Lecture 5

Impedance in AC Circuits

2024-09-24 ElecEng2MM3 – Lecture 5 1

 Voltage, Current, and Phasors in AC Circuits
Let, v = Vp cos(2pft )
Ip
v V Vp
iR =   = p cos(2ft) = I p cos(2ft) R: resistance
 R R

In resistor, the voltage is exactly in phase with the

current. They have a 0º phase angle. V = Vrms0 I = Irms0

Let, v = Vp cos(2pft ) XL: Inductive reactance Ip

V   V     Vp
iL = P  cos2ft −  = P  cos2ft −  = IP  cos2ft −   
2fL  2  XL  2  2
In inductor, the voltage and current are out of phase.
The voltage leads the current by a 90º phase angle. V = Vrms0 I = Irms− 90

Let, v = Vp cos(2pft )
Xc: Capacitive reactance
Vp   V      
iC = cos2ft +  = p cos2ft +  = I p  cos2ft +  Ip
1  2  XC  2  2 Vp
2fC
In capacitor, the voltage and current are out of phase.
The voltage lags the current by a 90º phase angle. V = Vrms0 I = Irms90

a=π/2, b=π, c=3π/2, d=2π

2024-09-24 ElecEng2MM3 – Lecture 5 2

 Impedance in AC Circuits

Consider v(t) = Vp cos(t +  ) V = V 
v(t )
i(t) = I p cos(t +  ) I = I 

Impedance is defined as theratio between the voltage across (V)
 the current flowing through (I) an element represented in the
and  (t ) = 2ft


phasor form, i.e.
i(t )

V V  
Z= =
I I  
  (t ) = 2ft
V V
= = ( −  ) = R + jX = Z
I I Im

Magnitude, Z = R + X 2 2

−1 X  jX
Phase,  =  −  = tan  
 R 
R: resistance X: reactance
R Re

2024-09-24 ElecEng2MM3 – Lecture 5 3
 Impedance of a Resistor

|V | V
IR =  = = Irms0

R ZR
ZR = R
= R
 voltage have zero phase angle.
• Current and
• Angle (V)= 0°
• Angle (I)= 0° j
• Angle (Z)= 0°
-1 0° 1
j = −1 = 1 + 0 − j = 1 / j = 1 − 0 Vrms0
Complex plane
Note: |V| = Vrms Irms0
2024-09-24 ElecEng2MM3 – Lecture 5
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 Impedance of an Inductor

j
|V | V V V
IL =  −  = − j = = 
ωL ωL jωL Z L
-1 1
Z L = jωL Note: |V| = Vrms
Vrms0
= ωL90 -90
• Current lags the voltage by –π/2, i.e.,
-j 
• Angle (I)= –π/2
Irms− 90
• Angle (V)= 0 j = −1 = 1 + 0 − j = 1 / j = 1 − 0
• Angle (Z)= π/2
ElecEng2MM3 – Lecture 5
2024-09-24
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 Impedance of a Capacitor

V
I C = ωC |V | +  = jωCV =  Irms90
ZC j
Note: |V| = Vrms +90
-1 1
Vrms0
• Current leads the voltage by π/2, i.e.,
• Angle (I)= π/2 -j
• Angle (V)= 0 
j = −1 = 1 + 0 − j = 1 / j = 1 − 0
• Angle (Z)= − π/2
2024-09-24 ElecEng2MM3 – Lecture 5 6
 Example for Impedance Calculation
• Problem: Assume, Vrms=120 V, f=60 Hz, R=40 Ω, L=0.1592 H, C=33.16 μF. Calculate (a) impedance and (b) current in each branch. Also find
(c) source current and (d) impedance of the circuit.
Solution: For the inductor, ZL=jXL=jωL
 = 2f = 2  3.1416  60 = 377 rad /s
Z L = jXL = jL = j  377 rad /s  0.1592 H = j60 = 6090 
• For the capacitor, Zc=1/jXc=1/jωC

1 1 1
 Zc = = = = − j80 = 80 − 90  jIc
jXc jC j  377rad /s  33.16 10−6 F
Z R = R0 = 40 
IR
• Consider voltage as the reference phasor, V = Vrms0 = 1200 V −j(IL-Ic) Is

• Since this is a parallel circuit, using the Ohm’s law we can find in each branch −jIL


V 1200 
IR = = = 30 A Is = IR + IL + IC
ZR 40
Is = (30 + 2 − 90 + 1.590)A
V 1200
IL = = = 2 − 90 A
Z L 6090  Is = (3 − j0.5)A
 V 1200
Ic = = =1.590
 A Is = 3.041− 9.46A
Z C 80 − 90
2024-09-24   ElecEng2MM3 – Lecture 5 7
 Example for Impedance Calculation
• Problem: Assume, Vrms=120 V, f=60 Hz, R=40 Ω, L=0.1592 H, C=33.16 μF. Calculate (a) impedance and (b) current in each branch. Also find
(c) source current and (d) impedance of the circuit.
Solution: For the inductor, ZL=jXL=jωL
 = 2f = 2  3.1416  60 = 377 rad /s
Z L = jXL = jL = j  377 rad /s  0.1592 H = j60 = 6090 
• For the capacitor, Zc=1/jXc=1/jωC

1 1 1
 Zc = = = = − j80 = 80 − 90  jIc
jXc jC j  377rad /s  33.16 10−6 F
Z R = R0 = 40 
IR
• Consider voltage as the reference phasor, V = Vrms0 = 1200 V −j(IL-Ic) Is

• Since this is a parallel circuit, using the Ohm’s law we can find in each branch −jIL

 V 1200 V
Is = 3.041− 9.46A Zt = = ZL
I 3.041 − 9.46A
Zt
V
Zt = = 39.469.46  ZR
 I

V
Zt = = (38.92 + j6.487)  ZC
I
2024-09-24  ElecEng2MM3 – Lecture 5 8