LESSON 8

MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
(ungrouped data)
Measures of Variation
➢ Shows the extent to which numerical values tend to spread
out over the average.

➢Low dispersion – indicates that the data points tend to be

clustered tightly around the center.

➢High Dispersion – signifies that they tend to fall further

away.
Range
➢The range of a data set is the difference between the highest
and the lowest values in the set

➢𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Some Properties of the Range:
➢The larger the value of the range, the more dispersed the
observations are.

➢It is quick and easy to understand.

➢A rough measure of dispersion.

➢It is the least satisfactory measure of variability.

Example 1: Finding the Range of a Data Set
Given the following test scores of two girls.

Audrie’s scores: 17, 18, 7, 15, 14, 13

Hera’s scores: 18, 10, 17, 11, 18, 10

Example 2: Finding the Range of a Data Set
This are the amounts of time spent on phones daily by high
school students
Minutes: 200, 320, 218, 405, 64, 98, 89, 140
Interquartile Range
➢It gives us the spread of the middle of distribution

➢𝐼𝑅 = 𝑄3 − 𝑄1

➢IR = Interquartile Range

➢𝑄1 = Quartile 1
➢𝑄3 = Quartile 3
Example 2: Finding the Interquartile Range of
a Data Set
This are the amounts of time spent on phones daily by high
school students
Minutes: 200, 320, 218, 405, 64, 98, 89, 140
Example 3: Finding the Interquartile Range of
a Data Set
Solution:
1. Arrange the data set in ascending order
2. Identify the value of 𝑄1
3. Identify the value of 𝑄3
4. Find the Interquartile Range
Example 4: Finding the Interquartile Range of
a Data Set
1. Find the range and IR of the scores of 9 students in an
examination :
46, 82, 53, 55, 46, 90, 74, 69, 75

2. Find the range and interquartile range of the weights of the

eight policemen in kg: 68, 70, 76, 72, 65, 74, 76, 82

3. Determine the range and interquartile range value for the first ten prime
numbers.
Seatwork: COPY AND ANSWER
Midterm exam scores for Mathematics in the Modern World class are
provided below. Scores represent percent of items marked correct on
the exam.

87, 99, 75, 87, 94, 75, 35, 88, 87, 93

• Find the range and interquartile range

Variance and Standard Deviation
• Population Variance Population Standard Deviation

2 σ 𝑥−𝑥ҧ 2 σ 𝑥−𝑥ҧ 2
•𝜎 = 𝑁
𝜎= 𝑁

• Sample Variance Sample Standard Deviation

2 σ 𝑥−𝑥ҧ 2 σ 𝑥−𝑥ҧ 2
•𝑠 = s=
𝑛 −1 𝑛−1
Variance and Standard Deviation
PROCEDURE FOR FINDING THE VARIANCE and STANDARD DEVIATION

1. Find the mean

2. Subtract the mean from each data value in the data set.
3. Square the differences.
4. Find the sum of the squares.
5. Find the variance. If the data is population, then divide the sum by n. If
the data is sample, then divide the sum by n – 1.
6. Take the square root of the variance to get the standard deviation
Example 1: Finding the Variance and the
Standard Deviation

Find the variance and standard deviation for the

weights of the eight policemen in kg.

68, 70, 76, 72, 65, 74, 76, 82

Example 1: Finding the Variance and the
Standard Deviation
Solution: Step 1. Find the mean
x
σ 𝑋 583
68
𝑋ത = = = 72.88 𝑘𝑔
70 𝑁 8
76
72
65
74
76
82
𝑋ത = 72.88
Example 1: Finding the Variance and the
Standard Deviation
Solution: Step 2. Subtract the mean
𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ from each data value in the
68 68 – 72.88 = - 4.88
data set.
70 70 – 72.88 = - 2.88
76 76 – 72.88 = 3.12
72 72 – 72.88 = - 0.88
65 65 – 72.88 = - 7.88
74 74 – 72.88 = 1.12
76 76 – 72.88 = 3.12
82 82 – 72.88 = 9.12
𝑋ത = 72.88
Example 1: Finding the Variance and the
Standard Deviation
Solution: Step 3. Square the
𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ 2 differences.
68 68 – 72.88 = - 4.88 (−4.88)2 = 23.81
70 70 – 72.88 = - 2.88 (−2.88)2 = 8.29
76 76 – 72.88 = 3.12 (3.12)2 = 9.73
72 72 – 72.88 = - 0.88 (−0.88)2 = 0.77
65 65 – 72.88 = - 7.88 (−7.88)2 = 62.09
74 74 – 72.88 = 1.12 (1.12)2 = 1.25
76 76 – 72.88 = 3.12 (3.12)2 = 9.73
82 82 – 72.88 = 9.12 (9.12)2 = 83.17
𝑋ത = 72.88
Example 1: Finding the Variance and the
Standard Deviation
Solution: Step 4. Find the sum
2
𝑥
68
𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ
68 – 72.88 = - 4.88
𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ
(−4.88)2 = 23.81
of the squares.
70 70 – 72.88 = - 2.88 (−2.88)2 = 8.29
76 76 – 72.88 = 3.12 (3.12)2 = 9.73
72 72 – 72.88 = - 0.88 (−0.88)2 = 0.77
65 65 – 72.88 = - 7.88 (−7.88)2 = 62.09
74 74 – 72.88 = 1.12 (1.12)2 = 1.25
76 76 – 72.88 = 3.12 (3.12)2 = 9.73
82 82 – 72.88 = 9.12 (9.12)2 = 83.17
𝑋ത = 72.88 2
෍ 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ = 198.84
Example 1: Finding the Variance and the
Standard Deviation
Solution: Step 5. Find the
2
𝑥
68
𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ
68 – 72.88 = - 4.88
𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ
(−4.88)2 = 23.81
variance
70 70 – 72.88 = - 2.88 (−2.88)2 = 8.29
2 σ 𝑥−𝑥ҧ 2
76 76 – 72.88 = 3.12 (3.12)2 = 9.73
𝑠 =
72 72 – 72.88 = - 0.88 (−0.88)2 = 0.77 𝑛 −1
65 65 – 72.88 = - 7.88 (−7.88)2 = 62.09
(1.12)2 = 2
198.84
74 74 – 72.88 = 1.12 1.25
𝑠 =
76 76 – 72.88 = 3.12 (3.12)2 = 9.73 8 −1
82 82 – 72.88 = 9.12 (9.12)2 = 83.17
𝑋ത = 72.88
෍ 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ 2 = 198.84
𝑠 2 = 28.41
Example 1: Finding the Variance and the
Standard Deviation
Solution: Step 5. Find the
𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ 2
standard deviation
68 68 – 72.88 = - 4.88 (−4.88)2 = 23.81
70 70 – 72.88 = - 2.88 (−2.88)2 = 8.29
σ 𝑥−𝑥ҧ 2
76 76 – 72.88 = 3.12 (3.12)2 = 9.73 𝑠= 𝑛 −1
72 72 – 72.88 = - 0.88 (−0.88)2 = 0.77
65 65 – 72.88 = - 7.88 (−7.88)2 = 62.09
74 74 – 72.88 = 1.12 (1.12)2 = 1.25 198.84
76 76 – 72.88 = 3.12 (3.12)2 = 9.73 𝑠=
8 −1
82 82 – 72.88 = 9.12 (9.12)2 = 83.17
𝑋ത = 72.88
𝑠 2 = 28.41 ≈ 5.33
෍ 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ 2 = 198.84
Example 2:
Midterm exam scores for Mathematics in the Modern World class are
provided below. Scores represent percent of items marked correct on
the exam.

87, 99, 75, 87, 94, 75, 35, 88, 87, 93

Find the Range, Interquartile Range, Variance, and Standard

Deviation for the above data.
Example 3:
A high school teacher at a small private school assigns trigonometry
practice problems to be worked via the net. Students must use a
password to access the problems and the time of log-in and log-off are
automatically recorded for the teacher. At the end of the week, the
teacher examines the amount of time each student spent working the
assigned problems. The data is provided below in minutes.

15 28 25 48 22 43 49 34 22 33 27 25 22 20 39
Find the Range, Interquartile Range, Variance, and Standard
Deviation for the above data.
Example 4:
Anna has been playing golf on the weekends for the past three
years. Recently, she started keeping track of her recorded scores.
Her scores for June and July at her favorite 9-hole (par 36) golf
course are provided below.
45, 49, 42, 56, 41, 36, 34, 38, 41,
40, 42, 41, 39, 38, 40, 39, 36, 41

Find the Range, Interquartile Range, Variance, and Standard

Deviation for the above data.
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
(grouped data)
Range of Grouped Data

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
Example 1: Range of Grouped Data
Example 2: Range of Grouped Data
Number of Vehicles Number of
Produced (in Millions), Manufacturers
Frequency (f)
1–3 9
4–6 4
7–9 4
10 - 12 1
13 - 15 2
Example 2: Range of Grouped Data
Age of Teachers Frequency (f)
21 - 25 5
26 - 30 7
31 -35 24
36 - 40 8
41 - 50 12
51 – 55 4
56 - 60 6
Variance of Standard Deviation
Grouped Data Grouped Data
σ 𝑓(𝑋 − ത 2
𝑋) ത 2
σ 𝑓(𝑋−𝑋)
𝑠2 = s= σ 𝑓−1
σ𝑓 − 1
Where:
𝑓 = 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑋 = 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘
𝑋ത = 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
σ 𝑓 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
Steps in calculating the variance
1. Prepare a frequency distribution with appropriate class intervals and write
the corresponding frequency (f).
2. Get the midpoint (X) of each class interval.
3. Multiply frequency (f) and the midpoint (X) of each interval to get fX.
4. Add fX of each interval to get σ 𝑓𝑋 .
σ 𝑓𝑋
ത
5. Compute the mean using 𝑋 = σ 𝑓 .
ത by subtracting the mean from each midpoint.
6. Calculate the deviation (𝑋 − 𝑋)
ത 2.
7. Square the deviation of each interval to get (𝑋 − 𝑋)
8. Multiply frequency (f) and (𝑋 − 𝑋)ത 2 . Find the sum of each product to get
σ 𝑓(𝑋 − 𝑋)ത 2.
ത 2
σ 𝑓(𝑋−𝑋)
9. Calculate the variance using the formula 𝑠2 = σ 𝑓−1
Example 2: Find the variance of the given data
set
Example 2: Find the variance and standard
deviation of the given data set
 Example 2: Find the variance of the given data
set
(f) X fx ഥ)
(𝑿 − 𝑿 ഥ )𝟐
(𝑿 − 𝑿 ഥ )𝟐
f(𝑿 − 𝑿

1–3 9 2 18 2 – 8.95 = -6.95 48.30 434.7

4–6 4 5 9 4 – 8.95 = -3.95 15.60 62.4
7–9 4 8 12 8 – 8.95 = -0.95 0.90 3.6
10 - 12 1 11 12 11 – 8.95 = 2.05 4.20 4.20
13 - 15 2 14 28 14 – 8.95 = 5.05 25.50 51
N=20 f(𝑿 − ഥ )𝟐
𝑿
෍ 𝑓𝑥 = 179 ෍
= 555.9
179
𝑥ҧ = = 8.95
20
Example 2: Find the Range, Variance and
Standard Deviation of Grouped Data
Age of Teachers Frequency (f)
21 - 25 5
26 - 30 7
31 -35 24
36 - 40 8
41 – 45 12
46 - 50 5
51 – 55 4
56 - 60 6
Example 3: Find the variance of the given data
set
 Example
Calculate the 3: Findvariance,
range, the variance of the deviation
and standard given data
of the
Weekly
set allowance of students in Saint Ferdinand College.
ACTIVITY 1 - Measures of Variability for
Ungrouped Data
Ms. Jenny, a teacher at Saint Ferdinand College, assigns statistics practice
problems to be worked via google classroom. All IT students must use a
password to access the problems and the time of log-in and log-off are
automatically recorded for the teacher. At the end of the week, the
teacher examines the amount of time each student spent working the
assigned problems. The data is provided below in minutes.

15, 28, 25, 48, 22 , 43, 49, 34, 22, 33, 27, 25, 22, 20, 39
ACTIVITY 1.1 - Measures of Variability for
Grouped Data Monthly Number of
Cellphone Bill Students
50 – 99 2
A survey on how much is
spent for the monthly cellphone 100 - 149 4
bill was conducted from a 150 – 199 10
sample from Saint Ferdinand 200 – 249 13
College students.
250 – 299 23
Find the range, variance, and 300 – 349 78
Standard Deviation 350 – 399 65
400 – 449 32
450 – 499 7
500 - 549 10
ACTIVITY 1 - Measures of Variability for
Ungrouped Data
Ms. Jenny, a teacher at Saint Ferdinand College, assigns statistics practice
problems to be worked via google classroom. All IT students must use a
password to access the problems and the time of log-in and log-off are
automatically recorded for the teacher. At the end of the week, the
teacher examines the amount of time each student spent working the
assigned problems. The data is provided below in minutes.

12, 28, 25, 48, 22 , 43, 50, 34, 22, 33, 27, 25, 22, 20, 39
ACTIVITY 1.1 - Measures of Variability for
Grouped Data Monthly Number of
Cellphone Bill Students
50 – 99 2
A survey on how much is
spent for the monthly cellphone 100 - 149 4
bill was conducted from a 150 – 199 10
sample from Saint Ferdinand 200 – 249 13
College students.
250 – 299 23
Find the range, variance, and 300 – 349 32
Standard Deviation 350 – 399 65
400 – 449 78
450 – 499 7
500 - 549 10