STATISTICS oO TMP Y = lil ©DATA ANALYSIS: Nonparametric Difference Test for | 3. Perform nonparametiiv hypothesis testing of parameter difference for a sample. 3 hours module, exercise sheet, writing materials iii Single-Sample Sign Test The simplest nonparametric test, the ‘sign test for single semples, is used to test the value of a median for a’ specific sample. frtepatnc uum les thane cal the ae & ‘When using the sign test, the researcher the table hypothesizes the specific value for. the oaxtaal: median of a population; then he or she selects x= 0.05 «= 005 a sample of data and compares each value “Teetalied, with the conjecturedmedian. I'he data value _» | a= 001 a=010 is above the conectured median, it is —s| 0 ° ° H assigned a plus sian. If it is below the 9 | ° 1 1 conjectured median. it is assigned a minus 10 o ° 1 1 sign. And if it is exactly the same as the ° 1 1 2 conjectured median, itis assigned a0. Then 12) 1 1 2 2 the numbers of phe and minus signs are 13 1 1 2 3 compared. If the null hypothesis is true, the 14 | 1 2 3 3 number of plus signs should be 15 2 2 3 3 approximately equal to the number of minus 16 2 2 3 4 signs. Ifthe null hypothesis is not true, there 17, | 2 3 ‘ 4 will be a disproportionate number of plus or 18 3 3 4 5 minus signs vw] 3 4 4 s a] 3 4 s s The test value is the smaller number 21 | 4 4 s 6 of plus or minus sigas. For example, ifthere 22 | 4 s 5 6 are 8 positive signs and 3 negative signs, the 25 4 3 6 7 test value is 3. When the sample size is 25 or 24 4 4 6 7 less, Sign Test Table is used to determine the 25 | __5 6 6 eI critical value. For a specific a, if the test joe tess se mataiormeisna Te value is less than or equal to the critical value stannic an npr sw Tete obtained from the table, the mull hypothesis si 1p son he Sa Sg Tb). Dad should be rejected. STM th 38Mlustrative Example Problem: Snow Cone Sales A convenience store owner hypothesizes that the median number of snow cones she sells per day is 40, A random sample of 20 days yields the following data for the number of snow cones sold each day. At a = 0.05, test the owner's hypothesis. Data is shown below. 1 4 «640162 3000«2 328 390343 3 40 M8 8 Problem Question: Is the median number of snow cones sold per day is 40? Hypotheses: He: The median number of snow cones sold per day is 40. Hy: The median number of snow cones sold per day is not 40 Critical Value: Find the critical value. Compare each value of the data with the median. Ifthe value is greater than the median, replace the value with a plus sign. Ifitis less than the median, replace it with a minus sign. And if it is equal to the median, replace it with a 0, The completed table follows. 18 43 40 16 22 = + 0 e = 300« TU oF a ai = = 39 343 528 7 - - He Z 360 40384982 - 0 - - + Refer to Sign Test Table, using n ~ 18 (the total number of plus and minus signs; omit the zeros) and a ~0,05 for a two-tailed test: the critical value is 4. See illustration below. | Wortaed « = 0.01 0.95, 8 8 7 8 19 Test Value: Compute the test value, Count the number of plus and minus signs obtained in step 2, and use the smaller value as the test value. Since there are 3 plus signs and 15 minus signs, 3 is the test value. Decision: Make the decision. Compare the test value 3 with the critical value 4. If the test ‘value is ess than or equal to the critical value, the null hypothesis is rejected. In this case, the null hypothesis is reected since 3 <4. Interpretation: The median number of snow cones sold per day is not 40. Finding/Result: The median number of snow cones sold per day is lesser than 40. 39NOTE: When the semple size is 26 or more, the normal approximation can be used. So, the critical value is found in z table and the 2 test value is determined by signs Illustrative Example Problem: Age of Foreign-Born Residents Based on information from the U.S. Census Bureau, the median age of foreign-bom U.S. residents is 36.4 years. A researcher selects a sample of 50 foreign-born U.S. residents in his area and finds that 21 are older than 36.4 years. At « = 0.05, test the claim that the median age of the residents is at least 36.4 years, Problem Question: Is the median age of the residents is at least 36.4 years? Hypotheses: H,: The median age of the residents is 36.4 years. H;: The median age of the residents is at least 36.4 years. Critical Value: Find the critical value, Since @ ~ 0.03 and n ~ 50, and since this is a left-tailed test, the critical value is —1.65 Test Value: Compute the test value. IX + 0.5) = (n/2) _ (2 Valz =-099 ~ 35355 Decision: Make the decision. Since the test value of —0.99 is greater than —1.65, the decision is to not reject the null hypothesis, Interpretation/Finding/Result: The m age of the residents is 36.4 years, Exercise: Nonparametric Difference Test for a Sample CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: Answer the following problems 1. Ages When Married. The median age at first marriage for mea in the United States in 2008 ‘was 27.6 years. Alumni oflicers at a large university contacted recent newlyweds to see if their median age was different. Their ages (in years) at 315 399 341-220 marriage are listed below. At a= 0.05, canitbe concluded 292 339 340 369 that the median age for these alumni is different? 338 362 261 351 D1 252-326 263 2 Number of Faculty for Propriettry 575 14 65 95 191 $9 136 4937119 Schools, An educational researcher 49 436 137 171 122 133 133 $42 126 64 believes that the median number of 61 100 225. 127 92 140 140 75.108 96 faculty for proprietary (for-profit) 138 318 179 243 109 colleges and universities is 150. The Sorina data provided list the number of faculty at a selected number of proprietary colleges and universities. At a = 0.05, is there sufficient evidence to rejec: his claim? 40REFERENCES Bluman, A. G. (2018). Elementary statistics: a step by step approach (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education, Department of Education, (2016, August). K to 12 Basie Education Curriculum — Mathematics Grade 1 to Grade 10 Curriculum Guide. Accessed at ittps://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Math-CG_with-tagged- ‘math-equipment pdf Department of Education. (2013, December). K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum — Senior High Schol ~ Core Subject ~ Statistics and Probability Curriculum Guide. Accessed at https:/Irmds.deped. gov phidownload!/14521 Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (Sth ed.). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications Inc. Ho, R. (2018). Understanding statistics for the social sciences with IBM SPSS. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Franklin, C. A., Bargagliotti, A. E., Case, C. A., Kader, G. D., Seheaffer, R. L., & Spangler, D. A. (2015, May 11). Statistical education of teachers. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association. Retrieved April 10, 2020, fram htps:/wwww.amstat.org/asa/files/pdfs/EDU-SET pdf Meaning, Function, Role, Relevance & Importance of Statistics. 2019, January 14). The importance and role of statistics in education. Retrieved April 10, 2020, from_ https://machinep.comvimportance-of-statistics-in-education/ Triola, M. F. 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