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Operation Cottage was a tactical maneuver which completed the Aleutian Islands
campaign. On August 15, 1943, Allied military forces landed on Kiska Island, which had
been occupied by Japanese forces since June, 1942. The Japanese, however, had
secretly abandoned the island two weeks prior, and so the Allied landings were
unopposed. Despite this, Allied forces suffered well over 200 casualties during the
operation, mostly due to Japanese mines and the difficult terrain.
The Japanese under Captain Takeji Ono had landed on Kiska at approximately 01:00
on June 7, 1942, with a force of about 500 Japanese marines. Soon after arrival, they
stormed an American weather station. Here they killed two and captured eight United
States Navy officers. The remaining eight were sent to Japan as prisoners of war.
Another 2,000 Japanese troops arrived, landing in Kiska Harbor. At this time, Monzo
Akiyama, a Rear-Admiral, headed the force on Kiska. In December 1942, additional
anti-aircraft units, engineers, and a negligible number of reinforcement infantry arrived
on the island. In the spring of 1943, control was transferred to Kiichiro Higuchi.
Due to the heavy casualties suffered at Attu Island, planners were expecting another
costly operation. The Japanese tactical planners had, however, realized the isolated
island was no longer defensible and planned for an evacuation. Although small, there
were signs of Japanese retreat. Anti-aircraft guns, once active during the Kiska Blitz,
were silent when Allied planes flew over in the days leading up to the invasion.
On August 15, 1943, the 7th Division (U.S.) and the 13th Infantry Brigade (Canada),
landed on opposite shores of Kiska. Both US and Canadian forces mistook each other
as Japanese and as a result friendly fire incidents killed 28 Americans and 4 Canadians
and wounded 50 more. A stray Japanese mine caused the USS Abner Read (DD-526)
to lose a large chunk of its stern. The blast killed 71. 191 troops went missing during the
two-day stay on the island and presumably also died from friendly fire. Four other troops
had also been killed by landmines or other traps.
Military Wiki. (n.d.). Operation Cottage. Taken on October 21, 2022 from
https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Operation_Cottage. In which paragraph does the author discuss
the initial decision to attack Japanese-occupied Kiska Island?
Kunci Jawaban : 3
Pembahasan :
Soal menentukan paragraf yang membahas keputusan awal untuk menyerang pulau
Kiska yang diduduki Jepang.
Seventeen-year-old Robin West is an anomaly among her peers, she doesn’t have a
smartphone. Instead of scrolling through apps like TikTok and Instagram all day, she
uses a so-called “dumbphone”. These are basic phones, or feature phones, with very
limited functionality compared to say an iPhone. You can typically only make and
receive calls and SMS text messages. And, if you are lucky, you can listen to radio and
take very basic photos, but definitely not connect to the internet or apps. These devices
are similar to some of the first phones that people bought back in the late 1990s.
Ms West’s decision to ditch her former smartphone two years ago was a spur of the
moment thing. While looking for a replacement phones in a second-hand shop, she was
lured by the low price of a “brick phone”. Her current phones, from French firm
MobiWire, cost her just £8. And because it has no smartphone functionality, she doesn’t
have an expensive monthly data bill to worry about. She didn’t notice until she bought a
brick phone how much a smartphone was taking over her life. She had a lot of social
media apps on it, and she didn’t get as much work done as she was always on the
phone.
Dumbphones are continuing to enjoy a revival. Google searches for them jumped by
89% between 2018 and 2021, according to a report by software firm SEMrush. Fashion,
nostalgia, and them appearing in TikTok videos, have a part to play in the dumbphone
revival. While it’s true that dumbphones can’t compete with the latest premium Apple
and Samsung models when it comes to performance or functionality, they can outshine
them in equally important areas such as battery life and durability.
Five years ago, Przemek Olejniczak, a psychologist, swapped his smartphone for a
Nokia 3310, initially because of the longer-lasting battery. However, he soon realised
that there were other benefits. Przemek Olejniczak admits that he now has to plan
ahead more when he goes traveling. Before he would always be stuck to the phone,
checking anything and everything, browsing Facebook or the news, or other facts he
didn’t need to know. Now he has more time for his family and himself. A huge benefit is
that he isn’t addicted to liking, sharing, commenting, or describing his life to other
people. Now he has more privacy.
Bearne, S. (2022). Not smart but clever? The return of ‘dumbphones’. Taken on September 23, 2022
from: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-60763168.
According to Ms West and Olejniczak, these are the benefits of having dumbphones,
EXCEPT …
Kunci Jawaban : C
Pembahasan :
In the US, consumers spend around $700 million a year keeping their fabrics soft. In the
UK people spend £200 million a year on fabric softener. A giant manufacturer even
claims a massive 50 percent share of the market. Despite the popularity, fabric
softeners can be harmful to both the people who use them and the marine life that ends
up swimming in them.
Fabric softening surfactants can be derived from animals, plants or minerals, as in the
case of newer, silicone-based formulations. There is little difference between the
chemicals used in fabric softeners and those used in hair conditioners. Whatever they
are based on, all fabric softeners work in pretty much the same way, by depositing
these surfactants onto the fabric to make it feel softer, reduce static cling, and impart a
fresh fragrance.
Special fixatives in the mix of both standard and luxury conditioners mean that the
fragrance can last for days, permeating wardrobes and drawers. The regular
off-gassing of perfume chemicals from fabric softeners can be a significant trigger for
asthma and other breathing problems. In the US, chemically sensitive individuals
complain that, even after several washes, they cannot get the smell of fabric softeners
out of their washing machines and dryers.
If you are a fabric softener addict, there are now a number of companies that provide
alternative and ‘green’ fabric softeners. However, essentially, these are unnecessary
products that can trigger health problems and can interfere with the functional aspect of
some textiles. For instance, when used on towels and nappies, some fabric softeners
can reduce absorbency, which is why it’s generally recommended that reusable nappies
aren’t washed with them. Once they are washed down the drain they can become highly
toxic to aquatic life. Given this, maybe it’s worth asking yourself whether the time has
come to break the fabric softener habit completely.
Thomas, P. (2009). Behind the Label: Comfort Fabric Softener. Taken on 20 September 2021 from
https://theecologist.org/2009/feb/12/behind-label-comfort-fabric-softener.
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan:
Soal menanyakan gagasan utama dari teks. Untuk menentukan gagasan utama
keseluruhan teks, gagasan utama dari setiap paragraf perlu dipahami terlebih dulu.
Paragraf 3 membahas wewangian pada pelembut kain yang dapat menjadi pemicu
yang signifikan masalah pernapasan.
Paragraf 4 membahas tentang penggunaan pelembut kain yang dianggap tidak perlu
karena membahayakan kesehatan manusia dan kehidupan laut.
Secara keseluruhan, dapat dipahami bahwa gagasan utama teks tersebut adalah sisi
negatif dari penggunaan pelembut kain seperti gangguan pernafasan dan potensi
kerusakan di kehidupan laut. Dengan demikian, pilihan A tepat.
Pilihan C (senyawa berbahaya yang ditemukan dalam pelembut kain) tidak tepat. Zat
kimia memang dibahas dalam teks, tetapi yang menjadi fokus teks adalah akibat dari
penggunaanya yang dapat membahayakan kesehatan dan kehidupan laut.
Pilihan D (mengatur kebiasaan menggunakan pelembut kain) tidak tepat karena teks
secara umum menyampaikan informasi mengenai kandungan dan dampak penggunaan
pelembut pakaian, bukan membahas kebiasaan dalam penggunaannya.
Pilihan E (masalah lingkungan yang disebabkan oleh pelembut kain) tidak tepat
karena teks hanya menyebutkan sedikit informasi mengenai pelembut kain yang dapat
meracuni kehidupan laut pada paragraf akhir, tetapi tidak membahasnya lebih jauh.
Dengan demikian, gagasan utama teks ini tidak membahas masalah-masalah
lingkungan yang disebabkan oleh pelembut kain.
A. filling
B. soaking
C. charging
D. attaining
E. absorbing
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan:
Soal tersebut menanyakan kata yang maknanya sama dengan kata permeating.
Kata permeating terdapat pada paragraf ketiga kalimat pertama, yang artinya ‘Fiksatif
khusus dalam campuran kondisioner standar dan mewah yang berarti bahwa
wewangian dapat bertahan selama berhari-hari, permeating lemari dan laci’. Jika
wangi dalam bertahan lama, maka dapat dipahami jika wangi tersebut sudah mengisi
atau meresap ke dalam lemari dan laci. Kata permeating memiliki arti ‘meresap’
sehingga kata dengan makna yang serupa adalah filling (mengisi). Dengan demikian,
pilihan A tepat.
Sementara itu, kata soaking memiliki arti ‘merendam’; charging memiliki arti ‘mengisi’;
attaining memiliki arti ‘mencapai’; absorbing memiliki arti ‘menyerap’ sehingga pilihan
lainnya tidak tepat.
Pembahasan:
Soal tersebut menanyakan hipotesis atau kesimpulan sementara yang bisa dibuat
berdasarkan teks tersebut. Kesimpulan tersebut masih perlu dibuktikan kebenarannya
melalui penelitian.
Pilihan C (Sejumlah kecil bahan kimia pelembut kain di dalam air tidak akan
membahayakan kehidupan air.) tidak tepat karena pada paragraf 3 kalimat 4 hanya
dijelaskan bahwa air bekas cucian yang menggunakan pelembut kain berpotensi
merusak kehidupan air. Tidak ada informasi mengenai hal tersebut berkaitan
dengan jumlah bahan kimia yang terdapat pada pelembut.
Pilihan D (Daya serap pada beberapa tekstil akan berkurang jika dicuci dengan
pelembut kain.) tidak tepat karena pernyataan ini merupakan fakta, bukan
hipotesis. Pada paragraf terakhir disampaikan bahwa beberapa pelembut kain dapat
mengurangi daya serap ketika digunakan pada handuk dan popok. Dengan demikian,
tidak perlu dibuktikan lebih lanjut.
Pilihan E (Orang dengan masalah pernapasan akan merasa lebih aman menggunakan
pelembut kain jika mengandung lebih sedikit bahan kimia parfum.) tepat. Pada paragraf
3 dijelaskan bahwa bahan kimia parfum dari pelembut kain dapat menjadi pemicu asma
dan masalah pernafasan lainnya. Dari pernyataan ini dapat dibuat hipotesis
(kesimpulan sementara), yaitu jika pelembut kain mengandung lebih sedikit bahan
kimia parfum, maka akan memperkecil kemungkinan timbulnya masalah pernafasan
sehingga membuat mereka yang memiliki masalah pernafasan akan merasa lebih
aman menggunakannya.
The United Nations predicts Earth will have to feed another 2.3 billion people by 2050,
mostly concentrated in urban centers far from farmland. Conventional agriculture may
not be able to meet that demand, but luckily NASA has been working for decades to
tackle food production both on Earth and in space. Feeding astronauts during long-term
space exploration means stretching resources to grow plants in space—including
minimizing water use and energy consumption and eliminating soil.
NASA initially pioneered these techniques on the ground by building the country’s first
vertical farm. Inside a decommissioned hypobaric chamber left over from testing the
Mercury space capsule, technologists stacked rows of hydroponic trays like
bookshelves against the walls. Then systems for lighting, ventilation, and circulating
water were added using off-the-shelf parts. Various crops were planted on the stacked
trays to test how well they would grow in water and without the benefit of sunlight or
open air. This innovative approach to farming created a foundation for the industry of
controlled environment agriculture, or CEA.
CEA combines plant science and environmental control to optimize plant growth and
maximize efficiency, frequently incorporating vertical growth structures. Technology
enables the filtering of contaminants from crop water and delivers precise nutrient
balances. Artificial lighting provides only the necessary wavelengths at the right time,
intensity, and duration, while environmental controls maintain ideal temperature and
humidity. This approach could help feed burgeoning future generations, said Nate
Storey, chief science officer at Plenty Unlimited, one of several companies building on
NASA’s plant-growth research.
Pierce, M. (2021). NASA Research Launches a New Generation of Indoor Farming. Taken on November 30, 2021 from https://www.nasa.gov
/directorates/spacetech/spinoff/NASA_Research_Launches_a_New_Generation_ of_Indoor_Farming.
Jawaban: B
Pembahasan:
Pilihan A (Dunia akan kehabisan makanan pada tahun 2050 menurut PBB.) tidak
tepat. Pada paragraf pertama kalimat pertama disampaikan bahwa menurut PBB, pada
tahun 2050 bumi membutuhkan makanan untuk tambahan 2.3 miliar penduduknya. Hal
tersebut bukan berarti kita akan kehabisan makanan pada tahun 2050.
A. The more farming techniques NASA uses, the less energy it requires.
B. The greater the space exploration is carried out, the more number of
astronauts that must be fed.
C. The more people requiring food, the more maximum NASA’s agricultural
technology will be.
D. The longer the space expedition is, the more NASA optimizes its farming
resources.
E. The more maximum NASA farming technology becomes, the less traditional
farming will be required.
Jawaban: D
Pembahasan:
Pilihan A tidak tepat. Pada kalimat terakhir paragraf pertama disampaikan bahwa
konsumsi energi yang minim merupakan bagian dari teknik pertanian NASA, bukan
dampak dari semakin banyaknya teknik yang digunakan.
Pilihan B tidak tepat karena pada teks tidak terdapat informasi mengenai eksplorasi
besar ruang angkasa. Informasi yang disampaikan adalah eksplorasi ruang angkasa
jangka panjang (kalimat terakhir paragraf pertama). Selain itu, tidak disebutkan juga
jumlah astronot yang diperlukan.
Pilihan C tidak tepat. Pada kalimat akhir paragraf pertama disampaikan bahwa
pemaksimalan teknologi pertanian NASA tidak disebabkan karena kebutuhan pangan
yang meningkat. Perjalanan ruang angkasa yang panjanglah yang menyebabkannya.
Pilihan E tidak tepat. Pada kalimat kedua paragraf pertama hanya menyampaikan
bahwa kebutuhan pangan kemungkinan tidak dapat dipenuhi oleh pertanian
konvensional, dan beruntung NASA selama ini telah memaksimalkan sistem pertanian
mereka. Informasi tersebut tidak menunjukkan bahwa kita tidak butuh pertanian
konvensional setelah adanya sistem pertanian milik NASA.
A. NASA will be more concerned with food production in space than with food
production on Earth.
B. The United Nations estimates that Earth will have to feed billions of people for
a decade.
C. The most crucial aspect of long-term space exploration will be astronaut
nutrition.
D. Conventional agriculture will succeed in feeding astronauts if it is combined
with NASA’s techniques.
E. In the future, there will not be enough land for conventional agriculture.
Jawaban: E
Pembahasan:
Soal tersebut menanyakan prediksi yang tepat berdasarkan informasi pada paragraf
pertama.
Pilihan A (NASA akan lebih memfokuskan produksi makanan di luar angkasa daripada
produksi makanan di Bumi) tidak tepat. Kalimat kedua paragraf pertama
menyampaikan bahwa NASA telah bekerja selama beberapa dekade untuk menangani
produksi makanan baik di Bumi maupun di luar angkasa.
Pilihan B (PBB memperkirakan bahwa Bumi harus menyediakan pangan untuk miliaran
orang selama satu dekade) tidak tepat. Paragraf pertama hanya menyebutkan bahwa
Bumi harus menyediakan pangan untuk miliaran orang pada tahun 2050. Tidak ada
pernyataan yang mendasari prediksi bahwa pemberian pangan tersebut akan
berlangsung selama satu dekade.
Pilihan C (Nutrisi astronot akan menjadi aspek terpenting dari eksplorasi ruang
angkasa jangka panjang) tidak tepat. Kalimat terakhir paragraf pertama memang
menunjukkan bahwa pemaksimalan sistem pertanian NASA dilakukan dalam rangka
memberi makan astronot dalam eksplorasi jangka panjang luar angkasa, tetapi tidak
dapat diprediksi bahwa pangan astronot akan menjadi hal terpenting dalam eksplorasi
tersebut.
Pilihan E (Di masa depan, tidak akan ada cukup lahan untuk pertanian konvensional.)
tepat. Pada kalimat kedua paragraf pertama disampaikan tentang kemungkinan
pertanian konvensional yang tidak dapat memenuhi kebutuhan pangan pada tahun
2050, dan beruntung NASA telah mengembangkan metode lain, di antaranya adalah
tidak memerlukan tanah. Dengan demikian, dapat diprediksi bahwa keterbatasan
lahan akan membuat pertanian konvensional tidak dapat memenuhi kebutuhan pangan
pada tahun 2050.
Jawaban: C
Pembahasan:
Dengan demikian, kaitan antara paragraf 1 dan paragraf 2 adalah paragraf kedua
memperluas pembahasan paragraf pertama tentang metode pertanian NASA
sehingga pilihan C tepat.
Pilihan A tidak tepat. Paragraf 2 tidak memberikan contoh kemajuan pertanian NASA.
Pilihan D tidak tepat. Paragraf 2 tidak membahas lebih jauh tentang masalah-masalah
kebutuhan pangan di tahun 2050.
10. The questions number 8–10 are based on the following passage.
The bacteria primarily infects the conjunctiva, which are the delicate membranes lining
the eyelids and covering the edges of the eyeballs. The infection causes inflammation
known as conjunctivitis. In normal cats, the conjunctiva is not readily visible and has a
pale, salmon pink color. In cats with conjunctivitis, the conjunctiva becomes swollen and
red, making it more visible. The nictitating membrane or third eyelid in the inner corner
of the eye may protrude partially across the eye. One or both eyes may be involved.
Affected cats initially develop a watery discharge from the eyes that quickly becomes
thicker and is usually a yellow or greenish color. The eyes are uncomfortable and cats
often keep the affected eye(s) closed. Many cats remain bright and otherwise appear
normal, but some may develop a fever or lose their appetite. After one or two days,
sniffles and sneezing may also occur. In kittens, the infection may spread to the lungs
and cause fatal pneumonia.
Hunter, T. (n.d). Chlamydial Conjunctivitis in Cats. Taken on September 21, 2021 from
https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/chlamydial-conjunctivitis-in-cats.
Jawaban: B
Pembahasan:
Soal menanyakan topik utama yang dibicarakan dalam teks bacaan. Topik utama suatu
teks dapat disimpulkan dari informasi yang disampaikan pada paragraf-paragrafnya.
Paragraf ketiga menyampaikan gejala-gejala yang terlihat pada kucing yang terkena
penyakit tersebut.
Topik utama teks adalah topik yang mencakup semua informasi tersebut dan, dari lima
pilihan jawaban yang tersedia, pilihan yang dapat mencakup semua poin informasi di
atas adalah adalah an overview of feline chlamydial conjunctivitis sehingga pilihan B
tepat.
Pilihan A tidak tepat karena topik pada pilihan ini hanya mencakup informasi pada
paragraf ketiga saja.
Pilihan C dan D tidak tepat karena topik-topik pada kedua pilihan ini hanya mencakup
informasi pada paragraf kedua dan sedikit informasi pada paragraf ketiga saja.
Pilihan E tidak tepat karena topik pada pilihan ini sama sekali tidak dibicarakan dalam
teks.
11. In the second paragraph, the word inflammation most nearly means ….
A. rash
B. bruise
C. scrape
D. swelling
E. soreness
Jawaban: D
Pembahasan:
Soal menanyakan kata yang memiliki makna paling dekat dengan kata inflammation.
Kata inflammation terdapat pada kalimat 2 paragraf 2, yaitu The infection causes
inflammation known as conjunctivitis yang memiliki arti ‘Infeksi menyebabkan
inflammation disebut juga konjungtivitis’. Untuk mengetahui infeksi yang dimaksud,
perhatikan kalimat sebelumnya. Pada kalimat tersebut, dijelaskan bahwa infeksi yang
disebutkan adalah infeksi konjungtiva oleh bakteri. Kalimat 3 menjelaskan
konjungtivitis (infeksi konjungtiva) yang membuat konjungtiva berwarna merah dan
menebal. Dengan kata lain, infeksi ini menyebabkan pembengkakan sehingga kata
inflammation berarti ‘pembengkakan’. Kata yang memiliki makna yang paling mendekati
adalah kata swelling (pembengkakan).
Kata rash berarti ‘ruam’, bruise berarti ‘luka memar’, scrape berarti ‘goresan luka’, dan
soreness berarti ‘rasa sakit’.
A. eating disorder
B. laboured breathing
C. low body temperature
D. abnormal eye discharge
E. dysfunctional eye membrane
Jawaban: D
Pembahasan:
Informasi tersebut dapat ditemukan di paragraf kedua dan terakhir. Kedua paragraf
tersebut menjelaskan bahwa kucing yang terkena penyakit ini menunjukan tanda-tanda
seperti selaput mata memerah dan bengkak, membran niktitan menonjol, banyak
kotoran mata berwarna kuning atau kehijauan yang cepat mengental, demam,
kehilangan nafsu makan, bersin, dan pilek.
Di antara lima pilihan yang tersedia, abnormal eye discharge (kotoran mata yang tidak
normal) adalah pilihan yang sesuai dengan informasi tersebut. Jadi, pilihan D tepat.
Pilihan A (gangguan makan) tidak tepat. Kehilangan nafsu makan tidak sama dengan
gangguan makan. Gangguan makan adalah kumpulan berbagai penyakit yang
berkaitan dengan perilaku makan yang tidak normal seperti makan berlebih atau
memakan sesuatu yang bukan makanan.
Pilihan B (sesak nafas) tidak tepat. Tidak ada informasi pada teks yang menyebutkan
gejala ini.
Pilihan C (suhu tubuh yang rendah) tidak tepat. Paragraf terakhir menyebutkan bahwa
salah satu gejalanya adalah demam yang berarti peningkatan suhu tubuh.
Pilihan E (disfungsi selaput mata) tidak tepat. Paragraf kedua menjelaskan bahwa
konjungtiva (selaput membran) kucing terinfeksi berwarna merah dan bengkak serta
membran niktitan (kelopak mata ketiga di sudut dalam mata) dapat menonjol. Namun,
tidak ada keterangan yang menyatakan bahwa hal tersebut membuat selaput mata
kucing tidak berfungsi.
Supply chain weaknesses were brought to the forefront during the COVID-19
pandemic, especially for industries relying on electronics, as the flow of raw materials
slowed or sometimes stopped. On top of that, shifting consumer values and tougher
environmental regulations have resulted in more people buying hybrid vehicles. The
batteries in these cars require rare metals that, depending on their supplies, can have
volatile and unpredictable prices. However, there are other scarce elements and
materials that may be used in smaller amounts in hybrid models versus conventional
gas vehicles, raising the question of how these vehicles really compare with regard to
supply chain vulnerabilities. Randolph Kirchain and colleagues wanted to develop a
comprehensive comparison of the elements and compounds that go into all the parts in
gas-powered, self-charging hybrid and plug-in hybrid cars, calculating each of the three
vehicles’ materials cost vulnerability.
The researchers collected information on the compounds in the more than 350,000
parts used to build seven vehicles from the same manufacturer with different levels of
electrification, including four sedans and three sport utility vehicles (SUVs). Then, they
calculated the amount of the 76 chemical elements present, as well as a few other
materials, in each car type. To develop a monetary metric for vulnerability, the team
considered the weight of each component, along with its average price and price
volatility between 1998 and 2015. The results showed that self-charging hybrid and
plug-in hybrid vehicles have twice the raw material cost risks. The largest contributors to
the increase in cost risks were battery-related elements, such as cobalt, nickel, graphite
and neodymium. The researchers say that as manufacturers ramp up electric vehicle
production to meet demand, reducing raw material cost risks with long-term supplier
contracts, substituting some materials or recycling others will be a good idea.
American Chemical Society. (2021). Hybrid cars are twice as vulnerable to supply chain issues as gas-powered models. Taken on August 16, 2021
from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/07/210728105731.htm.
The author would apparently agree that the relationship between environmental
regulations and the purchase of hybrid vehicles in paragraph 1 is similar to the
phenomenon of ….
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan:
Soal tersebut menanyakan analogi yang tepat dari hubungan antara peraturan
lingkungan dan pembelian mobil hibrida.
Informasi yang berkaitan dengan hal tersebut terdapat di paragraf pertama kalimat
kedua. Pada kalimat tersebut, dikatakan bahwa peraturan lingkungan menyebabkan
masyarakat membeli mobil hibrida. Analogi yang digunakan di sini adalah analogi
sebab akibat. Dengan demikian, analogi yang tepat adalah antara cars dan traffic
karena mobil menyebabkan kemacetan sehingga pilihan A tepat.
Pilihan B (minyak dan tempat pengisian bahan bakar) tidak tepat. Minyak tidak
menyebabkan adanya pom bensin. Pom bensin didirikan karena adanya kendaraan.
Pilihan C (orang dan kendaraan) tidak tepat. Penyebab adanya kendaraan adalah
jarak tempuh, bukan manusia.
Pilihan D (bahan bakar minyak dan transportasi) tidak tepat. Kendaraanlah yang
menyebabkan adanya bensin, bukan sebaliknya.
Pilihan E (kehidupan modern dan mobil listrik) tidak tepat. Kehidupan modern tidak
menyebabkan adanya mobil listrik. Mobil listrik diciptakan karena adanya masalah
lingkungan.
Exercise is painful. As the cliché goes, “No pain, no gain.” When the body exerts
itself, pumping action out of muscles to tear them down and build their mass, it’s left
with a soreness. Doctors, coaches, and mothers all recommend heat for tense sore
muscles—warm baths, moist towels, hot-water bottles, or heated pads as
thermotherapy techniques. But how exactly does applying this heat help the pain and
relax the muscles?
While exercising, the body requires more energy than it can produce through aerobic
respiration, or the intake of oxygen. To create enough energy for vigorous movement,
the body goes through another process: anaerobic respiration. This type of energy
production burns sugars without oxygen, producing lactic acid within exerted muscles.
Overworked muscles and a buildup of lactic acid are what cause the pain associated
with exercising. When heat is applied to a sore area of the body, blood vessels widen
and blood flow increases to transport excess lactic acid and other toxins away from tired
muscles. These muscles are also made more elastic by the heat, and nerve endings are
stimulated to block pain signals.
Hogeback, J. (n.d). Why Does Heat Relax Your Muscles? Taken on July 14, 2021 from
https://www.britannica.com/story/why-does-heat-relax-your-muscles.
What is the purpose of the underlined sentence in paragraph 1?
Jawaban: B
Pembahasan:
Soal menanyakan tujuan penulisan kalimat bergaris bawah yang terdapat pada
paragraf pertama.
Terjemahan kalimat tersebut adalah ketika tubuh berolah raga, menuntut otot untuk
bekerja keras dan mambangun massa, tubuh akan terasa nyeri. Dengan kata lain,
kalimat tersebut bertujuan mengilustrasikan ungkapan “No pain, no gain,” yang berarti
‘Tidak ada pengorbanan, tidak ada hasil.’ (Pilihan B). Pengorbanan yang dimaksud
diilustrasikan dengan rasa nyeri pada tubuh dan hasil diilustrasikan dengan
pembentukan massa otot.
Pilihan A tidak tepat. Kalimat tersebut tidak menyoroti proses otot terbentuk saja,
melainkan juga efek yang ditimbulkannya, yaitu rasa nyeri.
Pilihan C tidak tepat. Kalimat tersebut menyebutkan bahwa sumber rasa nyeri pada
tubuh saat berolahraga adalah kerja keras otot saja. Tidak ada penjelasan mengenai
sumber lain.
Pilihan D tidak tepat. Kalimat tersebut bukan hanya menunjukkan tentang nyeri pada
otot yang diakibatkan dari berolah raga, tetapi juga terbentuknya massa otot.
Pilihan E tidak tepat. Kalimat tersebut tidak memuat definisi dari ungkapan “No pain,
no gain”, melainkan hanya memberikan ilustrasi untuk ungkapan tersebut.
A team led by UC Riverside geologists has discovered the first ancestor on the family
tree that contains most familiar animals today, including humans. The tiny, wormlike
creature, named Ikaria wariootia, is the earliest bilaterian, or organism with a front and
back, two symmetrical sides, and openings at either end connected by a gut. The paper
is published today in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
For 15 years, scientists agreed that fossilized burrows found in 555 million-year-old
Ediacaran Period deposits in Nilpena, South Australia, were made by bilaterians.
However, there was no sign of the creature that made the burrows, leaving scientists
with nothing but speculation. Then, Scott Evans, a recent doctoral graduate from UC
Riverside; and Mary Droser, a professor of geology, noticed miniscule, oval impressions
near some of these burrows. With funding from a NASA exobiology grant, they used a
three-dimensional laser scanner that revealed the regular, consistent shape of a
cylindrical body with a distinct head and tail and faintly grooved musculature. The
animal ranged between 2-7 millimeters long and about 1-2.5 millimeters wide, with the
largest the size and shape of a grain of rice — just the right size to have made the
burrows.
“We thought these animals should have existed during this interval, but always
understood they would be difficult to recognize,” Evans said. “Once we had the 3D
scans, we knew that we had made an important discovery.”
University of California – Riverside. (2020). Ancestor of all animals identified in Australian fossils: A wormlike creature that lived more than 555 million
years ago is the earliest bilaterian. Taken on March 25, 2020, from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/03/200323152108.htm.
Jawaban: D
Pembahasan:
Pilihan A tidak tepat karena terdapat kata The descendant yang berarti ‘keturunan’.
Hal tersebut merupakan antonim dari kata ancestor yang berarti ‘leluhur’.
Pilihan B dan C tidak tepat karena yang menjadi fokus pada kedua pilihan tersebut
adalah tim ahli geologi yang melakukan penemuan.
Pilihan D tepat karena pernyataan tersebut sesuai dengan yang disampaikan pada
teks bacaan.
Pilihan E tidak tepat karena makhluk yang ditemukan bukanlah seekor worm (cacing),
tetapi makhluk seperti cacing . Informasinya terdapat pada kalimat kedua paragraf
pertama.
A team led by UC Riverside geologists has discovered the first ancestor on the family
tree that contains most familiar animals today, including humans. The tiny, wormlike
creature, named Ikaria wariootia, is the earliest bilaterian, or organism with a front and
back, two symmetrical sides, and openings at either end connected by a gut. The paper
is published today in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
For 15 years, scientists agreed that fossilized burrows found in 555 million-year-old
Ediacaran Period deposits in Nilpena, South Australia, were made by bilaterians.
However, there was no sign of the creature that made the burrows, leaving scientists
with nothing but speculation. Then, Scott Evans, a recent doctoral graduate from UC
Riverside; and Mary Droser, a professor of geology, noticed miniscule, oval impressions
near some of these burrows. With funding from a NASA exobiology grant, they used a
three-dimensional laser scanner that revealed the regular, consistent shape of a
cylindrical body with a distinct head and tail and faintly grooved musculature. The
animal ranged between 2-7 millimeters long and about 1-2.5 millimeters wide, with the
largest the size and shape of a grain of rice — just the right size to have made the
burrows.
“We thought these animals should have existed during this interval, but always
understood they would be difficult to recognize,” Evans said. “Once we had the 3D
scans, we knew that we had made an important discovery.”
University of California – Riverside. (2020). Ancestor of all animals identified in Australian fossils: A wormlike creature that lived more than 555 million
years ago is the earliest bilaterian. Taken on March 25, 2020, from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/03/200323152108.htm.
Jawaban: D
Pembahasan:
Pilihan A (untuk mengumumkan betapa hebatnya sebuah tim dari ahli geologi) tidak
tepat. Fokus dari teks tersebut adalah penemuan sebuah tim geologi, yaitu seekor
bilateria, bukan para penemunya.
Based on some evidence by research, there has never been a more important time to
apply principles of development and learning when considering the use of cutting-edge
technologies and new media as the so-called interactive media. Interactive media refers
to digital and analog materials, including software programs, applications (apps), some
children’s television programming, e-books, the Internet, and other forms of content
designed to facilitate active and creative use by young children and to encourage social
engagement with other children and adults.
When the integration of technology and interactive media in early childhood programs
is built upon solid developmental foundations, and early childhood professionals are
aware of both the challenges and the opportunities, educators are positioned to improve
program quality by intentionally leveraging the potential of technology and media for the
benefit of every child.
This statement provides guidance for early childhood educators about the use of
technology and interactive media in ways that can optimize opportunities for young
children’s development. In this statement, the definition of technology tools
encompasses a broad range of digital devices such as computers, tablets, multi-touch
screens, interactive whiteboards, mobile devices, cameras, audio recorders, electronic
toys, games, e-book readers, and older analog devices still being used such as tape
recorders, record and cassette players, projectors, and microscopes.
How does the second sentence relate to the first sentence in paragraph 2?
Jawaban: C
Pembahasan:
Soal tersebut menanyakan hubungan kalimat pertama dan kedua pada paragraf kedua.
Kalimat pertama menjelaskan pentingnya menerapkan aturan-aturan pembelajaran
ketika mulai menggunakan teknologi baru dalam pembelajaran, yaitu media interaktif.
Kalimat kedua menjelaskan bahwa media interaktif mengacu pada materi digital dan
analog, termasuk program perangkat lunak, aplikasi, beberapa program televisi
anak-anak, e-book, internet, dan bentuk konten lain yang dirancang untuk memfasilitasi
penggunaan aktif dan kreatif oleh anak-anak muda dan untuk mendorong keterlibatan
sosial dengan anak-anak lain dan orang dewasa.
Berdasarkan hal tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kalimat kedua menjelaskan definisi
dan contoh media interaktif yang disebutkan di kalimat pertama.
Television was once the newest technology in our homes, and then came videos and
computers. Today’s children are growing up in a rapidly changing digital age that is far
different from their parents. A variety of technologies are all around us in our homes,
offices, and schools. When used wisely, technology and media can support learning
children’s relationships both with adults and their peers.
Based on some evidence by research, there has never been a more important time to
apply principles of development and learning when considering the use of cutting-edge
technologies and new media as the so-called interactive media. Interactive media refers
to digital and analog materials, including software programs, applications (apps), some
children’s television programming, e-books, the Internet, and other forms of content
designed to facilitate active and creative use by young children and to encourage social
engagement with other children and adults.
When the integration of technology and interactive media in early childhood programs
is built upon solid developmental foundations, and early childhood professionals are
aware of both the challenges and the opportunities, educators are positioned to improve
program quality by intentionally leveraging the potential of technology and media for the
benefit of every child.
This statement provides guidance for early childhood educators about the use of
technology and interactive media in ways that can optimize opportunities for young
children’s development. In this statement, the definition of technology tools
encompasses a broad range of digital devices such as computers, tablets, multi-touch
screens, interactive whiteboards, mobile devices, cameras, audio recorders, electronic
toys, games, e-book readers, and older analog devices still being used such as tape
recorders, record and cassette players, projectors, and microscopes.
By appropriately and intentionally using the technology of his day—broadcast
television—to connect with each individual child and with parents and families, it
demonstrated the positive potential of using technology and media in ways that are
grounded in principles of child development.
NAEYC and Fred Rogers Center. (2012). Technology and Interactive Media as Tools in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children from Birth through
Age 8 [PDF]. Accessed and adapted on 11 July, 2022 from
https://www.naeyc.org/sites/default/files/globally-shared/downloads/PDFs/resources/position-statements/ps_technology.pdf.
Jawaban: C
Pembahasan:
Dengan demikian, kesimpulan tersirat yang tepat adalah teknologi membawa lebih
banyak kebaikan daripada kerugian jika digunakan secara bijak.
Television was once the newest technology in our homes, and then came videos and
computers. Today’s children are growing up in a rapidly changing digital age that is far
different from their parents. A variety of technologies are all around us in our homes,
offices, and schools. When used wisely, technology and media can support learning
children’s relationships both with adults and their peers.
Based on some evidence by research, there has never been a more important time to
apply principles of development and learning when considering the use of cutting-edge
technologies and new media as the so-called interactive media. Interactive media refers
to digital and analog materials, including software programs, applications (apps), some
children’s television programming, e-books, the Internet, and other forms of content
designed to facilitate active and creative use by young children and to encourage social
engagement with other children and adults.
When the integration of technology and interactive media in early childhood programs
is built upon solid developmental foundations, and early childhood professionals are
aware of both the challenges and the opportunities, educators are positioned to improve
program quality by intentionally leveraging the potential of technology and media for the
benefit of every child.
This statement provides guidance for early childhood educators about the use of
technology and interactive media in ways that can optimize opportunities for young
children’s development. In this statement, the definition of technology tools
encompasses a broad range of digital devices such as computers, tablets, multi-touch
screens, interactive whiteboards, mobile devices, cameras, audio recorders, electronic
toys, games, e-book readers, and older analog devices still being used such as tape
recorders, record and cassette players, projectors, and microscopes.
Jawaban: E
Pembahasan:
Dengan demikian, penulis berasumsi bahwa teknologi dan media dapat digunakan
untuk memfasilitasi pembelajaran dan menciptakan hubungan dengan anak-anak lain
serta orang dewasa. Oleh karena itu, pilihan E tepat.
Around 2.8 million Indian students sat university examinations from the end of August
to September 13 as the country approached the grim milestone of 5-million total
COVID-19 cases. Despite pleas from civil society to defer examinations, including by
Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg, a Supreme Court ruling on August 17 gave
the government the green light to keep the original schedule for the engineer and
medical colleges entrance exams.
The JEE and the NEET, how university exams for those two careers are called, are
India’s most competitive — they sprawl industries of their own, with preparation courses
generating millions of dollars annually. The court bench headed by Justice Ashok
Bhushan said that “the career of the students cannot be put on peril for long, and a full
academic year cannot be wasted.” The court will not hear any further petitions regarding
postponing future exam dates.
Jawaban: B
Pembahasan:
Soal menanyakan kesimpulan tersirat yang tepat berdasarkan informasi pada teks
tersebut.
Pada paragraf pertama, dijelaskan bahwa meskipun ada permohonan dari masyarakat
untuk menunda jadwal ujian masuk universitas terkait dengan banyaknya kasus
COVID-19, putusan Mahkamah Agung pada 17 Agustus memberi pemerintah lampu
hijau untuk mempertahankan jadwal asli untuk ujian masuk insinyur dan perguruan
tinggi kedokteran. Pada akhir paragraf kedua, dijelaskan bahwa pengadilan tidak akan
mempertimbangkan petisi apapun mengenai jadwal tersebut. Kemudian pada paragraf
ketiga dijelaskan bahwa ujian JEE dan NEET sudah dilaksanakan dan diikuti oleh para
mahasiswa.
Pilihan A (Siswa India enggan mengikuti kursus persiapan universitas.) tidak tepat
karena pada kalimat 1 paragraf 3, dijelaskan bahwa ujian JEE dan NEET adalah ujian
yang paling kompetitif di India dan kursus persiapan untuk kedua ujian tersebut
menghasilkan jutaan dolar setiap tahunnya. Informasi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa
kebanyakan siswa India justru kemungkinan besar mengikuti kursus persiapan untuk
menghadapi JEE dan NEET.
Pilihan C (JEE dan NEET diadakan setiap tahun oleh Mahkamah Agung.) tidak tepat
karena ujian tersebut diselenggarakan oleh pemerintah India, bukan Mahkamah Agung.
Hal ini diketahui dari informasi pada akhir paragraf pertama, yaitu ‘… putusan
Mahkamah Agung pada 17 Agustus memberi pemerintah lampu hijau untuk
mempertahankan jadwal asli untuk ujian masuk fakultas teknik dan kedokteran’. Jadi,
yang membuat jadwal dan menjadi penyelenggara ujian tersebut adalah pemerintah.
Dengan alasan yang sama, pilihan E (Tes masuk universitas akhirnya dijadwalkan
ulang.) tidak tepat karena jadwal semula tetap dipertahankan.
Around 2.8 million Indian students sat university examinations from the end of August
to September 13 as the country approached the grim milestone of 5-million total
COVID-19 cases. Despite pleas from civil society to defer examinations, including by
Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg, a Supreme Court ruling on August 17 gave
the government the green light to keep the original schedule for the engineer and
medical colleges entrance exams.
The JEE and the NEET, how university exams for those two careers are called, are
India’s most competitive — they sprawl industries of their own, with preparation courses
generating millions of dollars annually. The court bench headed by Justice Ashok
Bhushan said that “the career of the students cannot be put on peril for long, and a full
academic year cannot be wasted.” The court will not hear any further petitions regarding
postponing future exam dates.
A. The first stage of the JEE Advanced was held after September 27.
B. The exams may be postponed due to the protests against the exam date.
C. NEET is an entrance university test for both medical and engineering colleges.
D. Justice Ashok Bhushan wasn’t concerned about students’ academic and
future careers.
E. Many Indians demanded rescheduling the exams because of the high rate of
COVID-19 cases.
Jawaban: E
Pembahasan:
Pilihan B (Ujian mungkin ditunda karena adanya protes menentang tanggal ujian.)
tidak tepat. Pada paragraf pertama, disebutkan bahwa Mahkamah Agung telah
mengizinkan ujian berlangsung sesuai jadwal aslinya. Selanjutnya pada paragraf kedua
disebutkan “The court will not hear any further petitions regarding postponing future
exam dates. (Pengadilan tidak akan mendengar petisi lebih lanjut tentang penundaan
tanggal ujian di masa yang akan datang.)”. Kalimat tersebut menyiratkan bahwa
keputusan yang telah diambil oleh Mahkamah Agung tersebut tidak akan berubah dan
diharapkan tidak akan ada lagi protes.
Pilihan C (NEET adalah ujian masuk universitas baik untuk medis maupun teknik.)
tidak tepat. Terdapat kalimat yang menyatakan “The JEE and the NEET, how university
exams for those two careers are called ….” pada teks. Karir (careers) yang dimaksud
adalah karir yang berkaitan dengan teknik dan medis (sesuai kalimat terakhir paragraf
pertama). Namun, entah JEE atau NEET merupakan ujian yang hanya untuk salah satu
dari karir atau bidang tersebut, bukan berarti JEE atau NEET masing-masingnya
memuat ujian kedua bidang tersebut.
Pilihan D (Hakim Ashok Bhushan tidak khawatir tentang akademik dan karir siswa.)
tidak tepat. Pada paragraf kedua, terdapat kalimat “The court bench headed by Justice
Ashok Bhushan said that ‘the career of the students cannot be put on peril for long, and
a full academic year cannot be wasted’. (Bangku pengadilan yang dipimpin Hakim
Ashok Bhushan mengatakan bahwa ‘karir siswa tidak bisa lama-lama terancam, dan
satu tahun akademik penuh tidak bisa disia-siakan’.)”. Kalimat tersebut menunjukkan
bahwa hakim tersebut justru peduli atau khawatir dengan karir dan akademik siswa.
Pilihan E (Banyak masyarakat India menuntut perubahan jadwal ujian karena tingginya
tingkat kasus COVID-19.) tepat. Paragraf pertama menyebutkan bahwa siswa India
tetap mengikuti ujian universitas ketika India sedang mengalami sejarah suram 5 juta
kasus COVID-19. Terlepas dari permintaan masyarakat untuk menunda ujian,
Mahkamah Agung pada 17 Agustus memutuskan untuk menjaga jadwal asli ujian
masuk tersebut. “Sejarah suram 5 juta kasus COVID-19” menunjukkan bahwa tingkat
kasus COVID-19 yang sedang terjadi itu tinggi (high rate). Lalu, “menunda ujian”
maksudnya sama dengan “mengubah jadwal ujian yang telah ada”.
Around 2.8 million Indian students sat university examinations from the end of August
to September 13 as the country approached the grim milestone of 5-million total
COVID-19 cases. Despite pleas from civil society to defer examinations, including by
Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg, a Supreme Court ruling on August 17 gave
the government the green light to keep the original schedule for the engineer and
medical colleges entrance exams.
The JEE and the NEET, how university exams for those two careers are called, are
India’s most competitive — they sprawl industries of their own, with preparation courses
generating millions of dollars annually. The court bench headed by Justice Ashok
Bhushan said that “the career of the students cannot be put on peril for long, and a full
academic year cannot be wasted.” The court will not hear any further petitions regarding
postponing future exam dates.
The author’s attitude towards the civils’ protest regarding the exam schedule is ….
A. critical
B. positive
C. objective
D. subjective
E. informative
Jawaban: E
Pembahasan:
Soal menanyakan sikap penulis mengenai protes masyarakat tentang jadwal ujian yang
dibahas pada teks.
Penulis menjelaskan protes masyarakat tentang jadwal ujian pada paragraf pertama.
Penulis menjelaskan bahwa Mahkamah Agung memberi izin kepada pemerintah untuk
mempertahankan jadwal asli untuk ujian masuk insinyur dan perguruan tinggi
kedokteran meskipun ada permohonan dari masyarakat untuk menunda jadwal
tersebut.
Pada paragraf kedua, penulis menyebutkan dua ujian masuk universitas, yaitu JEE dan
NEET. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan penjelasan mengenai alasan pemerintah
mempertahankan jadwal ujian yang sudah ditetapkan sejak awal dan pengadilan juga
tidak akan mempertimbangkan petisi apapun mengenai jadwal tersebut.
Pada paragraf ketiga, penulis menjelaskan tentang persentase jumlah siswa yang
sudah mengikuti ujian JEE dan NEET. Dijelaskan pula bahwa protes mengenai jadwal
ujian sudah berkurang sejak adanya putusan dari Mahkamah Agung.
Berdasarkan topik bahasan pada masing-masing paragraf, terlihat jelas bahwa penulis
menyajikan informasi mengenai protes yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat dan sikap
pemerintah terkait jadwal ujian masuk universitas. Jadi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa sikap
penulis adalah informatif sehingga pilihan E tepat.
Pilihan A tidak tepat karena tidak ada kalimat berupa kritikan penulis terhadap protes
masyarakat tentang jadwal ujian.
Pilihan B tidak tepat karena penulis tidak menyatakan dukungannya terhadap protes
masyarakat tentang jadwal ujian.
Pilihan C dan D tidak tepat karena penulis tidak memasukkan perspektif atau
penilaian pribadinya terhadap protes masyarakat tentang jadwal ujian tersebut sehingga
tidak bisa dikatakan subjektif atau objektif.