Lesson 1: Understanding The Self Personality Traits

- Personality traits reflect people's

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characteristic patterns of thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors
“Knowing yourself is the beginning of all - Personality traits imply consistency and
wisdom” - Aristotle stability

Self Understanding Self Concept is the personal knowledge of who

- Lifetime endeavor we are, encompassing all of our thoughts and
- Awareness and ability to understand feelings about ourselves physically, personally,
one’s own actions and socially
- Key to successful resolution of any
emotional problem Self Understanding is having insight into one's
own behavior, attitudes, strengths, and weakness
Personality
- Derived from the latin word/s persona, Five Big Traits (OCEAN)
per, and sonare that means “to sound
through” - Openness is the tendency to appreciate
- Does not have one specific definition new art, ideas, values, feelings, and
- It is a relatively permanent traits and behaviors
unique characteristics that give both -
consistency and individuality to a - Conscientiousness is the tendency to be
person's behavior (Roberts & Mroczek, careful, on-time for appointments, to
2008) follow rules, and to be hard working

Determinants of Personality - Extraversion is the tendency to be

1. Environmental Factors of Personality talkative, sociable, and to enjoy others;
a. Surroundings of an individual the tendency to have a dominant style
(neighborhood, school, and
workplace) - Agreeableness is the tendency to agree
2. Biological Factors of Personality and go along with others rather than to
a. Hereditary Factors assert one owns opinions and choices
b. Physical Features
c. Brain - Neuroticism is the tendency to be
3. Situational Factors of Personality frequently experience negative emotions
a. Observed when a person such as anger, worry, and sadness, as
behaves contrastingly and well as being interpersonally sensitive
exhibits different traits and
characteristics Self-care also means being patient with and kind
4. Cultural Factors to yourself.
a. Large determinants what a Self-care is something we enjoy doing and not
person is and what a person will something we feel forced to do.
learn

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Lesson 2: The Self from the Socratic Method
- In simpler terms, it is way of teaching
Perspective of Philosophy
that focuses on asking questions instead
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Philosophy Self is dichotomous:

- Queen of All Sciences - The physical realm (BODY) that is
- Study of the fundamental nature of changeable, temporal, and imperfect
knowledge, reality, and existence, - The ideal realm (SOUL) is the one that
especially in an academic discipline is perfect and unchanging, eternal, and
- Academic discipline concerned with immortal.
investigating the nature of significance
of ordinary and scientific beliefs Plato
- Investigates the legitimacy of concepts Philosophy of the self can be explained as a
by rational argument concerning their process of self-knowledge and purification of the
implications, relationships as well as soul
reality, knowledge, moral judgment, etc.
Components of the soul
Philosophy Is About: 1. Reason or divine essence that enables
- What is morally right and wrong? Why? human to think deeply, make wise
- What is a good life? choices and achieve a true
- Does God Exist? understanding of eternal truths
- What is the mind? 2. Appetite is the basic biological needs of
human being
Significant People in Philosophy 3. Spirit is the basic emotions of human
being such as love, anger, ambition,
Pythagoras is the first to use the term aggressiveness and empathy
philosophy derived from the words philo (love)
and sophia (wisdom) It is always the responsibility of the reason to
organize, control, and reestablish harmonious
Socrates relationship between these three elements
"The Unexamined life is not worth living."
St. Augustine
- First philosopher who ever engaged in “The body is united with the soul, so that man
systematic questioning about the self may be entire and complete, is a fact we
- To Socrates, and this has become his recognize on the evidence of our own nature.”
life-long mission, the true task of the
philosopher is to know oneself - The last of the great ancient
philosophers whose ideas were greatly
Pre-Socratics, group of early Greek Platonic.
philosophers, questions the origin and nature of - Christianity’s first theologian
the physical world has led to their being called
cosmologists or naturalists Two Realms of Human Nature
Socrates was more concerned with another 1. God as the source of all reality and truth
subject, the problem of the self 2. The sinfulness of man

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Rene Descartes David Hume
“Cogito, ergo sum” “I think, therefore I am” - Influenced by empiricism
- Assumed that there is no self
- Father of Modern philosophy
- Established his philosophical views on Two Distinct Entities from Experience (1739)
true knowledge and concept of self 1. Impressions are the basic sensations of
our experience, the elemental data of our
Two Distinct Entities of the Self minds
1. Cogito or the mind that thinks 2. Ideas are copies of impressions that
2. Extenza or extension of mind (body) include thoughts and images that are
built up from our primary impressions.
The essence of self is being a thinking thing.
Sigmund Freud
Self-identity is dependent on the awareness in - Father of Psychoanalysis
engaging with those mental operations.
Dualistic View of Self
John Locke 1. The Conscious Self
- English philosopher and physician a. Governed by reality principle
b. The self is rational, practical,
Tabula Rasa and appropriate to the social
- Blank slate environment
- The mind is primary blank or empty c. Has the task of controlling the
state before receiving outside constant pressures of the
impressions unconscious self, as its primitive
impulses continually seek for
Key Points On Personal Identity (an essay immediate discharge
from his most famous work, Essay Concerning 2. The Unconscious Self
Human Understanding) a. Governed by pleasure principle
1. To discover the nature of personal b. It is the self that is aggressive,
identity, it is important to find out what destructive, unrealistic and
it means to be a person. instinctual
2. A person is a thinking, intelligent being
who has the abilities to reason and to Both of Freud’s self needs immediate
reflect. gratification and reduction of tensions to optimal
3. A person is also someone who considers levels and the goal of every individual is to make
themself to be the same thing in unconscious conscious
different times and different places.
4. Consciousness as being aware that we Parts of Personality
are thinking — always accompanies 1. Id “I want it now”
thinking and is an essential part of the a. Primitive features that are
thinking process. driven by an unconscious need
5. Consciousness makes possible our belief for pleasure (pleasure principle)
that we are the same identity in different b. Present at birth
times and different places. c. Displays itself as selfish and
demands gratification

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 2. Ego “We need to plan and wait in order Maurice Merleu-Ponty
to have it” - A French philosopher and
a. Develops around the age of 2 phenomenologist.
b. Focuses on the reality principle
c. It reduces the conflict between Mind/Body Problem
id and Superego by - Different approach to the self
implementing defense - The division between the “mind” and
mechanism the “body” is a product of confused
3. Superego “You can't have it, it's not thinking
right”
a. Develops around the age of 5 Developed the concept of self-subject and
b. It's our internal morals (morality contended that perceptions occur existentially
principle) that we learn from our
same-sex parent Paul and Patricia Churchland
c. Punishes our ego for any wrong - Married American philosophers
through guilt interested in the fields of philosophy of
mind, philosophy of science, cognitive
Gilbert Ryle neurobiology, epistemology, and
- An important figure in the field of perception
Linguistic Analysis which focused on
the solving of philosophical puzzles Patricia Churchland
through an analysis of language - Man’s brain is responsible for the
identity known as self
The self is best understood as a pattern of
behavior, the tendency or disposition for a Paul Churchland
person to behave in a certain way in certain - Sees the self from a materialistic point
circumstances. of view

Immanuel Kant
“Respect others as you would respect yourself”

- A German Philosopher who made great

contribution to the fields of metaphysics,
epistemology, and ethics
- Widely regarded as the greatest
philosopher of the modern period

It is the self that makes consciousness for the

person to make sense of everything

Transcendental Apperception is the essence of

our consciousness that provides basis for
understanding and establishing the notion of
“self” by synthesizing one’s accumulation of
experiences, intuition and imagination goes

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Lesson 3: The Self from the Two Phases of Self According to Mead
1. Me Self
Perspective of Sociology and
a. Phase which reflects the attitude
Anthropology of the generalized other
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– b. Me is the social self
c. Me as a conventional, habitual
Sociology individual
- One of the disciplines in the social 2. I Self
sciences which aims to discover the a. Phase that responds to the
ways by which the social attitude of generalized other or
surrounding/environment influences the I
people’s thoughts, feelings and behavior b. I is a response to the Me
- Presents the self as a product of modern c. I as the novel reply of the
society individual to the generalized
other
Questions by Sociologists
- How does society influence you? Charles Hortoon Cooley
- How do you affect society? - Used the socio-psychological approach
- Who are you as the person in the to understand how societies work
community? - Coined the term “looking-glass self”
- Self is a product of social interaction
George Herbert Mead
Every individual is a product of social Georg Simmel
interaction and not biological in nature - Proposed that there is human nature
- Innate to the individual
- Well-known for his theory of self - Intrinsic to the individual like
- Described self as a dimension of the natural inclination to
personality that is made up of the religious impulse or the gender
individuals self-awareness and differences
self-image - Claimed that most of our social
interactions are individual motivations
Social Behaviorism
- The approach Mead used to describe the Subjective Culture or individual culture is the
power of environment in shaping human ability to embrace, use, and feel culture
behavior
- The self emerges from social experience Objective Culture is made up of elements that
become separated from the individual or group’s
Stages of Self Formation control and identifies as separate objects
1. Preparatory Stage (Imitation)
2. Play Stage (Role Taking)
3. Game Stage (Awareness)

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Anthropology Heroes are people from the past or present who
- A field of the social sciences that have characteristics that are important in culture
focuses on the study of man
- The field looks into a man's physical or Rituals are activities participated by a group for
biological characteristics, his social the fulfillment of desired objectives and are
relationships and the influences of concerned to be socially essential
culture
Values are considered to be the core of every
Four Subfields of Anthropology culture and are unconscious, neither discuss or
1. Archaeology observed, and can only be inferred from the way
a. Comparative study of past people act and react to situations
cultures through its material
(artifacts) and cultural remains
(fossils)
b. The most aspects of human
nature is survival
2. Linguistic Anthropology
a. The study of spoken language, a
distinct human trait
b. Essential part of human
communication is language
c. Language identifies a group of
people (words, sounds, symbols,
writings, and signs)
3. Biological Anthropology
a. Physical anthropology
b. Studies humans as biological
organisms, their emergence,
evolution, variation in time and
space
4. Cultural Anthropology
a. Social or sociocultural
anthropology
b. Focuses in knowing what makes
one group’s manner of living
particular to that group
c. Forms an essential part of the
member’s personal and social
identity

Symbols are words, gestures, pictures, or objects

that have recognized or accepted meaning in a
particular culture

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Lesson 4: The Self from the Two Parts of the Self According to James
1. I Self
Perspective of Psychology
a. The subject of experience
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– b. Refers to the self that knows
who he or she is
Psychology c. The subjective self is aware of
- Scientific study of human behavior and his or her actions
mental processes d. Describing yourself using your
- Four goals: Describe, Explain, Predict, own perspective
Modify 2. Me Self
a. The object of experience
Concerns of Psychology b. The self is an object or the self
1. How individuals develop and mature at you can describe
different life stages c. Perspective of other people
2. Concepts such as consciousness,
memories, and reasoning Three Components of Me Self
3. How the individual and his environment 1. Material Self
shape his personality a. Individuals’ physical attributes
4. How we think, behave and feel in and material possessions that
certain situations contribute to one’s self-image
5. Mental health and illnesses b. Awareness of physical
6. Character strengths, coping, happiness, appearance
and wellbeing 2. Social Self
a. To who a person is and how he
Self As A Cognitive Construction or she acts in social situations
- Self Concept b. Awareness of others’
a. The cognitive aspect of the self perceptions
b. Self knowledge 3. Spiritual Self
c. A cognitive structure that a. Most intimate and important
includes beliefs about part of the self that includes the
personality traits, physical person’s purpose, core values,
characteristics, abilities, values, conscience and moral behavior
goals, and roles b. Requires introspection
d. Knowledge that an individual
exist as individuals Carl Rogers
e. Self concept becomes more - American psychologist and among the
abstract and complex as one founders of the humanistic or existential
grows and develops approach to psychology
- Agreed with Abraham Maslow’s self
William James actualization
- Founder of Functionalism - For a person to “grow” he must
- Father of American Psychology need an environment that can
- American philosopher and psychologist provide him with genuineness
- Believed that the self is made up of two or openness and self-disclosure
parts

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 - Proposed the personality theory, - The human agency is the essence of
Person-centered Theory being human
- Stated that the term self-concept is used
to refer to how a person thinks about or Personal Determinants
perceives himself - Cognitive or Knowledge
- Mental and Emotional Factors (Goals
Two Type of Self-Concept and Anxiety)
1. Real Self - Self-Efficacy
a. Consists of all the ideas,
including the awareness of what Behavioral Determinants
one is and what one can do - Skills
b. Who we actually are - Practice
2. Ideal Self - Self-Efficacy
a. The person is a conception of
what one should be or what one Environmental Determinants
aspires to be which includes - Social Norms
goals and ambitions in life - Physical Environment
b. Who or what we want to be - Influence on Others

Donnald Winnicot Bruce Bracken

- English pediatrician and psychoanalyst Six Domains of Self Concept
who studied child development 1. Social or the ability to interact with
others
Two Aspects of Self According to Winnicot 2. Competence or the ability to meet our
1. True Self basic needs
a. Has a sense of integrity 3. Affect or the awareness of our
b. Characterized by high level of emotional state
awareness in the person 4. Physical or feelings about our health
2. False Self 5. Academic or the success and failure in
a. Mask that hides the true person school
for fear of pain from failure 6. Family or how well one function within
b. False selves usually surface the family unit
when the person is forced to
comply with existing social
norms or standards

Albert Bandura
- Coined the term Triadic Reciprocal
Causation
- Proponent of the personality theory
known as The Social Learning Theory
- The person is seen as:
- Proactive or future focused
- Agentic or present focused

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Lesson 5: The Self in the Eastern Collective Self
and Western Thought
(Harmony and Interdependence)
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Collectivism is the idea that the human species

Countries who are geographically closer to each that thinks, lives, and acts toward goals is not the
other may share commonalities, but factors that individual, but some group
may create differences must be considered - Group members are relatively close
psychologically and emotionally, but
Eastern Western distant towards non-group members

Views Conservative Open-minded Eastern Culture and People in Rural Settings

and Traditional and Flexible tend to be more collective. They:
- Prioritize others needs over themselves
Family Prioritize Allows
- Work as a group
Elders Preference
- Do what’s best for society
Marriage Arranged Love - Centralize families and communities
Marriage Marriage
The Social Construction of Self
Individualistic Self - Self has been an area of interest by
French and English philosophers, and
(Independence and Self Reliance) evident in the ideas of Greek
philosophers.
Individualism is the idea that the human species 1. Socrates
that thinks, lives, and acts toward goals is the 2. Plato
individual 3. Rene Descartes
- People can form their own independent 4. Immanuel Kant
judgments, act on their own thoughts,
and disagree with others Four Qualities Imparted to the Western
- People tend to distance themselves Subjective Self by Frank Johnson
psychologically and emotionally from 1. Analytical sees objects as divisible
each other combinations of smaller objects
2. Monotheistic relies on unitary,
Western Cultures and People in Urban omnipotent explanations of phenomena
Settings tend to be more individualistic. They: (Belief in one God)
- Consider what is in his own best 3. Individualistic is independent and
interests affects the public self and the private
- Act on his ownprivate motivations self
and values 4. Materialistic and rationalistic tends to
- Decide whether to cooperate with others discredit explanations that do not use
to solve problems analytic-deductive modes of thinking
- Choose to think for himself about
the conclusions that the majority of
others in a group come to

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Spiritual Development in Confucian
Thought

Confucius
- Also known as “Master Kong” in China
- Born in the period of the Zhou Dynasty
in 551 BCE in the state of Lu
- Humanistic Social Philosophy which
focuses on human beings and society in
general
- Founder of Confucianism which is
centered on ren

Major Confucian Principles

Ren
- Reflects the person’s own
understanding of humanity
- It guides human actions that makes life
worth living

Li (Propriety)
- Customs, ceremonies, and traditions
- To master oneself and return to propriety
is humanity

Five Relationships under Li

1. Father & Son
2. Ruler & Subject
3. Older & Younger Brothers
4. Husband & Wife
5. Friend & Friend

Xiao (Filiality)
- The virtue of reverence and respect for
the family
- Family is the reflection of a person

Yi (Rightness)
- Right is right and what is not right is
wrong
- Actions should be performed because
they are right and not for selfish benefits
that they provide

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Lesson 6: Physical Self Factors in the Development of Physical Self
The development of an individual is cause by
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two interacting forces:
1. Hereditary or Nature which is the
Physical Self is a person’s entire body including transmission of traits or characteristics
the basic parts and the organs. from parents to their offspring(s)
Physical Efficiency 2. Environment or Nurture which is the
Infancy, Adulthood, Middle Age, Old Age sum total of the forces or experiences
Rate of Physical Development that a person undergoes
Childhood, Babyhood, Adolescence (Crucial)
The Beginning of Life
1. Fertilization or the meeting of the egg
Concept of Physical Self According To
and sperm cell
William James
2. Zygote or the fertilized egg
- Body as an initial source of sensation
3. Genes or the true carries of hereditary
- Body is necessary for the origin and
characteristics
maintenance of personality

Sigmun Freud Stages in the Life Span

- Construction of the self and personality
Stage Age
makes the body and the core of human
experience Prenatal Period Conception to birth

Wilhelm Reich Infancy Birth to 2nd week

- Mind and body are one Early Childhood or 2 to 6 years old
- All psychological processes are part of Preschool Age
physical processes and vice versa
Late Childhood or 6 to 10/12 years old
Erik Erikson Elementary Age
- Bodily organs are important in early
Adolescence 13/14 to 18 years old
developmental stages
- Physical and Intellectual skills Early Adulthood 18 to 40 years old
determine a person’s role in society
Middle Age 40 to 60 years old
Carl Jung Old Age or 60 years old to death
- Physical body and the external world Senescence
can be known as a psychological
experience
Standard of Beauty is Symmetry or the
similarity of the left and right side of the face
B.F Skinner
- Role of the body is of primary
Beauty and Self Expression Across Cultures
importance
1. Scarification
2. Neck Rings
Hatha-Yoga is the yoga of the body
3. Foot Binding
Growth and Enlightenment is a whole body
4. Body Modification
event (Indian Tradition)
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Personal Factors Affecting Self Perception Promoting Physical Image
1. Introspection is the process by which 1. Personal Hygiene
one observes and examine one’s mental 2. Good Grooming
or emotional being after behaving a 3. Social graces
certain way 4. Proper Bearing and posture
2. Self Perception Theory explains that 5. Good Health
the internal state is difficult to interpret
but can be observed through an outsider
perspective
3. Self Concept is the cognitive
representation of self-knowledge or
beliefs about oneself
4. Personal Identity is the concept that a
person has about themselves that
develops over the years

Social Factors Affecting Self Perception

1. Attachment Process and Social
Appraisal (Mother or caregiver’s care)
2. Looking Glass Self (Charles Horton
Cooley)
3. Social Comparison
a. Upward or the comparison
towards someone better
b. Downward or the comparison
towards someone worse

Culture is defined as a social system that is

characterized by the shared meanings that are
attributed to people and events by its members

It can either be a positive or negative influence

on body image and self esteem

Self-Esteem
- How we value and perceive ourselves
- Impacts decision-making processes,
relationship, emotional health, and
overall well-being
Types of Self-Esteem
- Inflated or high regards for oneself and
think lowly of others
- High or positive self esteem that bring
satisfaction
- Low or no value and trust on oneself

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Lesson 7: Sexual Self Primary Sex Characteristics include
reproductive organs
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Sexuality is one of the fundamental drives MALE FEMALE

behind a person’s feelings, thoughts, and
Growth of scrotum Increase in
behavior. It can be perceived as biological, and testes size of uterus
psychological, or social.
Secretion of Ovaries produce
History of Perspective in Human Sexuality hormones related hormones to start the
to sperm production menstrual cycle
1. Ancient Greece
Growth Increase in
of penis size of vagina
MAN WOMAN

Assumed the Considered as Secondary Sex Characteristics include body

dominant role objects or property hair, changing voice, and things alike

Viewed as the “Gyne” or

symbol of fertility children bearer MALE FEMALE

Body and facial hair Hips widen

2. Middle Ages
a. The strong influence of the More muscle mass Growth of breasts
church
Greater height Fat in hips
b. All sexual acts that do not lead
to procreation were considered Broadening shoulders Curvier body
evil
Kinds of Reproduction
3. Protestant Reformation 1. Asexual Reproduction
a. Protestantism believes that a. Simpler form of reproduction
sexuality is a natural part of life b. Does not need a partner or any
b. Sexual intimacy strengthens the sexual intercourse
bond of couple 2. Sexual Reproduction
a. There is a male and female
4. 17th to 18th Century involved in the process
a. The Puritans rallied for b. Involves reproductive cells
religious, moral, and societal
reform Sex Hormones are the same in females and
b. Premarital sex was considered males: estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
immoral The only difference between females and males
are:
Biological Perspective of Human Sexuality - Production sites
- Blood concentration
Sex or Assigned Sex includes organs that define - Interactions
if you are a female (ovaries) or a male (testes) - Apparatuses

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Difference of Sexual Development (DSD) Gratification In Each Stage
- Term used when a person is born with a 1. Oral Stage: eating and sucking
reproductive anatomy that doesn’t fit the 2. Anal Stage: defecation
typical definitions of sex. 3. Phallic Stage: opposite sex parent
- This can include difference in hormones, a. Oedipus complex - boy to
chromosomes, and internal/external mother attraction
reproductive structure b. Electra complex - girl to father
attraction
Intersex describes people with differences in 4. Latency Stage: dormant as child focus
sex development. Experiences of intersex people on social activities
vary through age. 5. Genital Stage: attraction towards the
opposite gender
For Infants
- 1.7% of the population is born with Religious Perspective of Human Sexuality
intersex traits
- No vaginal opening Judaism
- Labia that does not open - Marital sex is a blessing by God and is
- Penis without urethral opening pleasurable for man and woman
- Smaller penis than expected - Sexual connection makes an opportunity
- Larger clitoris than expected for spirituality and transcendence
For Adolescents
- Unusual development Islam
- Absence of development - Family is of utmost importance
- No menstruation - Celibacy within marriage is prohibited
- Male breast growth - Men can have four wives but women
For Adults can only have one husband
- Can be discovered upon trying to - Sex is only within marriage
conceive or due to medical procedures - Premarital sex is penalized
- No uterus
- Undescended testes Catholicism
- Marriage is purely for procreation
Psychological Perspective of Human Sexuality - Pope John Paul II: married couples
should engage in intercourse for
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development procreation (Evangelium Vitae, 1995)
- Homosexual orientation is not a sin,
STAGES AGE EROGENOUS ZONE homosexual acts are
- Birth control is opposed and natural
Oral 0-1 Mouth family planning is acceptable

Anal 1-3 Anus

Chemistry of Love, Lust, & Attachment
Phallic 3-6 Genital
Three Phases of Romantic Love
Latency 6-14 Dormant 1. Lust - Intense craving for sexual contact
2. Attraction - Infatuation
Genital 14+ Genital
3. Attachment - Long-term bond

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Sexual Response Cycle by William masters Diversity of Sexual Behavior
and Virginia Johnson
Sex came from the Latin word “secare” meaning
Sexual response varies from one person to “to divide”
another person
Sexual fulfillment can occur without the Gender Identity
completion of all four phases: - How one feels on the inside and how
1. Excitement - preparation for intercourse they express your gender through
through lubrication. Breathing and pulse clothing, behavior, and personal
become rapid appearance regardless of assigned sex.
2. Plateau - changes related to excitement - Cisgender identifies with their assigned
reach its peak sex at birth
3. Orgasm - contractions all over the body. - Transgender has a gender identity that
It’s also called a sexual release does not coincide with their assigned
4. Resolution - Male goes through sex at birth
refractory phase and women resolve
slower Sexual Orientation
- Pattern of romantic, emotional or sexual
Style’s of Love by John Lee attraction to a person
1. Eros is sexual and emotional - Heterosexual are people attracted to a
2. Storge is love- related friendship different gender
3. Ludus is love is just a game - Homosexual are people attracted to the
4. Mania is obsessive and possessive same gender
5. Pragma is compatibility with partner - Bisexual are people attracted to both
6. Agape is God’s Love (altruistic) men and women
- Pansexual or Queer are people
Triangular Theory by Robert Sternberg attracted to a person regardless of the
1. Intimacy is the desire to give & receive other’s gender
2. Passion is the intense romantic or - Asexual are people who aren’t sexually
sexual desire for another person attracted to anyone
3. Commitment is the decision to
maintain the relationship through good Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are
and bad times diseases that are contracted primarily through
sexual contact with an infected individual
1. Chlamydia
a. One of the common sexually
transmitted infections
b. Infects the genital organs of
both sexes
2. Genital Herpes
a. Caused by a large family of
viruses of different strains
b. These are small blisters or sores
around the genitals

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 3. Gonorrhoea b. Barrier Methods
a. Male: discharge from the penis i. Fertilization of ovum
and burning sensations while and sperm is prevented
urinating with the help of barriers
b. Female: irritating vaginal ii. Condoms for both male
discharge and female are available
4. Syphilis c. Sterilization
a. First shows itself in a small i. Tubal ligation or the
wound at the point of sexual tying of a woman’s
contact. In the second stage, fallopian tubes
rashes appear. ii. Vasectomy or the tying
b. This infectious disease may of a man’s vas deferens
affect the brain, heart and even a d. Intrauterine Device
growing fetus. i. A small device that is
5. HIV/AIDS placed in the uterus by a
a. Infections that destroy the doctor to prevent
immune system which is the pregnancy
defense of the body to illness e. Emergency Contraception
like cancer and tuberculosis i. Protects against
b. HIV leads to AIDS if untreated pregnancy after
unprotected sex has
Methods of Contraception already occurred.
1. Natural or Behavioral Methods ii. Could be through IUD
a. Rhythm or calendar method - or higher dosage of
determining female’s most pills.
fertile and infertile times by
charting the menstrual cycle
b. Abstinence or celibacy -
avoidance of sexual intercourse
c. Outercourse - sexual activity
that does not include the
insertion of the penis into the
vagina
d. Withdrawal - the withdrawal of
the penis from vagina prior to
ejaculation
2. Artificial Contraception
a. Hormonal Contraception
i. The pill, the patch, and
the vaginal ring
ii. Contain a small amount
of man-made estrogen
and progestin hormones

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