Object Oriented

Programming with C++

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Introduction to C++

• Programming Concept
• Basic C++
• C++ Extension from C

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Focus
• Focus on
• Programming Concepts
• Programming Design Techniques

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 What is programming?
Programming is taking
A problem
Find the area of a rectangle
A set of data
length
width
A set of functions
area = length * width
Then,
Applying functions to data to solve the
problem

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Programming Concept Evolution
• Procedural
• Object-Oriented

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 Procedural Concept

• The main program coordinates calls to procedures

and hands over appropriate data as parameters.

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 Procedural Concept (II)
• Procedural Languages
• C, Pascal, Basic, Fortran
• Facilities to
• Pass arguments to functions
• Return values from functions
• For the rectangle problem, we develop a function
int compute_area (int l, int w){
return ( l * w );
}

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 Object-Oriented Concept

• Objects of the program interact by sending messages to

each other
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 Objects
An object is an encapsulation of both functions and data
• Objects are an Abstraction
• represent real world entities
• Classes are data types that define shared common properties or attributes
• Objects are instances of a class
• Objects have State
• have a value at a particular time
• Objects have Operations
• associated set of operations called methods that describe how to carry out
operations
• Objects have Messages
• request an object to carry out one of its operations by sending it a message
• messages are the means by which we exchange data between objects

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 OO Perspective
Let's look at the Rectangle through object oriented eyes:
• Define a new type Rectangle (a class)
• Data
• width, length
• Function
• area()
• Create an instance of the class (an object)
• Request the object for its area

In C++, rather than writing a procedure, we define a class

that encapsulates the knowledge necessary to answer
the question - here, what is the area of the rectangle.
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 Object-Oriented Programming Languages

• Characteristics of OOPL:
• Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• OOPLs support :
• Modular Programming
• Ease of Development
• Maintainability

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 Characteristics of OOPL
• Encapsulation: Combining data structure with actions
• Data structure: represents the properties, the state, or characteristics of objects
• Actions: permissible behaviors that are controlled through the member
functions
Data hiding: Process of making certain data inaccessible
• Inheritance: Ability to derive new objects from old ones
• permits objects of a more specific class to inherit the properties (data) and
behaviors (functions) of a more general/base class
• ability to define a hierarchical relationship between objects
• Polymorphism: Ability for different objects to interpret
functions differently

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Encapsulation
• Encapsulation
• Encapsulation allows the programmer to group data and the subroutines that
operate on them together in one place, and to hide irrelevant details from
the user.

• Information Hiding
• Making objects and algorithms invisible to portions of the system that do not
need them.

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 Inheritance Concepts

• Derive a new class (subclass) from an existing

class (base class or superclass).

• Inheritance creates a hierarchy of related

classes (types) which share code and
interface.

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3. Inheritance Examples
Base Class Derived Classes
Student CommuterStudent
ResidentStudent
Shape Circle
Triangle
Rectangle
Loan CarLoan
HomeImprovementLoan
MortgageLoan
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More Examples
Base Class Derived Classes
Employee Manager
Researcher
Worker
Account CheckingAccount
SavingAccount

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University community members
CommunityMember

Employee Student

Faculty Staff

Administrator Teacher

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Shape class hierarchy
Shape

TwoDimensionalShape ThreeDimensionalShape

Circle Square Triangle Sphere Cube Tetrahedron

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Credit cards
logo
card
owner’s name
inherits
from (isa)

visa master american

card card express

hologram pin category

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 Simple C++ Program

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A Simple C++ Program
#include <iostream> //include header file
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World"; // C++ statement
return 0;
}
▪ iostream is just like we include stdio.h in c program.
▪ It contains declarations for the identifier cout and the insertion
operator <<.
▪ iostream should be included at the beginning of all programs
that use input/output statements.

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A Simple
#includeC++ Program
<iostream> (Cont…)
//include header file
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World"; // C++ statement
return 0;
}
▪ A namespace is a declarative region.
▪ A namespace is a part of the program in which certain names are
recognized; outside of the namespace they’re unknown.
▪ namespace defines a scope for the identifies that are used in a
program.
▪ using and namespace are the keywords of C++.

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A Simple
#includeC++ Program
<iostream> (Cont…)
//include header file
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World"; // C++ statement
return 0;
}
▪ std is the namespace where C++ standard class libraries are
defined.
▪ Various program components such as cout, cin, endl are
defined within std namespace.
▪ If we don’t use the using directive at top, we have to add the std
followed by :: in the program before identifier.
std::cout << “Hello World”;
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A Simple
#includeC++ Program
<iostream> (Cont…)
//include header file
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World"; // C++ statement
return 0;
}
▪ In C++, main() returns an integer type value.
▪ Therefore, every main() in C++ should end with a return 0;
statement; otherwise error will occur.
▪ The return value from the main() function is used by the
runtime library as the exit code for the process.

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Insertion Operator <<
cout << "Hello World";

▪ The operator << is called the

insertion operator.
▪ It inserts the contents of the
variable on its right to the object
on its left.
▪ The identifier cout is a predefined
object that represents standard
output stream in C++.
▪ Here, Screen represents the
output. We can also redirect the
output to other output devices. Output Using Insertion Operator
▪ The operator << is used as bitwise
left shift operator also.

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Program: Basic
Write aC++ program
C++ Program to print following
Name: Ashish Kumar Sahu
City: MANIT BHOPAL
Country: India

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 #include <iostream>
Program: Basic C++ program
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Name: Ashish Kumar Sahu";
cout << "City: MANIT BHOPAL";
cout << "Country: India";
return 0;
}

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Extraction Operator >>
cin >> number1;
▪ The operator >> is called the
extraction operator.
▪ It extracts (or takes) the value Object Extraction Operator
from keyboard and assigns it to
cin >> number1
the variable on its right.
▪ The identifier cin is a predefined Variable
object that represents standard
input stream in C++.
▪ Here, standard input stream KeyBoard
represents the Keyboard.
▪ The operator >> is used as
bitwise right shift operator also.

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Program: Basic C++ program
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int number1,number2;

cout<<"Enter First Number: ";

cin>>number1; //accept first number

cout<<"Enter Second Number: ";

cin>>number2; //accept first number

cout<<"Addition : ";
cout<<number1+number2; //Display Addition
return 0;
}

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 C++ Tokens

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C++ Tokens
• The smallest individual unit of a program is known as token.
#include <iostream>
• C++ has the following tokens:
using namespace std;
− Keywords int main()
− Identifiers {
− Constants cout << "Hello World";
− Strings return 0;
− Special Symbols }
− Operators

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Keywords and Identifier
• C++ reserves a set of 84 words for its own use.
• These words are called keywords (or reserved words), and
each of these keywords has a special meaning within the C++
language.
• Identifiers are names that are given to various user defined
program elements, such as variable, function and arrays.
• Some of Predefined identifiers are cout, cin, main

❑ We cannot use Keyword as user defined identifier.

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Keywords
asm in C++
double new switch
auto else operator template
break enum private this
case extern protected throw
catch float public try
char for register typeof
class friend return union
const goto short unsigned
continue if signed virtual
default inline sizeof void
delete int static volatile
do long struct while
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Rules for naming identifiers in C++
1. First Character must be an alphabet or underscore.
2. It can contain only letters(a..z A..Z), digits(0 to 9) or underscore(_).
3. Identifier name cannot be keyword.
4. Only first 31 characters are significant.

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 Valid, Invalid Identifiers
1) Darshan Valid 12) xyz123 Valid
2) A Valid 13) part#2 Invalid
3) Age 14) "char"
Valid Invalid
4) void 15) #include
Invalid
5) MAX-ENTRIES Reserved word 16) This_is_a_
6) double Invalid 17) _xyz Valid
7) time Reserved word 18) 9xyz Valid
8) G 19) main Invalid
Valid
9) Sue's 20) mutable
Valid Standard identifier
10) return 21) double
11) cout Invalid 22) max?out
Reserved word
Reserved word Reserved word
Standard identifier Invalid
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Constants
▪ Constants/inLiterals
C++ refer to fixed values that do not change during
execution of program.

CONSTANTS

NUMERIC CHARACTER
CONSTANTS CONSTANTS

SINGLE
INTEGER REAL STRING
CHARACTER
CONSTANTS CONSTANTS CONSTANTS
CONSTANTS
i.e. i.e. i.e.
i.e.
123,-321, 6543 0.0083, -0.75 “Hello”, “197”
‘5’, ‘X’, ‘;’
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 C++ Operators

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C++• Operators
All C language operators are valid in C++.
1. Arithmetic operators (+, - , *, /, %)
2. Relational operators (<, <=, >, >=, ==, !=)
3. Logical operators (&&, ||, !)
4. Assignment operators (+=, -=, *=, /=)
5. Increment and decrement operators (++, --)
6. Conditional operators (?:)
7. Bitwise operators (&, |, ^, <<, >>)
8. Special operators ()

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Arithmetic Operators
Operator example Meaning
+ a+b Addition
- a–b Subtraction
* a*b Multiplication
/ a/b Division
% a%b Modulo division- remainder

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Relational Operators
Operator Meaning
< Is less than
<= Is less than or equal to
> Is greater than
>= Is greater than or equal to
== Equal to
!= Not equal to

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LogicalOperator
Operators
Meaning
&& Logical AND
|| Logical OR
! Logical NOT
a b a && b a || b
true true true true
true false false true
false true false true
false false false false

❑ a && b : returns false if any of the expression is false

❑ a || b : returns true if any of the expression is true
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Assignment operator
• We assign a value to a variable using the basic assignment operator
(=).
• Assignment operator stores a value in memory.
• The syntax is
leftSide = rightSide ;
It is either a literal |
Always it is a
a variable identifier |
variable identifier.
an expression.

Literal: ex. i = 1;
Variable identifier: ex. start = i;
Expression: ex. sum = first + second;
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Assignment
Syntax: Operators (Shorthand)
leftSide Op= rightSide ;
It is an arithmetic
operator.

Ex: Simple assignment

Shorthand operator
x=x+3; operator
x+=3; a = a+1 a += 1
a = a-1 a -= 1
a = a * (m+n) a *= m+n
a = a / (m+n) a /= m+n
a = a % b a %= b
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Increment
▪ Incrementand
++ Decrement Operators
The ++ operator used to increase the value of the variable by one
▪ Decrement ─ ─
The ─ ─ operator used to decrease the value of the variable by one
Example:
x=100;
x++;
After the execution the value of x will be 101.
Example:
x=100;
x--;
After the execution the value of x will be 99.

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Pre Operator
& Post IncrementDescription
operator
Pre increment operator (++x) value of x is incremented before assigning
it to the variable on the left

x = 10 ; After execution
p = ++x; x will be 11
First increment value of p will be 11
x by one

Operator Description
Post increment operator (x++) value of x is incremented after assigning it
to the variable on the left

x = 10 ; After execution
p = x++; x will be 11
p will be 10
First assign value of x
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 What is the output of this program?
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int x, y;
x = 5;
y = ++x * ++x;
cout << x << y;
x = 5;
y = x++ * ++x;
cout << x << y;
}

(A) 749735
(B) 736749
(C) 367497
(D) none of the mentioned
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Conditional
Syntax: Operator
exp1 ? exp2 : exp3
Working of the ? Operator:
▪ exp1 is evaluated first
• if exp1 is true(nonzero) then
- exp2 is evaluated and its value becomes the value of the expression
• If exp1 is false(zero) then
- exp3 is evaluated and its value becomes the value of the expression
Ex: Ex:
m=2; m=2;
n=3; n=3;
r=(m>n) ? m : n; r=(m<n) ? m : n;
Value of r will be 3 Value of r will be 2
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Bitwise Operator
Operator Meaning
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
<< Shift left
>> Shift right

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Bitwise Operator
8 =Examples
1000 (In Binary)
6 = 0110 (In Binary)
Bitwise & (AND) Bitwise | (OR)
int a=8,b=6,c; int a=8,b=6,c;
c = a & b; c = a | b;
cout<<"Output ="<< c; cout<<"Output ="<< c;
Output = 0 Output = 14
Bitwise << (Shift Left) Bitwise >> (Shift Right)
int a=8,b=6,c; int a=8,b=6,c;
c = a << 1; c = a >> 1;
cout<<"Output ="<< c; cout<<"Output ="<< c;
Output = 16 Output = 4
left shifting is the equivalent of right shifting is the equivalent
multiplying a by a power of two of dividing a by a power of two
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New Operators in C++ It allows to access to the global
version of variable
:: Scope Resolution Declares a pointer to a member of
a class
::* Pointer-to-member declarator
->* Pointer-to-member operator To access pointer to class members

.* Pointer-to-member operator To access pointer to data members

of class
new Memory allocation operator
Allocates memory at run time
delete Memory release operator
endl Line feed operator Deallocates memory at run time

setw Field width operator It is a manipulator causes a linefeed

to be inserted
It is a manipulator specifies a field
width for printing value
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 C++ Data Types

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Basic Data types C++ datatypes

User-defined Built-in Derived

structure array
union function
class pointer
enumeration reference

Integral Void Floating

int char float double

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Built inData
DataType
types
Size (bytes) Range
char 1 -128 to 127
unsigned char 1 0 to 255
short or int 2 -32,768 to 32,767
unsigned int 2 0 to 65535
long 4 -2147483648 to 2147483647
unsigned long 4 0 to 4294967295
float 4 3.4e-38 to 3.4e+308
double 8 1.7e-308 to 1.7e+308
long double 10 3.4e-4932 to 1.1e+4932
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Reference Vs Pointer
References Pointers
int i; int *p = &i;
int &r = i;

p
addr

r i
addr
A reference is a A pointer is a variable
variable which refers which stores the address
to another variable. of another variable.
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 Control Structures

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Control Structures
• The if statement:
• Simple if statement
• if…else statement
• else…if ladder
• if…else nested
• The switch statement :
• The do-while statement: An exit controlled loop
• The while Statement: An entry controlled loop
• The for statement: An entry controlled loop

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 Control Structures
Selection: else/if, switch, do-while, while and for
structures

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1. if Selection Structure
• Selection structure
• Choose among alternative courses of action
• Pseudocode example:
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “Passed”
• If the condition is true
• Print statement executed, program continues to next statement
• If the condition is false
• Print statement ignored, program continues
• Indenting makes programs easier to read
• C++ ignores whitespace characters (tabs, spaces, etc.)

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Cont…

• Translation into C++

If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “Passed”

if ( grade >= 60 )
cout << "Passed";

• Diamond symbol (decision symbol)

• Indicates decision is to be made
• Contains an expression that can be true or false
• Test condition, follow path
• if structure
• Single-entry/single-exit

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Cont…
• Flowchart of pseudocode statement
A decision can be made on
any expression.

true zero - false

grade >= 60 print “Passed”
nonzero - true
Example:
false 3 - 4 is true

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2. if/else Selection Structure
• if
• Performs action if condition true
• if/else
• Different actions if conditions true or false
• Pseudocode
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
print “Passed”
else
print “Failed”
• C++ code
if ( grade >= 60 )
cout << "Passed";
else
cout << "Failed";

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Cont…
• Nested if/else structures
• One inside another, test for multiple cases
• Once condition met, other statements skipped
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 90
Print “A”
else
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 80
Print “B”
else
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 70
Print “C”
else
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “D”
else
Print “F”

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Cont…
• Example
if ( grade >= 90 ) // 90 and above
cout << "A";
else if ( grade >= 80 ) // 80-89
cout << "B";
else if ( grade >= 70 ) // 70-79
cout << "C";
else if ( grade >= 60 ) // 60-69
cout << "D";
else // less than 60
cout << "F";

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Importance of Curly Braces
• Print “We have a problem” if examGrade < 60
• Print “We have a real problem” if examGrade < 60 and quizGrade < 10
• Print “Ok” if examGrade >= 60
int examGrade, quizGrade;
if (examGrade < 60)
cout << “We have a problem” << endl;
if (quizGrade < 10)
cout << “We have a real problem” << endl;
else
cout << “Ok”;

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Exam Grade Flowchart int examGrade, quizGrade;
if (examGrade < 60)
cout << “We have a problem” << endl;
if (quizGrade < 10)
cout << “We have a real problem” << endl;
else
cout << “Ok”;

true
examGrade < 60

“We have a problem”

false true
quizGrade < 10

“Ok” “We have a real problem”

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Writing Cases
• Print “We have a problem” if examGrade < 60
• Print “We have a real problem” if examGrade < 60 and quizGrade < 10
• Print “Ok” if examGrade >= 60

examGrade < 60 quizGrade < 10 Action

Case 1 true false “We have a problem”
Case 2 true true “We have a problem” and
“We have a real problem”
Case 3 false true/false “Ok”

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Putting it all together
examGrade < 60 quizGrade < 10 Action
Case 1 true false “We have a problem”
Case 2 true true “We have a problem” and
“We have a real problem”
Case 3 false true/false “Ok”
int examGrade,
int examGrade,quizGrade;
quizGrade;
if
if (examGrade
(examGrade< <60)
60) {
System.out.println(“We have a problem”);
cout << “We have a problem” << endl;
if (quizGrade < 10)< 10)
if (quizGrade
System.out.printl(“We have a real problem”);
cout << “We have a real problem” << endl;
else
} System.out.println(“Ok”);
else
cout << “Ok”;

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Playing Cards
• Exercise with playing cards
• Numbers represent the rank and suit of cards
// Codes for suits
const int SPADES = 0;
const int HEARTS = 1;
const int DIAMONDS = 2;
const int CLUBS = 3;

// Codes for nonnumeric ranks

const int ACE = 1;
const int JACK = 11;
const int QUEEN = 12;
const int KING = 13;

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Prints a Card Name
• Print “rank of suit”
• Consider just the rank part
if (rank == JACK) Notice:
cout << "Jack"; comparing rank to
else if (rank == QUEEN) a number of
cout << "Queen"; different value
else if (rank == KING;
cout << "King";
else if (rank == ACE)
cout << "Ace";
else
cout << rank;

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 3. switch Multiple-Selection Structure
• switch
• Test variable for multiple values
• Series of case labels and optional default case
switch ( variable ) {
case value1: // taken if variable == value1
statements
break; // necessary to exit switch

case value2:
case value3: // taken if variable == value2 or == value3
statements
break;

default: // taken if variable matches no other cases

statements
break;
}

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Cont…
true
case a case a action(s) break

false

true
case b case b action(s) break

false

.
.
.

true
case z case z action(s) break
false

default action(s)

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Cont…
switch (rank)
{
if (rank == JACK) case JACK:
cout << "Jack"; cout << "Jack";
break;
else if (rank == QUEEN) case QUEEN:
cout << "Queen"; cout << "Queen";
break;
else if (rank == KING; case KING:
cout << "King"; cout << "King";
break;
else if (rank == ACE) case ACE:
cout << "Ace"; cout << "Ace";
break;
else default:
cout << rank;
cout << rank;
}

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4 while Repetition Structure
• Repetition structure
• Action repeated while some condition remains true
• Psuedocode
while there are more items on my shopping list
Purchase next item and cross it off my list
• while loop repeated until condition becomes false
• Example
int product = 2;
while ( product <= 1000 )
poduct = 2 * product;

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Cont…
• Counter-controlled repetition
• Loop repeated until counter reaches certain value
• Definite repetition
• Number of repetitions known
• Example
A class of ten students took a quiz. The grades (integers in the range 0 to 100)
for this quiz are available to you. Determine the class average on the quiz.

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5 for• General
Repetition Structure
format when using for loops
for ( initialization; LoopContinuationTest;
increment )
statement
• Example
for( int counter = 1; counter <= 10;
counter++ )
cout << counter << endl;
• Prints integers from one to ten No
semicolo
n after
last
statement

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Cont…
• for loops can usually be rewritten as while loops
initialization;
while ( loopContinuationTest){
statement
increment;
}
• Initialization and increment
• For multiple variables, use comma-separated lists
for (int i = 0, j = 0; j + i <= 10; j++, i++)
cout << j + i << endl;

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Cont…
• Vary the control variable from 1 to 100 in increments of 1

• Vary the control variable from 100 to 1 in increments of -1(decrements of 1)

• Vary the control variable from 7 to 77 in steps of 7

• Vary the control variable from 20 to 2 in steps of -2

• Vary the control variable over the following sequence: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20

• Vary the control variable over the following sequence: 99, 88, 77, 66, 55, 44, 33, 22, 11, 0

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Cont…
• Program to calculate compound interest
• A person invests $1000.00 in a savings account yielding 5 percent interest. Assuming that all
interest is left on deposit in the account, calculate and print the amount of money in the
account at the end of each year for 10 years. Use the following formula for determining these
amounts:
a = p(1+r)n
• p is the original amount invested (i.e., the principal),
r is the annual interest rate,
n is the number of years and
a is the amount on deposit at the end of the nth year

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6 do/while Repetition Structure
• Similar to while structure
• Makes loop continuation test at end, not beginning
• Loop body executes at least once
• Format
do {
action(s)
statement
} while ( condition );
true
condition

false

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 Thank You

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