Chapter 1: Data Representation

1.1 Binary Systems

Introduction to Binary:

Definition and Importance: Binary is a base-2 numeral system used by computers. It consists of only
two digits: 0 and 1. Each digit is called a bit.

Bits and Bytes: A bit is the smallest unit of data. A byte consists of 8 bits. For example, the binary
number 10101010 represents one byte.

Binary Counting: How to count in binary (e.g., 0, 1, 10, 11, 100, etc.).

Binary to Decimal Conversion:

Method: Multiply each bit by 2 raised to the power of its position, starting from 0 on the right.

Example: Convert 1101 to decimal:

(1 \times 2^3 + 1 \times 2^2 + 0 \times 2^1 + 1 \times 2^0 = 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 13)

Practice Problems: Convert 1010, 1111, and 1001 to decimal.

Decimal to Binary Conversion:

Method: Divide the decimal number by 2 and record the remainder. Repeat with the quotient until you
reach 0. The binary number is the remainders read in reverse.

Example: Convert 13 to binary:

13 ÷ 2 = 6 remainder 1

6 ÷ 2 = 3 remainder 0

3 ÷ 2 = 1 remainder 1

1 ÷ 2 = 0 remainder 1

Binary: 1101

Practice Problems: Convert 10, 15, and 9 to binary.

1.2 Hexadecimal Systems

Introduction to Hexadecimal:

Definition and Usage: Hexadecimal is a base-16 numeral system used in computing for its compact
representation. It uses digits 0-9 and letters A-F.

Hexadecimal Digits: 0-9 represent values 0-9, and A-F represent values 10-15.

Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion:

Method: Convert each hexadecimal digit to its 4-bit binary equivalent.

Example: Convert 2F to binary:

2 = 0010

F = 1111

Binary: 00101111

Practice Problems: Convert A3, 4B, and 7E to binary.

Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion:

Method: Group binary digits into sets of four, starting from the right, and convert each group to its
hexadecimal equivalent.

Example: Convert 11011110 to hexadecimal:

1101 = D

1110 = E

Hexadecimal: DE

Practice Problems: Convert 10101010, 11110000, and 10011001 to hexadecimal.

Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion:

Method: Multiply each digit by 16 raised to the power of its position, starting from 0 on the right.

Example: Convert 1A to decimal:

(1 \times 16^1 + A \times 16^0 = 16 + 10 = 26)

Practice Problems: Convert 2F, 3B, and 7C to decimal.

Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion:

Method: Divide the decimal number by 16 and record the remainder. Repeat with the quotient until you
reach 0. The hexadecimal number is the remainders read in reverse.

Example: Convert 26 to hexadecimal:

26 ÷ 16 = 1 remainder 10 (A)

1 ÷ 16 = 0 remainder 1

Hexadecimal: 1A

Practice Problems: Convert 47, 59, and 123 to hexadecimal.

1.3 Data Storage

Character Encoding:

ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Each character is represented by a 7 or 8-bit
binary number.

Example: ‘A’ = 65 = 01000001

Unicode: A more extensive encoding system that supports many languages and symbols. It uses 16 bits
or more.

Example: ‘A’ = U+0041

Image Storage:

Bitmap Images: Stored as a grid of pixels, each represented by a binary value indicating color.

Vector Images: Stored as mathematical equations representing shapes and lines.

Color Depth: Number of bits used to represent the color of a single pixel (e.g., 24-bit color).

Sound Storage:

Digitization: Converting analog sound waves into digital format using sampling.

Sampling Rate: Number of samples taken per second (e.g., 44.1 kHz).

Bit Depth: Number of bits used to represent each sample (e.g., 16-bit).

1.4 Data Compression

Introduction to Data Compression:

Importance: Reduces file size to save storage space and transmission time.

Types: Lossy and lossless compression.

Lossy Compression:

Definition: Reduces file size by removing some data, which may affect quality.

Examples: JPEG for images, MP3 for audio.

Use Cases: Suitable for applications where some loss of quality is acceptable.

Lossless Compression:

Definition: Reduces file size without losing any data.

Examples: ZIP files, PNG images.

Use Cases: Suitable for applications where data integrity is crucial.

Comparison of Lossy and Lossless Compression:

Advantages and Disadvantages:

Lossy: Smaller file size, reduced quality.

Lossless: Larger file size, preserved quality.

1.5 Additional Topics

Binary Arithmetic:

Addition: Adding binary numbers, handling carry-over.

Example: 1011 + 1101 = 11000

Subtraction: Subtracting binary numbers, using borrow.

Example: 1101 - 1010 = 0011

Overflow: When the result of an arithmetic operation exceeds the available number of bits.

Error Detection Methods:

Parity Bits: Adding an extra bit to make the number of 1s even (even parity) or odd (odd parity).

Checksums: Summing the data values and sending the sum along with the data for verification.

1.1 Denary (Decimal) System

Introduction to Denary:

Definition: The denary system, also known as the decimal system, is a base-10 numeral system. It uses
ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.

Importance: It is the most commonly used number system in everyday life.

Denary to Binary Conversion:

Method: Divide the denary number by 2 and record the remainder. Repeat with the quotient until you
reach 0. The binary number is the remainders read in reverse.

Example: Convert 45 to binary:

45 ÷ 2 = 22 remainder 1

22 ÷ 2 = 11 remainder 0

11 ÷ 2 = 5 remainder 1

5 ÷ 2 = 2 remainder 1

2 ÷ 2 = 1 remainder 0

1 ÷ 2 = 0 remainder 1

Binary: 101101

Practice Problems: Convert 29, 58, and 73 to binary.

Denary to Hexadecimal Conversion:

Method: Divide the denary number by 16 and record the remainder. Repeat with the quotient until you
reach 0. The hexadecimal number is the remainders read in reverse.

Example: Convert 255 to hexadecimal:

255 ÷ 16 = 15 remainder 15 (F)

15 ÷ 16 = 0 remainder

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