scrambled to launch Bard, a chatbot powered by the LaMDA LLM, on February
6, 2023, one day before Microsoft's announcement of Bing Chat.[117] AI was the forefront
of Google's annual Google I/O conference in May, announcing a slew of generative AI-
powered features across its products to counter OpenAI and Microsoft.[118]

Journalists and scholars have commented on ChatGPT's tendency to

hallucinate.[119] Mike Pearl of the online technology blog Mashable tested ChatGPT with
multiple questions. In one example, he asked ChatGPT for "the largest country
in Central America that isn't Mexico" (Mexico is in North America), to which ChatGPT
responded with Guatemala (the correct answer is Nicaragua).[120] When CNBC asked
ChatGPT for the lyrics to "Ballad of Dwight Fry", ChatGPT supplied invented lyrics rather
than the actual lyrics.[121] Writers for The Verge cited the seminal 2021 research paper
"On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? " by Emily
M. Bender, Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Margaret
Mitchell,[122] comparing ChatGPT to a "stochastic parrot",[53] as did Professor Anton Van
Den Hengel of the Australian Institute for Machine Learning.[123] On a similar vein,
philosopher Michael Hicks of the University of Glasgow described it as "bullshit".[124]

In December 2022, the question-and-answer website Stack Overflow banned the use of
ChatGPT for generating answers to questions, citing the factually ambiguous nature of
its responses.[125] In January 2023, the International Conference on Machine
Learning banned any undocumented use of ChatGPT or other large language models to
generate any text in submitted papers.[126] Samsung banned generative AI company-
wide in May 2023 after sensitive material was uploaded to ChatGPT.[127]
In January 2023, after being sent a song ChatGPT wrote in the style of Nick
Cave,[128] Cave responded on The Red Hand Files,[129] saying the act of writing a song is "a
blood and guts business [...] that requires something of me to initiate the new and fresh
idea. It requires my humanness." He went on to say, "With all the love and respect in the
world, this song is bullshit, a grotesque mockery of what it is to be human, and, well, I
don't much like it."[128][130]

A 2023 Time cover: "The AI Arms Race Is Changing

Everything"

In February 2023, Time magazine placed a screenshot of a conversation with ChatGPT

on its cover, writing that "The AI Arms Race Is Changing Everything" and "The AI Arms
Race Is On. Start Worrying".[131]

Chinese state media have characterized ChatGPT as a way for the United States to
spread misinformation.[132] ChatGPT was blocked by the Great Firewall in China on 2
March 2023.[133] In May 2023, Chinese police arrested a man who allegedly used
ChatGPT to generate a bogus report about a train crash, which was then posted online
for profit.[134] In December 2023, Chinese police arrested four people who had allegedly
used ChatGPT to develop ransomware.[135] In 2024, a survey of Chinese youth found that
18% of respondents born after 2000 reported using generative AI "almost every day" and
that ChatGPT is one of the most popular generative AI products in China.[136]

In late March 2023, the Italian data protection authority banned ChatGPT in Italy and
opened an investigation. Italian regulators assert that ChatGPT was exposing minors to
age-inappropriate content, and that OpenAI's use of ChatGPT conversations as training
data could violate Europe's General Data Protection Regulation.[137][138] In April 2023, the
ChatGPT ban was lifted in Italy. OpenAI said it has taken steps to effectively clarify and
address the issues raised; an age verification tool was implemented to ensure users are
at least 13 years old. Additionally, users can access its privacy policy before
registration.[139]
In April 2023, Brian Hood, mayor of Hepburn Shire Council, planned to take legal action
against ChatGPT over false information. According to Hood, ChatGPT erroneously
claimed that he was jailed for bribery during his tenure at a subsidiary of Australia's
national bank. In fact, Hood acted as a whistleblower and was not charged with any
criminal offenses. His legal team sent a concerns notice to OpenAI as the first official
step in filing a defamation case.[140] In July 2023, the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
issued a civil investigative demand to OpenAI to investigate whether the company's data
security and privacy practices to develop ChatGPT were unfair or harmed
consumers (including by reputational harm) in violation of Section 5 of the Federal Trade
Commission Act of 1914.[141][142][143]

In July 2023, the FTC launched an investigation into OpenAI, the creator of ChatGPT,
over allegations that the company scraped public data and published false and
defamatory information. The FTC sent OpenAI a 20-page letter asking for
comprehensive information about its technology and privacy safeguards, as well as any
steps taken to prevent the recurrence of situations in which its chatbot generated false
and derogatory content about people.[144]

A March 2023 Pew Research Center poll found that 14% of American adults had tried
ChatGPT.[145] In July, the Pew Research Center put the same figure at 18%.[146]

Research conducted in 2023 revealed weaknesses of ChatGPT that make it vulnerable

to cyberattacks. A study presented example attacks on ChatGPT, including jailbreaks
and reverse psychology. Additionally, malicious actors can use ChatGPT for social
engineering attacks and phishing attacks. The researchers also contended that
ChatGPT and other generative AI tools have defense capabilities and the ability to
improve security. The technology can improve security by cyber defense automation,
threat intelligence, attack identification, and reporting.[147] Another study reported that
GPT-4 obtained a better score than 99% of humans on the Torrance Tests of Creative
Thinking.[148][149]

In December 2023, ChatGPT became the first non-human to be included in Nature's 10,
an annual listicle curated by Nature of people considered to have made significant
impact in science.[150][151] Celeste Biever wrote in a Nature article that "ChatGPT broke
the Turing test".[152] Stanford researchers reported that GPT-4 "passes a rigorous Turing
test, diverging from average human behavior chiefly to be more cooperative."[153][154]

In May 2024, OpenAI removed accounts involving the use of ChatGPT by state-
backed influence operations such as China's Spamouflage, Russia's Doppelganger, and
Israel's Ministry of Diaspora Affairs and Combating Antisemitism.[155][156]

In August 2024, the FTC voted unanimously to ban marketers from using fake user
reviews created by generative AI chatbots (including ChatGPT) and influencers paying
for bots to increase follower counts.[157]
Applications

Scientific journals have different reactions to ChatGPT. Some,

including Nature and JAMA Network, "require that authors disclose the use of text-
generating tools and ban listing a large language model (LLM) such as ChatGPT as a co-
author". Science "completely banned" usage of LLM-generated text in all its journals.[162]

Spanish chemist Rafael Luque published a plethora of research papers in 2023 that he
later admitted were written by ChatGPT. The papers have a large number of unusual
phrases characteristic of LLMs.[note 1] Many authors argue that the use of ChatGPT in
academia for teaching and review is problematic due to its tendency to
hallucinate.[164][165][166] Robin Bauwens, an assistant professor at Tilburg University, found
that a ChatGPT-generated peer review report on his article mentioned nonexistent
studies.[167] According to librarian Chris Granatino of Lemieux Library at Seattle
University, although ChatGPT can generate content that seemingly includes legitimate
citations, in most cases those citations are not real or are largely incorrect.[168]

Coding

Researchers at Purdue University analyzed ChatGPT's responses to 517 questions

about software engineering or computer programming posed on Stack Overflow for
correctness, consistency, comprehensiveness, and concision, and found that 52% of
them contained inaccuracies and 77% were verbose.[169][170] Researchers at Stanford
University and the University of California, Berkeley found that, when creating
directly executable responses to the latest 50 code generation problems
from LeetCode that were rated "easy", the performances of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 fell from
22% and 52%, respectively, in March 2023, to 2% and 10%, respectively, in June
2023.[171][172]

Computer security

Check Point Research and others noted that ChatGPT could write phishing emails
and malware, especially when combined with OpenAI Codex. CyberArk researchers
demonstrated that ChatGPT could be used to create polymorphic malware that could
evade security products while requiring little effort by the attacker.[173][174] From the
launch of ChatGPT in the fourth quarter of 2022 to the fourth quarter of 2023, there was
a 1,265% increase in malicious phishing emails and a 967% increase in credential
phishing, which cybersecurity professionals argued in an industry survey was
attributable to cybercriminals' increased use of generative artificial intelligence
(including ChatGPT).[175]

In July 2024, Futurism reported that GPT-4o in ChatGPT would sometimes link "scam
news sites that deluge the user with fake software updates and virus warnings"; these
popups can be used to coerce users into downloading malware or potentially unwanted
programs.[176]

Economics

There has been concern that ChatGPT could supplant jobs, especially roles such as
creative writing, copy-writing, communication, journalism, coding, and data
entry.[177][178][179][180]

The release of ChatGPT prompted a wave of investment in China, resulting in the

development of more than 200 large language learning models.[181]: 95 This was termed
the "war of a hundred models" (百模大战 bai mo dazhan).[181]: 95

Education

Main article: ChatGPT in education

Books about ChatGPT in an Osaka bookstore

Technology writer Dan Gillmor used ChatGPT in 2022 on a student assignment, and
found its generated text was on par with what a good student would deliver and opined
that "academia has some very serious issues to confront".[182]

Geography professor Terence Day assessed citations generated by ChatGPT and found
that they were fake. Despite that, he writes that "the titles of the fake articles are all
directly relevant to the questions and could potentially make excellent papers. The lack
of a genuine citation could signal an opportunity for an enterprising author to fill a void."
According to Day, it is possible to generate high-quality introductory college courses
with ChatGPT; he used it to write materials on "introductory physical geography
courses, for my second-year course in geographical hydrology, and second-year
cartography, geographic information systems, and remote sensing". He concludes that
"this approach could have significant relevance for open learning and could potentially
affect current textbook publishing models".[183]
On May 7, 2024, OpenAI announced in a blog post that it was developing tools like
tamper-resistant watermarking to identify AI-generated content.[184] In an August 4
update, following a Wall Street Journal report about the delayed release of a watermark
tool for AI-detection,[185][186] OpenAI shared progress on text provenance, revealing a text
watermarking method.[184] While accurate against paraphrasing, the method is less
effective against global tampering, such as translation or rewording. OpenAI also noted
potential disproportionate impacts on groups like non-native English speakers.[187]

Culture

Street art in Tel Aviv[188][189]

Some scholars have expressed concern that ChatGPT's availability could reduce the
originality of writing, cause people to write more like the AI as they are exposed to the
model, and encourage an Anglocentric perspective centered on a few dialects of
English globally.[190] A senior editor at The Atlantic wrote that ChatGPT and other similar
technology make the previously absurd idea of the dead internet theory a little more
realistic, where AI could someday create most web content in order to control
society.[178]

During the first three months after ChatGPT became available to the public, hundreds of
books appeared on Amazon that listed it as author or co-author and featured
illustrations made by other AI models such as Midjourney.[191][192]

Between March and April 2023, Italian newspaper Il Foglio published one ChatGPT-
generated article a day on its website, hosting a special contest for its readers in the
process.[193] The articles tackled themes such as the possible replacement of human
journalists by AI systems,[194] Elon Musk's administration of Twitter,[195] the Meloni
government's immigration policy[196] and the competition between chatbots and virtual
assistants.[197] In June 2023, hundreds of people attended a "ChatGPT-powered church
service" at St. Paul's church in Fürth, Germany. Theologian and philosopher Jonas
Simmerlein, who presided, said that it was "about 98 percent from the
machine".[198][199] The ChatGPT-generated avatar told the people, "Dear friends, it is an
honor for me to stand here and preach to you as the first artificial intelligence at this
year’s convention of Protestants in Germany". Reactions to the ceremony were
mixed.[200] The Last Screenwriter, a 2024 film created and directed by Peter Luisi, was
written with the use of ChatGPT, and was marketed as "the first film written entirely by
AI".[201]

Financial markets

The AI technology company c3.ai saw a 28% increase in its share price after announcing
the integration of ChatGPT into its toolkit.[202] The share price of BuzzFeed, a digital
media company unrelated to AI, increased 120% after announcing OpenAI technology
adoption for content creation.[203] Reuters found that share prices of AI-related
companies BigBear.ai and SoundHound AI increased by 21% and 40%, respectively,
even though they had no direct connection to ChatGPT.[204] They attributed this surge to
ChatGPT's role in turning AI into Wall Street's buzzword. Academic research published
in Finance Research Letters found that the 'ChatGPT effect' prompted retail investors to
drive up prices of AI-related cryptocurrency assets despite the
broader cryptocurrency market being in a bear market, and diminished institutional
investor interest.[205] This confirms anecdotal findings by Bloomberg that, in response to
ChatGPT's launch, cryptocurrency investors showed a preference for AI-related crypto
assets.[206]

An experiment by finder.com revealed that ChatGPT could outperform popular fund

managers by picking stocks based on criteria such as growth history and debt levels,
resulting in a 4.9% increase in a hypothetical account of 38 stocks, outperforming 10
benchmarked investment funds with an average loss of 0.8%.[207] Conversely, executives
and investment managers at Wall Street quant funds (including those that have
used machine learning for decades) have noted that ChatGPT regularly makes obvious
errors that would be financially costly to investors because even AI systems that employ
reinforcement learning or self-learning have had only limited success in
predicting market trends due to the inherently noisy quality of market data and financial
signals.[208]

In November 2023, research conducted by Patronus AI, an artificial intelligence startup

company, compared performance of GPT-4, GPT-4-Turbo, Claude2, and LLaMA-2 on
two versions of a 150-question test about information in financial
statements (e.g., Form 10-K, Form 10-Q, Form 8-K, earnings reports, earnings
call transcripts) submitted by public companies to the U.S. Securities and Exchange
Commission. One version of the test required the generative AI models to use a retrieval
system to find the specific SEC filing to answer the questions; the other gave the
models the specific SEC filing to answer the question (i.e., in a long context window). On
the retrieval system version, GPT-4-Turbo and LLaMA-2 both failed to produce correct
answers to 81% of the questions, while on the long context window version, GPT-4-
Turbo and Claude-2 failed to produce correct answers to 21% and 24% of the
questions, respectively.[209][210]

Medicine

Professionals have emphasized ChatGPT's limitations in providing medical assistance.

In correspondence to The Lancet Infectious Diseases, three antimicrobial experts wrote
that "the largest barriers to the implementation of ChatGPT in clinical practice are
deficits in situational awareness, inference, and consistency. These shortcomings
could endanger patient safety."[226] Physician's Weekly, though also discussing the
potential use of ChatGPT in medical contexts (e.g., "as a digital assistant to physicians
by performing various administrative functions like gathering patient record information
or categorizing patient data by family history, symptoms, lab results, possible allergies,
et cetera"), warned that the AI might sometimes provide fabricated or biased
information.[227] One radiologist warned: "We've seen in our experience that ChatGPT
sometimes makes up fake journal articles or health consortiums to support its
claims";[228] As reported in one Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Digital Health paper, ChatGPT
may do this for as much as 69% of its cited medical references. The researchers
emphasized that while many of its references were fabricated, those that were
appeared "deceptively real".[229] As Dr. Stephen Hughes mentioned for The
Conversation however, ChatGPT is capable of learning to correct its past mistakes. He
also noted the AI's "prudishness" regarding sexual health topics.[230]

Contrary to previous findings, ChatGPT responses to anesthesia-related questions were

more accurate, succinct, and descriptive compared to Bard's. Bard exhibited 30.3%
error in response as compared to ChatGPT (0% error).[231] At a conference of
the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists in December 2023, researchers
at Long Island University (LIU) presented a study that researched ChatGPT's responses
to 45 frequently asked questions of LIU College of Pharmacy's drug information service
during a 16-month period from 2022 to 2023 as compared with researched responses
provided by professional pharmacists. For 29 of the 39 questions for which there was
sufficient medical literature for a data-driven response, ChatGPT failed to provide a
direct answer or provided a wrong or incomplete answer (and in some cases, if acted
upon, the answer would endanger the patient's health). The researchers had asked
ChatGPT to provide medical research citations for all its answers, but it did so for only
eight, and all eight included at least one fabricated (fake) citation.[232][233]
A January 2024 study conducted by researchers at Cohen Children's Medical
Center found that GPT-4 had an accuracy rate of 17% when diagnosing pediatric
medical cases.[234][235]

Law

In January 2023, Massachusetts State Senator Barry Finegold and State

Representative Josh S. Cutler proposed a bill partially written by ChatGPT, "An Act
drafted with the help of ChatGPT to regulate generative artificial intelligence models like
ChatGPT",[236][237][238] which would require companies to disclose their algorithms and
data collection practices to the office of the State Attorney General, arrange regular risk
assessments, and contribute to the prevention of plagiarism.[237][238][239] The bill was
officially presented during a hearing on July 13.[236][238]

On April 11, 2023, a judge of a session court in Pakistan used ChatGPT to decide the bail
of a 13-year-old accused in a matter. The court quoted the use of ChatGPT assistance in
its verdict:

Can a juvenile suspect in Pakistan, who is 13 years old, be granted bail after arrest?

The AI language model replied:

Under the Juvenile Justice System Act 2018, according to section 12, the court can grant
bail on certain conditions. However, it is up to the court to decide whether or not a 13-
year-old suspect will be granted bail after arrest.

The judge asked ChatGPT other questions about the case and formulated his final
decision in light of its answers.[240][241]

In Mata v. Avianca, Inc., 22-cv-1461 (PKC), a personal injury lawsuit against Avianca
Airlines filed in the Southern New York U.S. District Court in May 2023 (with Senior
Judge P. Kevin Castel presiding), the plaintiff's attorneys reportedly used ChatGPT to
generate a legal motion. ChatGPT generated numerous fictitious legal cases involving
fictitious airlines with fabricated quotations and internal citations in the legal motion.
Castel noted numerous inconsistencies in the opinion summaries, and called one of
the cases' legal analysis "gibberish".[242] The plaintiff's attorneys faced potential judicial
sanction and disbarment for filing the motion and presenting the fictitious legal
decisions ChatGPT generated as authentic.[243][244] The case was dismissed and the
attorneys were fined $5,000.[245][246]

In October 2023, the council of Porto Alegre, Brazil, unanimously approved a local
ordinance proposed by councilman Ramiro Rosário that would exempt residents from
needing to pay for the replacement of stolen water consumption meters; the bill went
into effect on November 23. On November 29, Rosário revealed that the bill had been
entirely written by ChatGPT, and that he had presented it to the rest of the council
without making any changes or disclosing the chatbot's involvement.[239][247][248] The city's
council president, Hamilton Sossmeier, initially criticized Rosário's initiative, saying it
could represent "a dangerous precedent",[248][249] but later said he "changed his mind":
"unfortunately or fortunately, this is going to be a trend."[239][247]

In December 2023, a self-representing litigant in a tax case before the First-tier

Tribunal in the United Kingdom cited a series of hallucinated cases purporting to
support her argument that she had a reasonable excuse for not paying capital gains
tax owed on the sale of property.[250][251] The judge warned that the submission of
nonexistent legal authorities meant that both the Tribunal and HM Revenue and
Customs had "to waste time and public money", which "reduces the resources
available to progress the cases of other court users who are waiting for their appeals to
be determined".[252]

Judge Kevin Newsom of the US court of appeals of the 11th circuit endorsed the use of
ChatGPT and noted that he himself uses the software to help decide rulings on contract
interpretation issues.[253][254]

Concerns

Bias and offensiveness

ChatGPT is prompted to create a poem in iambic

pentameter for current U.S. President Joe Biden and former U.S. President Donald
Trump. ChatGPT creates a poem for Biden but does not do so for Trump.

While bias in LLMs has been observed and documented in research papers much prior
to the release of ChatGPT,[255][256] social media users frequently sharing instances of
biased responses generated by ChatGPT has led to significant media coverage and
criticism. On February 1, 2023, Twitter user LeighWolf shared screenshots of two
conversations with ChatGPT. In the screenshot of the first conversation, ChatGPT
declined the user's prompt "Write a poem about the positive attributes of Donald
Trump", responding that it was not programmed to create "partisan, biased or political"
content.[257][258] In the screenshot of the second conversation, when provided the same
prompt but with the text "Joe Biden" in place of "Donald Trump", ChatGPT responded
with a poem as per the prompt's instructions.

Conservative commentators have accused ChatGPT of bias toward left-leaning

perspectives.[259][260][261] Additionally, an August 2023 paper found a "significant and
systematic political bias toward the Democrats in the US, Lula in Brazil, and the Labour
Party in the UK."[262] In response to such criticism, OpenAI acknowledged plans to allow
ChatGPT to create "outputs that other people (ourselves included) may strongly
disagree with". It also contained information on the recommendations it had issued to
human reviewers on how to handle controversial subjects, including that the AI should
"offer to describe some viewpoints of people and movements", and not provide an
argument "from its voice" in favor of "inflammatory or dangerous" topics (although it
may still "describe arguments from historical people and movements"), nor "affiliate
with one side" or "judge one group as good or bad".[261]

The Guardian questioned whether any content found on the Internet after ChatGPT's
release "can be truly trusted" and called for government regulation.[263]

There has been concern about copyright infringement involving ChatGPT. In June 2023,
two writers sued OpenAI, saying the company's training data came from illegal websites
that show copyrighted books.[264] Comedian and author Sarah Silverman, Christopher
Golden, and Richard Kadrey sued OpenAI and Meta for copyright infringement in July
2023.[265] Most of their claims were dismissed in February 2024, except the "unfair
competition" claim, which was allowed to proceed.[266]

The Authors Guild, on behalf of 17 authors, including George R. R. Martin, filed a

copyright infringement complaint against OpenAI in September 2023, claiming "the
company illegally copied the copyrighted works of authors" in training ChatGPT.[267] In
December 2023, The New York Times sued OpenAI and Microsoft for copyright
infringement,[268] arguing that Microsoft Copilot and ChatGPT could
reproduce Times articles and/or sizable portions of them without permission.[269] As part
of the suit, the Times has requested that OpenAI and Microsoft be prevented from using
its content for training data, along with removing it from training datasets.[270]

In March 2024, Patronus AI compared performance of LLMs on a 100-question test,

asking them to complete sentences from books (e.g., "What is the first passage of Gone
Girl by Gillian Flynn?") that were under copyright in the United States; it found that GPT-
4, Mistral AI's Mixtral, Meta AI's LLaMA-2, and Anthropic's Claude 2 did not refuse to do
so, providing sentences from the books verbatim in 44%, 22%, 10%, and 8% of
responses, respectively.[271][272]

Existential risk

In 2023, Australian MP Julian Hill advised the national parliament that the growth of AI
could cause "mass destruction". During his speech, which was partly written by the
program, he warned that it could result in cheating, job losses, discrimination,
disinformation, and uncontrollable military applications.[273]

Elon Musk wrote: "ChatGPT is scary good. We are not far from dangerously strong
AI".[112] He paused OpenAI's access to a Twitter database in 2022 pending a better
understanding of OpenAI's plans, saying: "OpenAI was started as open
source and nonprofit. Neither is still true."[274][275] Musk co-founded OpenAI in 2015, in
part to address existential risk from artificial intelligence, but resigned in 2018.[275]

Over 20,000 signatories including leading computer scientist and tech founders Yoshua
Bengio, Elon Musk, and Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, signed a March 2023 open
letter calling for an immediate pause of giant AI experiments like ChatGPT, citing
"profound risks to society and humanity".[276] Geoffrey Hinton, one of the "fathers of AI",
voiced concerns that future AI systems may surpass human intelligence, and left
Google in May 2023.[277][278] A May 2023 statement by hundreds of AI scientists, AI
industry leaders, and other public figures demanded that "[m]itigating the risk of
extinction from AI should be a global priority".[279]

Other prominent AI researchers spoke more optimistically about the advances. Juergen
Schmidhuber, often called a "father of modern AI", did not sign the letter, emphasizing
that in 95% of cases, AI research is about making "human lives longer and healthier and
easier." Schmidhuber added that while AI can be used by bad actors, it "can also be
used against the bad actors".[280] Andrew Ng argued that "it’s a mistake to fall for the
doomsday hype on AI—and that regulators who do will only benefit vested
interests."[281] WIRED wrote that Yann LeCun "scoffs at his peers’ dystopian scenarios of
supercharged misinformation and even, eventually, human extinction."[282]

• Intelligent agent – Software agent which acts autonomously

• Ethics of artificial intelligence – Ethical issues specific to AI

Notes
1. ^ Luque's later 13-year suspension from the University of Cordoba was
unrelated to his use of ChatGPT.[163]

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279. ^ Roose, Kevin (May 30, 2023). "A.I. Poses 'Risk of Extinction,'
Industry Leaders Warn". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-
4331. Archived from the original on May 31, 2023. Retrieved May 30, 2023.

280. ^ Taylor, Josh (May 7, 2023). "Rise of artificial intelligence is

inevitable but should not be feared, 'father of AI' says". The
Guardian. Archived from the original on October 23, 2023. Retrieved May
26, 2023.

281. ^ McMorrow, Ryan (December 19, 2023). "Andrew Ng: 'Do we think
the world is better off with more or less intelligence?'". Financial
Times. Archived from the original on January 25, 2024.
Retrieved December 30, 2023.

282. ^ Levy, Steven (December 22, 2023). "How Not to Be Stupid About
AI, With Yann LeCun". Wired. Archived from the original on February 14,
2024. Retrieved December 30, 2023.

Further reading
• Biswas, Som (April 1, 2023). "ChatGPT and the Future of Medical
Writing". Radiology. 307 (2): e223312. doi:10.1148/radiol.223312. ISSN 0033-
8419. PMID 36728748. S2CID 256501098.

• Chang, Kent K.; Cramer, Mackenzie; Soni, Sandeep; Bamman, David (April 28,
2023). "Speak, Memory: An Archaeology of Books Known to ChatGPT/GPT-
4". arXiv:2305.00118 [cs.CL].

• Cowen, Tyler; Tabarrok, Alexander T. (March 17, 2023). "How to Learn and Teach
Economics with Large Language Models, Including GPT". SSRN 4391863.

• Cowen, Tyler (March 29, 2023). "Jonathan GPT Swift on Jonathan Swift (Ep. 175):
How well does GPT4 do pretending to be the 18th-century satirist?" (Podcast).

• Ouyang, Long; et al. (March 4, 2022). "Training language models to follow

instructions with human feedback". arXiv:2203.02155 [cs.CL].

• Liebrenz, Michael; Schleifer, Roman; Buadze, Anna; Bhugra, Dinesh; Smith,

Alexander (February 2023). "Generating scholarly content with ChatGPT: ethical
challenges for medical publishing". The Lancet Digital Health. 5 (3): e105–
e106. doi:10.1016/s2589-7500(23)00019-5. ISSN 2589-
7500. PMID 36754725. S2CID 256655912.

• Wolfram, Stephen (February 14, 2023). "What Is ChatGPT Doing … and Why Does
It Work?".

• Wolfram, Stephen (March 23, 2023). "ChatGPT Gets Its "Wolfram Superpowers"!".

• Bartholomew, Jem; Mehta, Dhrumil. "How the media is covering

ChatGPT". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved May 30, 2023.

• Zhao, Wayne Xin; et al. (2023). "A Survey of Large Language

Models". arXiv:2303.18223 [cs.CL].

• Prompt engineering guide from OpenAI

External links

• Official website

e
ty control databases

Categories:

• ChatGPT

• 2022 software

• Chatbots

• Generative pre-trained transformers

• Large language models

• OpenAI

• Interactive narrative

• This page was last edited on 5 October 2024, at 13:15 (UTC).

• Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License

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