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Human
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Development A
Life-Span View,
5th Edition:
Kail
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Name Chapter 1--The Study of Human Development
Question Which most accurately reflects the nature of the scientific study of human development?
Answer multidisciplinary
focus on groups, not individuals
nontheoretical
emphasis on stability over change
Add Question Here
Question Which question best captures the spirit of most individuals who study human development with regard to the nature/nurture
question?
Answer How do genes and environmental factors interact in the development of memory processes?
Which human behaviors are determined genetically, and which are determined by environmental factors?
At what age do environmental factors surpass genetic factors as most important in human development?
Which genes are responsible for childhood behavior, and which genes are responsible for adult behavior?
Question Since Dr. Kim takes a strong nature position concerning the origins of mental retardation, she would most likely hypothesize
that her son's retardation is due to
Answer her parenting style.
her genes.
his exposure to a toxic chemical prior to birth.
random chance.
Question The notion that development is best described in terms of a series of abrupt shifts in behavior best fits with the
approach.
Answer nature
nurture
continuity
discontinuity
Add Question Here
Question When discussing child development, Olaf uses terms like the “terrible 2s” and the “tranquil 3s.” These ideas are most
compatible with a view.
Answer context-specificity
hereditary
continuity
discontinuity
Add Question Here
Question 8 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove
Question Dr. Fletcher is attempting to determine whether adult criminals were rule breakers throughout their childhood, or whether they
suddenly turned to a life of crime. Her research is most concerned with which issue of human development?
Answer nature vs. nurture
universal vs. context-specific development
biological vs. sociocultural forces
continuity vs. discontinuity
Add Question Here
Question Sara believes that memory processes develop the same way in all children. Sara is most likely to support a position
regarding human development.
Answer universal
nurture
discontinuous
non-normative
Question When Kayla says “It doesn’t matter if they are French, Swedish, or Chinese, kids are kids,” she is espousing a(n)
position concerning human development.
Answer discontinuous
universal
nurture
context-specific
Add Question Here
Question Sophia notices that children seem to mature socially much faster in Argentina than in the United States. Sophia is most likely
to support a position regarding human development.
Answer nature
discontinuous
context-specific
continuous
Question Lotte is listening to a lecture in which her professor states, “Genetic and cultural factors are important, but they alone cannot
explain the development of human beings.” Lotte’s professor seems to be supporting
Answer the biopsychosocial framework.
the position that development is continuous.
the notion of universality.
discontinuity.
Question Dr. Arantes uses a biopsychosocial framework for understanding human development. Which position is she most likely to
endorse on the nature vs. nurture issue?
Answer Nature is most important.
Nurture is most important.
Nature and nurture both play important roles in human development.
Neither nature nor nurture is important in the study of human development.
Add Question Here
Question Because Dr. Jefferson is interested in researching how people of different ages are affected by events, it would be most
accurate to say that Dr. Jefferson is most interested in studying forces.
Answer psychological
biological
life-cycle
sociocultural
Add Question Here
Question When asked why her sister Yvonne ended up in jail, Penny says, “She was always a mean, aggressive person. She really
liked hurting people.” Penny is relying on forces to explain Yvonne’s development.
Answer sociocultural
normative age-graded
normative history-graded
psychological
Add Question Here
Question If you were going to study only psychological influences of human development, you would not research
Answer self-esteem.
the effects of television on development.
the effects of depression on development.
cognitive processes.
Question Benoit is interested in studying the effects of various biological forces on human development. Which of these topics is
probably of least interest to him?
Answer cognition
brain maturation
menopause
exercise
Question According to your text, which kind of developmental force has received the most attention?
Answer biological
sociocultural
psychological
biopsychosocial
Add Question Here
Question Julio is interested in studying how family relationships affect development. Julio is probably most interested in studying
influences.
Answer psychological
sociocultural
non-normative
biological
Question Daisy and Rose are identical twins who were separated at birth. Daisy was raised in the United States whereas Rose spent
her childhood in Austria. Which force would likely explain most of the differences between their behavior as teens?
Answer psychological
nature-based
biological
sociocultural
Add Question Here
Question Your friend David has decided to start studying human development because he hates studying biology. According to your
text, will David find happiness in his new area of interest?
Answer Yes, because he can focus on psychological factors and ignore sociocultural and biological factors.
Yes, but only if he enjoys studying sociocultural factors.
No, because studying biological influences is a necessary component to understanding development.
No, because normative age-graded influences are all biological.
Add Question Here
Question Which is a problem encountered by researchers assessing the effects of sociocultural forces?
Answer the lack of genetic distinction between individuals from different racial backgrounds
culture appears to have little impact on cognitive development
changing ethnic labels (e.g., black American to African American)
the inability to apply results to the population being studied
Question Which best describes the relationship between biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces in human development?
Answer unimportant
interactive
independent
non-normative
Question Marcelia has been promoted and is moving her family to a new city in a different part of the country. Though 4-year-old
Fernando is very happy and makes the transition easily, 13-year-old Jorge is unhappy and has a very difficult time adjusting to the
move. Which single set of factors best explains the different responses of Fernando and Jorge to the move?
Answer biological factors
sociocultural factors
personality factors
life-cycle factors
Question When Alfonso says, “It would have been tough to be a father at age 18, but being one at age 28 is super,” he is noting the
important role that factors play in human development.
Answer biological
life-cycle
sociocultural
psychological
Question Connie is a second-grade teacher who notices her students behaving differently than the fourth-graders during recess and
comes up with several connected ideas to explain why the two groups behave differently. Connie’s ideas would best be described as
Answer an experiment
a theory
a study
a mesosystem
Question Psychodynamic theories place the least emphasis on the portion of the biopsychosocial framework.
Answer life-cycle
psychological
sociocultural
biological
Question When asked to explain why children sometimes act violently, Dr. Zylar responds, “Generally speaking, these children are
driven by conflicts between what they wish to do and what society wishes them to do.” It is most likely that Dr. Zylar would be a
proponent of theory.
Answer psychodynamic
social cognitive
ecological
cognitive-developmental
Add Question Here
Question Mick’s biggest challenge in life is to think of his life as satisfactory and that it is worth living (i.e., he needs to get some
satisfaction). According to psychosocial theory, Mick is probably in the stage of life.
Answer young adulthood
adolescence
late life
birth to 1 year
Add Question Here
Question The fact that hope is important in early childhood, that development of identity is most important in adolescence, and that
wisdom is most important in late life is an example of
Answer external societal demands.
the epigenetic principle.
naturalistic observation.
identity vs. identity confusion.
Question When would Erikson say is the stage in life where the biggest challenge involves committing to another in a loving
relationship?
Answer childhood
adolescence
young adulthood
old adulthood
Question The argument that each psychosocial strength has its own special age period of specific importance is the cornerstone of
theory of development.
Answer Bandura’s
Erikson’s
Skinner’s
Vygotsky’s
Add Question Here
Question How would Erik Erikson respond to the statement, “A midlife crisis is a normal part of the human life cycle.”
Answer He would agree.
He would disagree and point out that there is no “normal” progression of human development.
He would disagree and point out that “crises” are not a normal part of human development.
He would say nothing since he focused on development between birth and adolescence.
Add Question Here
Question The basic premise of is that the consequences of a behavior determine the likelihood of the behavior being repeated
in the future.
Answer the life-span perspective
the epigenetic principle
universal development
operant conditioning
Add Question Here
Question After completing his history assignment, Nico is excused from having to wash the dishes, a task he detests. Nico’s parents
are attempting to use to increase Nico’s studying.
Answer positive reinforcement
punishment
extinction
negative reinforcement
Add Question Here
Question Lynne always wants to go visit her grandparents because when she visits they give her a new toy. The grandparents have
her visiting behavior.
Answer reinforced
extinguished
punished
extinguished
Question Zhang is attempting to alter the behavior of his son by controlling the consequences of his son's actions. Zhang is practicing
Answer social learning theory.
negative reinforcement.
operant conditioning.
ecological theory.
Question Morticia finds that whenever she talks to her daughter about her obnoxious behavior, the obnoxious behavior increases in
frequency. Apparently, Morticia’s talks are her daughter’s obnoxious behavior.
Answer punishing
reinforcing
suppressing
having no effect on
Add Question Here
Question Dr. Gauche likes to make fun of student comments in class. She finds that every time she does this, students make fewer
comments the rest of the class period. Apparently, Dr. Gauche’s jokes are the students' talking in class.
Answer punishing
negatively reinforcing
positively reinforcing
imitating
Question Even though Brenda was never reinforced directly for doing so, she increased the frequency of her swearing after she saw
her friend Elizabeth get a lot of attention after she swore. This is most likely an example of
Answer observational learning.
operant conditioning.
punishment.
self-efficacy.
Question Melissa is doing a study where volleyball players are self-reporting whether or not they believe they are capable of playing
well in Saturday’s game. Melissa seems to be assessing the of the volleyball players.
Answer life-cycle forces
exosystems
internal maturational plans
self-efficacy
Question Alberto believes he can successfully ski down a steep mountain. Bandura would be most likely to say that Alberto has
Answer reached formal operations.
high self-efficacy.
resolved the industry vs. inferiority stage.
been negatively reinforced.
Question Mr. Link tries to help his students learn how to be assertive by having them watch how other students can be successful by
acting assertively. Mr. Link is using principles of to help his students.
Answer social learning theory
operant conditioning
cognitive-developmental theory
psychosocial theory
Question Who would most likely explain a child’s maladaptive behavior by saying, “They probably saw some TV character do that?”
Answer Ginger, who is a behaviorist
Gilligan, who is a social learning theorist
Thurston, who is a Freudian theorist
Mary Ann, who is a Piagetian theorist
Question Dr. Sefky says: “Sure, reinforcement and punishment are important, but how people interpret reinforcement and punishment
is even more important.” Given this statement, Dr. Sefky’s view is most likely to agree with
Answer operant conditioning.
social cognitive theory.
psychosocial theory.
psychodynamic theory.
Question Social cognitive theory and operant conditioning are similar in that they both
Answer view the individual as an active processor of information.
believe that experience is important in determining behavior.
place a greater emphasis on nature than on nurture.
stress discontinuity.
Add Question Here
Question Whose theory of development is best exemplified by the idea that children construct their own knowledge and this
constructed knowledge changes with age/experience?
Answer Piaget
Bronfenbrenner
Erikson
Skinner
Add Question Here
Question Brandon’s developmental psychology teacher believes human development is best conceptualized as progressing
discontinuously through several qualitatively different stages of thinking. His instructor is likely a(n)
Answer Piagetian.
social learning theorist.
ecological theorist.
behaviorist.
Question When describing the development of his son Pitt, Brad says, “the best way to describe it is in terms of a slow computer with a
small memory getting faster processor and more storage space.” This type of description would suggest that Brad adheres to a(n)
approach to development.
Answer operant conditioning
ecological theory
Piagetian
information-processing
Question Rutger believes that, rather than progressing through a sequence of stages, mental processes gradually get more complex
and efficient. Rutger is most likely a proponent of
Answer Piaget’s theory.
Kohlberg’s theory.
information-processing theory.
Erikson’s theory.
Add Question Here
Question What type of theorist would most likely describe human cognitive development using the analogy of “mental software?”
Answer an information processor
an Eriksonian
an operant conditioning theorist
a social learning theorist
Question Dr. Strauss is a developmental psychologist who is interested in Vygotsky’s theory. What sort of forces are probably of most
interest to Dr. Strauss?
Answer biological
psychological
life cycle
sociocultural
Add Question Here
Question Who would have the least amount of interest in children’s thinking?
Answer an information-processing theorist
a Skinnerian theorist
a Vygotskian theorist
a Piagetian theorist
Question The biggest difference between Vygotsky’s approach to development and that of Piaget and the information-processing
approach is that Vygotsky placed more emphasis on
Answer the impact of culture.
stages of development.
thinking.
unconscious thoughts.
Add Question Here
Question When Dr. Bentley is asked to explain troubled adolescents, she says, “The only way to explain the problems of adolescents
is to study them in relation to their parents and the culture that surrounds them.” Dr. Bentley is most likely a proponent of theory.
Answer psychodynamic
cognitive developmental
ecological
social cognitive
Add Question Here
Question Which theorist is best associated with an ecological approach to human development?
Answer Freud
Piaget
Erikson
Bronfenbrenner
Question Mary has only one child, 1-year-old Shelly, and has stayed at home during most of Shelly’s life. From an ecological
perspective, Mary is best thought of as part of Shelly’s
Answer mesosystem.
exosystem.
macrosystem.
microsystem.
Question Louis discovers that the experiences he has in his developmental psychology class help him to deal with the children he
works with at a day-care center. This relationship is best described by Bronfenbrenner’s notion of
Answer mesosystem.
exosystem.
macrosystem.
microsystem.
Question A researcher who wants to study how state welfare programs influence parenting behaviors would be primarily studying
Answer microsystems.
exosystems.
mesosystems.
operant conditioning.
Add Question Here
Question The AIDS epidemic has dramatically influenced dating behavior in the 2000s. From an ecological perspective, this influence
is best thought of as part of the culture's
Answer mesosystem.
exosystem.
macrosystem.
microsystem.
Question When Tina was given a huge salary increase, she was able to get things for her children that they had always needed and
move into a nicer home. Bronfenbrenner would state that this increase in the mother’s salary is an example of the impact of the
children’s
Answer exosystem.
mesosystem.
macrosystem.
microsystem.
Question Matti finds himself unable to adjust to college because he doesn't seem to have the study skills necessary to earn passing
grades. Matti’s predicament would probably best be explained by
Answer psychosocial theory.
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory.
the competence-environmental press theory.
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development.
Add Question Here
Question Whose theory is best associated with a life-span perspective emphasizing research on adult development?
Answer Bandura
Baltes
Bronfenbrenner
Piaget
Question Marcia is 80 years old and is learning how to speak French and play the guitar for the first time. This new skill development is
a good example of
Answer multiple causation.
historical context.
plasticity.
multidirectionality.
Add Question Here
Question Jackson's knowledge of economics has grown over the years, while at the same time his ability to play hockey has
deteriorated. Jackson’s experience best exemplifies
Answer multiple causation.
historical context.
plasticity.
multidirectionality.
Question Multidirectionality, plasticity, historical context, and multiple causation are all key features of the perspective.
Answer life-span
cognitive-developmental
psychosocial
ecological
Add Question Here
Question The fact that a teen growing up during the Vietnam War will develop in a different manner than a teen growing up during the
Iraq War is best explained in terms of
Answer multidirectionality.
multiple causation.
plasticity.
historical context.
Add Question Here
Question Lisa is getting ready to apply for graduate school. In order to focus on this goal, she is resigning from her posts as editor of
the campus newspaper and president of her sorority. These changes in Lisa’s life are an example of
Answer compensation.
elective selection.
loss-based selection.
self-efficacy.
Question The selective optimization with compensation model is primarily associated with the perspective.
Answer cognitive-developmental
ecological
psychodynamic
life-span
Add Question Here
Question Professor Linwood always makes a point of learning the names of all the students in her class. She used to always be able to
do this in her head but has recently found that she needs note cards to help her remember. This change in behavior is best described
as
Answer loss-based selection.
elective selection.
compensation.
the epigenetic principle.
Add Question Here
Question Dana studies how individual’s choice of life goals change as people get older and how individuals maintain and enhance the
goals that they select. Dana is most likely a proponent of the model.
Answer social-cognitive
ecological
epigenetic
selective optimization with compensation
Question Orlaith is interested in studying the impact of growing up during the Great Depression on the saving and spending habits of
individuals. Orlaith's perspective is best described as a perspective.
Answer life-course
life-span
social cognitive
psychosocial
Question Aislinn wonders if the attack on New York on September 11 will impact the career goals of individuals who were adolescents
at the time of the attack. This kind of question is one that best reflects a(n) perspective.
Answer
cognitive-developmental
life-course
social cognitive
operant conditioning
Question Which research study would you most expect to see from a researcher with a life-course perspective?
Answer the effect of smoking on neurotransmitter systems and memory
how memory processes change from infancy to old age
growing up in the 1960s, and its influence on drug-taking behavior in middle adulthood
sex differences in marital satisfaction
Question The fact that George is worried about how the recession will impact his current job status is best associated with
Answer individual timing of life events in relation to external historical events.
the synchronization of individual transitions with collective familial ones.
the impact of earlier life events on current conditions.
history determining the outcome of life.
Add Question Here
Question The notion of “balancing” work and home-life responsibilities is best associated with
Answer individual timing of life events in relation to external historical events.
the synchronization of individual transitions with collective familial ones.
the impact of earlier life events on current conditions.
history determining the outcome of life.
Add Question Here
Question Patti studies the behavior of preschool children by watching them play at a local day-care center. While doing this, she is
careful to find a spot where she will be completely unnoticed by the individuals she is observing. Patti is most likely using a
approach to studying the children.
Answer structured observation
correlational
self-report
naturalistic observation
Question Carrie is most interested in studying adolescent behavior occurring at a high school prom. Which method is most likely to
help her accomplish this goal?
Answer structured observation
naturalistic observation
self-report
experiment
Question Carrie takes notes on the behaviors exhibited by college students attending a frat party. This study would best be described
as
Answer longitudinal.
systematic observational.
experimental.
sequential.
Add Question Here
Question Dr. Lund stages a fire drill at the elementary school in order to study how children respond to potential emergency situations.
Dr. Lund’s method would best be described as a(n)
Answer structured observation.
naturalistic observation.
self-report.
experiment.
Question Which method of measuring behavior is most likely to be used in combination with other behavioral measures?
Answer physiological measures
self-reports
naturalistic observation
sampling behavior with tasks
Question Which method of measuring behavior is most effective at directly studying brain activity?
Answer physiological measures
self-reports
naturalistic observation
sampling behavior with tasks
Add Question Here
Question Dr. Nuriama is interested in studying the way people spend their time when they are in their own homes alone. Which
method is Dr. Nuriama least likely to use for this study?
Answer physiological measures
naturalistic observation
structured observation
self-reports
Question Dr. Simpson’s students were rightfully upset when he used very accurate weight scales (assessing the poundage of each
pupil) to determine their grades in a developmental psychology class because his method of assessment lacked
Answer sufficient sample size.
reliability.
validity.
the ability to identify practice effects.
Add Question Here
Question Which word is the best description of the meaning of the term “reliability?”
Answer ethical
valid
cross-sectional
consistency
Question Harold is upset with his grade on his developmental psychology test, and says “I bet if I would’ve taken that test at another
time I would have done much better.” Harold’s complaint deals most directly with the questionable of the test.
Answer validity
sample
reliability
population
Question Which research finding supports the idea that a new intelligence test is valid?
Answer Individuals earn the same score on the test every time they take it.
Individuals score higher on the test when they are older than when they were younger.
Scores on the new intelligence test are correlated with scores on another intelligence test.
Most all individuals score high on the new intelligence test.
Question Virtually all studies done in psychology rely on studying people representative of a larger group. The groups of people who
participate in these studies are most commonly known as
Answer samples. populations.
mesosystems.
independent variables.
Question Harvey is interested in doing a study to determine whether or not a statistically significant relationship exists between
participating in college athletics and self-efficacy for academic work. Because Harvey is not particularly interested in determining a
cause-and-effect relationship, he would be best advised to do a(n) study.
Answer cross-sectional
correlational
experimental
naturalistic observation
Add Question Here
Question Based on a study that finds that self-esteem is negatively correlated with college grades, which person would you predict
would have the highest grades?
Answer Michael, who has very high self-esteem
Davey, who has average self-esteem
Peter, who has very low self-esteem
It's impossible to predict because a negative correlation means these two variables are unrelated
Add Question Here
Question You read a research article that concludes that the higher a student’s self-esteem, the worse they perform in school. This sort
of relationship would best be characterized as
Answer a negative correlation.
no relationship.
positive correlation.
cause and effect.
Question After grading the first exam, your developmental psychology instructor says, “Those students who actually come to class did
much better than those of you who show up once a week.” Given this information, you would suspect that the correlation between
attendance and grades would be closest to
Answer +.09.
+ .9.
+ 9.
+ 90.
Question Mario is going to do a correlational study dealing with playing video games and intelligence. Because he is using this
particular method, he will not be able to
Answer measure the variables quantitatively.
determine the direction of the relationship between these two variables.
determine the magnitude of the relationship between these two variables.
determine whether one of these variables causes changes in the other.
Add Question Here
Question Shuntelle is interested in studying the relationship between self-esteem and school grades. She wants to be able to quantify
this relationship but wants to avoid any ethical concerns regarding the manipulation of these variables. What sort of method is the best
option for Shuntelle?
Answer correlational
natural observation
experiment
physiological
Question If Hamid wants to do one study to determine whether or not playing violent video games causes children to act more
aggressively, he would be best served by doing a(n)
Answer experiment.
correlational study.
longitudinal study.
cross-sectional study.
Question Zsuzsi is conducting a study to determine whether skateboarding causes a reduction in intelligence. In this experiment,
skateboarding is the
Answer control group.
independent variable.
dependent variable.
cohort effect.
Question In an experiment designed to determine whether taking vitamin A before attending a social event is associated with improved
self-esteem, what is the dependent variable?
Answer vitamin A
the social event
the measure of self-esteem
the age of the participants
Question A researcher has a hypothesis that hostility toward women is created by viewing pornography. If the researcher does an
experiment to test this, what would be the independent variable?
Answer scores on a “hostility toward women” scale
being placed in a control group
the actual viewing of pornography
the sex of the subjects
Kuudeskolmatta luku,
— Älä sinä lurittele liikoja, poika, vaan tee niinkuin herra käskee,
se on varminta; laula vain laulusi koreilematta, älä huoli puuttua
hienouksiin, sillä hienot langat helposti katkeavat.
Poika jatkoi:
— Toivoisin, että nyt olisivat tässä edessäni kaikki ne, jotka eivät
usko eivätkä tahdo uskoa, kuinka suurta hyötyä maailmassa on
vaeltavista ritareista. Ajatelkaa, miten olisi käynyt urhoollisen Don
Gaiferosin ja kauniin Melisendran, jollen minä olisi ollut läsnä; aivan
varmaan olisivat nuo koirat jo heidät saavuttaneet ja heitä jollakin
tavalla loukanneet. Sanalla sanoen: eläköön vaeltava ritarikunta
ennen kaikkea muuta maailmassa!
— Älä itke, mestari Pedro, äläkä valita, sinähän ihan murrat minun
sydämeni; voin sinulle vakuuttaa, että herrani Don Quijote on niin
totinen ja tunnollinen kristitty, että hän, käsitettyään tehneensä
sinulle vääryyttä, varmaan voi ja tahtoo sen sinulle maksaa ja antaa
sinulle enemmän kuin riittävän korvauksen.
302
303
Seitsemäskolmatta luku,
Kahdeksaskolmatta luku.
— Kuinka pitkä aika siitä sitten on, Sancho, kun minä sen teille
lupasin? — kysyi Don Quijote.