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PHYSICS
Chapter 9: Force and Laws of Motion
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Force and Laws of Motion
 While studying kinematics, we have already studied about the position, distance and
displacement, and acceleration of a moving particle.
 Here in this chapter, we would take our understanding one step further to learn about origins
of acceleration or force.
 Here we will specifically consider the cause behind the moving objects i.e. what causes the
objects to move.
 Thus, we will learn the theory of motion based on the ideas of mass and force and the laws
connecting these physical concepts to the kinematics quantities.
 Concept of force is central to all of physics whether it is classical physics, nuclear physics,
quantum physics or any other form of physics
 So, what is force? When we push or pull anybody, we are said to exert force on the body
 Push or pull applied on a body does not exactly define the force in general. We can define
force as an influence causing a body at rest or moving with constant velocity to undergo
acceleration
 There are many ways in which one body can exert force on another body. Few examples are
given below
(a) Stretched springs exerts force on the bodies attached to its ends
(b) Compressed air in a container exerts force on the walls of the container
(c) Force can be used to deform a flexible object
 Force of gravitational attraction exerted by earth is a kind of force that acts on every physical
body on the earth and is called the weight of the body
Force

 Force is used in our everyday actions such as pushing, pulling, twisting, lifting, pressing
and stretching.
 A force can produce the followingeffects:
 Move a body atrest.
 Stop a movingbody.
 Change the speed of a movingbody.
 Change the direction of a movingbody.
 Change the shape and size of abody.

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Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
When balanced forces are applied to an object, there will be no net effective force acting on the
object. Balanced forces do not cause a change in motion.
Unbalanced forces acting on an object change its speed and/or direction of motion. It moves in
the direction of the force with the highest magnitude.
Net force
When multiple forces act on a body, they can be resolved into one component known as the net
force acting on the object. For Example:

Balanced Forces
 If the resultant of all forces acting on a body is zero then the forces are called balanced
forces.
 To understand this concept consider an object rests on a surface such as a block on the table
as shown below in the figure 1. Weight of the block is balanced by the reaction force from the
table. The table pushes up against the block.

So the weight of a block lying on a table is balanced by the reaction force from the table top
 If the forces on an object are balanced (or if there are no forces acting on it) than the object
that is not moving stays still and the object that is moving continues to move at the same
speed and in the same direction.
 Although balanced forces cannot produce motion in a stationary body or stop a moving body
but they can however change the shape of the body.
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Unbalanced Forces
 If the resultant forces acting on a body is not zero the forces are called unbalanced forces.
 To understand this consider the figure 2 which shows a block on a horizontal table and two

strings X and Y are tied to the two opposite faces of the block.
Let us now pull the block using this string in two different directions such that two opposite
forces of different magnitudes acts on the block.
 Since two forces acting on the block are of different magnitude the block would begin to
move in the direction of the greater force.
 Thus, the two forces acting on the block are not balanced and the unbalanced force acts in
the direction the block moves.
 So unbalanced forces can move a stationary body and they can stop a moving body.
 The size of the overall force acting on an object is called the resultant force. If the forces
are balanced, this is zero. In the example above, the resultant force is the difference
between the two forces F1 and F2, which is 120 - 60 = 60 N.
 If all the forces acting on a body result in an unbalanced force, then the unbalanced force can
accelerate the body. It means that a net force or resulting force acting on a body can either
change the magnitude of its velocity or change the direction of its velocity.
 The force that opposes the relative motion between the surfaces of two objects in contact
and acts along the surfaces in contact is called the force of friction or simply friction.
Laws of motion
 Newton gave three laws of motion that describe the motion of bodies. These laws are known
as Newton's Laws of motion.
 They describe the relationship between the forces acting on a body and its motion due to
those forces.
 The three laws of motion were first compiled by Sir Isaac Newton in his work Principia
Mathematica, first published in 1687. Newton used these laws to explain and investigate the
motion of many physical objects and systems.
 We shall now learn about Newton's First law of motion

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Newton’s First Law of Motion

The first law of motion is stated as:

 An object remains in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless
compelled to change that state by an applied force.
 All objects resist a change in their state of motion. The tendency of undisturbed objects
whether they are at rest or moving with uniform velocity is called inertia. Hence, the
first law of motion is also known as the law of inertia.
 Greater the inertia of the body greater will be the force required to bring the change in
the state of rest or uniform motion of the body.
 Mass is the measure of the inertia of the body so heavier objects have more inertia
than lighter objects. For example, a ball of 2Kg has more inertia then a football and it
takes more effort to kick a 2Kg ball then it takes to kick a football.
 Another example is even a small child can push a toy car. However, An adult also can't
push a loaded vehicle forward.
 Newton's first law of motion gives us a definition of force. It says that
Force is something that changes or tends to change the state of rest or uniform motion
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of a body
Momentum
 Before discussing about second law of motion we shall first learn about momentum of a
moving object.
 From our daily life experiences like during the game of table tennis if the ball hits a
player, it does not hurt him. On the other hand, when a fast-moving cricket ball hits a
spectator, it may hurt him.
 This suggests that impact produced by moving objects depends on both their mass and
velocity.
 So, there appears to exist some quantity of importance that combines the object's mass and
its velocity called momentum and was introduced by Newton.
 Momentum can be defined as "mass in motion". All objects have mass; so if an object is
moving, then it has momentum - it has its mass in motion.
 The momentum, p of an object is defined as the product of its mass, m and velocity, v. That is,
momentum p=mv (1)
 Momentum has both direction and magnitude, so it is a vector quantity. Its direction is the
same as that of velocity, v.
 The SI unit of momentum is kilogram-meter per second (kg m s-1).
 Since the application of an unbalanced force brings a change in the velocity of the object, it is
therefore clear that a force also produces a change of momentum.
 We define the momentum at the start of the time interval is the initial momentum and at the
end of the time interval is the final momentum.
 When the object moves then it gains momentum as the velocity increases. Hence greater the
velocity greater is the momentum.
Inertia
Basically, all objects have a tendency to
resist the change in the state of motion or
rest. This tendency is called inertia. All
bodies do not have the same inertia.
Inertia depends on the mass of a body.
Mass of an object is the measure of its
inertia.
More the mass → more inertia and vice
versa.

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Newton’s Second Law of Motion

 If a body of mass ‘m’ moving with an initial velocity ‘u’ is accelerated to a velocity ‘v’ by
the application of a constant force ‘F’ in time ‘t’, then according to Newton’s second
law ofmotion
Change of momentum
Force 
Time taken
If mu is the initial momentum and mv is the final momentum:
Change in momentum =

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mv
The force ‘F’ is applied for time ‘t’ so that the final velocity of the body becomes ‘v’.
 Force acting on a body is the product of mass of the body and its acceleration. i.e.,F = ma
 The SI unit of force is kg m s−². This is also known as Newton and represented by the
symbol N. A force of one Newton produces an acceleration of 1 ms−² in a body of mass
1kg.
1 Newton = 1 kg × 1 m/s2
Concept of system
The part of the universe chosen for analysis is called a system.
Everything outside the system is called an environment.
For example, a car moving with constant velocity can be considered a system. All the forces
within the car are internal forces and all forces acting on the car from the environment are
external forces like friction.
Conservation of momentum
The total momentum of an isolated system is conserved.
Isolated system → net external force on the system is zero.
Example: Collision of 2 balls A and B.
From Newtons 3rd law F_{AB} = -F_{BA}
𝑉𝑎 −𝑈𝑎 𝑉𝑏 −𝑈 𝑏
⇒𝑚𝐴 = 𝑚𝐵
𝑡 𝑡
⇒𝑚𝐴 𝑈𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑈𝐵 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑉𝐵
Newton’s Third Law of Motion

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 The action and reaction forces act on two different bodies and never cancel eachother.
 Although the action and reaction forces are always equal in magnitude, the forces may
not produce acceleration of equal magnitude because they act on different bodies
which may have different masses.
Inertial and Non-inertial frames
A non-inertial frame of reference is a frame of reference in which Newton’s laws of
motion do not hold. A non-inertial reference frame is a frame of reference that is
undergoing acceleration with respect to an inertial frame. An accelerometer at rest in a
non-inertial frame will, in general, detect a non-zero acceleration.
A frame of reference where Newton’s Laws hold is known as an inertial frame of
reference.

Law of Conservation of Momentum

According to the law of conservation of momentum, the sum of momenta of two objects before
collision is equal to the sum of momenta after collision, provided there is no external
unbalanced force acting on theobjects.

Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision

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i.e.
m AuA + mBuB = mAuA + mBvB
where m A and m B are masses of
the bodies u1 and u2 are initial
velocities of the bodies v1 and v2
are final velocities of thebodies
 All applications of Newton's third law of motion can be explained in terms of the law of
conservation of momentum.
 When a bullet is fired from a gun, the gun moves backwards. The recoil velocity v2 of thegun
𝑚 1 𝑣1
𝑣2 = − where v1 is the velocity of the bullet of mass m1 and m2 is the mass of the gun.
𝑚2

Important Questions
 Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Which of the following statements is not correct for an object moving along a straight
path in an accelerated motion?
(a) Its speed keeps changing
(b) Its velocity always changes
(c) It always goes away from the Earth
(d) A force is always acting on it
2. According to the third law of motion, action and reaction
(a) always act on the same body
(b) always act on different bodies in opposite directions
(c) have same magnitude and directions
(d) act on either body at normal to each other
3. A goalkeeper in a game of football pulls his hands backwards after holding the ball shot
at the goal. This enables the goalkeeper to
(a) exert larger force on the ball
(b) reduce the force exerted by the balls on the hands
(c) increase the rate of change of momentum
(d) decrease the rate of change of momentum
4. The inertia of an object tends to cause the object
(a) to increase its speed
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(b) to decrease its speed
(c) to resist any change in its state of motion
(d) to decelerate due to friction
5. A passenger in a moving train tosses a coin which falls behind him. It means that motion
of the train is
(a) accelerated (b) uniform
(c) retarded (d) along circular tracks
6. An object of mass 2 kg is sliding with a constant velocity of 4 ms-1 on a frictionless
horizontal table. The force required to keep the object moving with the same velocity is
(a) 32 N (b) 0 N (c) 2 N (d) 8 N
7. Rocket works on the principle of conservation of
(a) mass (b) energy (c) momentum (d) velocity
8. A water tanker filled up to 23 of its height is moving with a uniform speed. On a sudden
application of brakes, the water in the tank would
(a) move backward (b) move forward (c) be unaffected (d) rise upwards
9. If the mass of a body is doubled and its velocity becomes half, then the linear
momentum of the body will
(a) remain same (b) become double (c) become half (d) become four times.
10. When a number of forces acting simultaneously on a body bring about a change in its
state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line, then these forces acting on the body
are said to be
(a) balanced forces (b) equal forces
(c) unbalanced forces (d) opposite forces
11. When a car at high speed makes a sharp turn, the driver in a car tends to get thrown to
the side opposite to the turn. This is due to the
(a) inertia of motion (b) inertia of time (c) inertia of rest (d) inertia of direction
12. A man is standing on a boat in still water. If he walks towards the shore, then the boat
will
(a) move away from the shore (b) move towards the shore
(c) remain stationary (d) none of these
13. Which of the following is an incorrect statement?
(a) Mass is measure of inertia of a body.
(b) Newton’s first law of motion is the law of inertia.

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(c) Unbalanced force produces constant velocity.
(d) Newton’s third law talks about the direction of the force.
14. A ball is thrown vertically upward in a train moving with uniform velocity. The ball will
(a) fall behind the thrower (b) fall ahead of the thrower
(c) return back to the thrower (d) fall on the left of the thrower
15. Which of the following is not an application of conservation of linear momentum?
(a) While firing a bullet, the gun must be held tight to the shoulder
(b) When a man jumps from a boat to the shore
(c) A rocket explodes on midway from the ground
(d) A body suspended from the hook of a spring balanced in a lift which is accelerated
downward
 Very Short Question:
1. Define force.
2. What is S.I. unit of force?
3. Define one Newton.
4. What is balanced force?
5. What is frictional force?
6. What is inertia?
7. State Newton’s first law of motion.
8. State Newton’s second law of motion.
9. What is momentum?
10. State Newton’s III law of motion.
 Short Questions:
1. State the difference in balanced and unbalanced force.
2. What change will force bring in a body?
3. When a motorcar makes a sharp turn at a high speed, we tend to get thrown to one
side. Explain why?
4. Explain why it is dangerous to jump out of a moving bus.
5. Why do fielders pull their hand gradually with the moving ball while holding a catch?
6. In a high jump athletic event, why are athletes made to fall either on a cushioned bed
or on a sand bed?
7. How does a karate player breaks a slab of ice with a single blow?
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8. What is law of conservation of momentum?
 Long Questions:
1. Explain Newton’s second law of motion and with the-help of an example show how it is
used in sports.
2. State all 3 Newton’s law of motion. Explain inertia and momentum.
3. Define force. Give its unit and define it. What are different types of forces?
 Assertion Reason Questions:
1. Assertion: If the net external force on the body is zero, then its acceleration is zero.
Reason: Acceleration does not depend on force.
2. Assertion: A rocket works on the principle of conservation of linear momentum.
Reason: For two bodies system when there is a change in momentum of one body, the
same change occurs in the momentum of the second body but in the opposite direction.
 Case Study Question:
1. Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v)
We take a glass tumbler and place a thick square card on its mouth as shown in Figure
(a). A coin is then placed above this card in the middle. Let us flick the card hard with
our fingers. On flicking, the card moves away but the coin drops into the glass tumbler
[see Figure (b)].

(i) Give reason for the above observation.

(a) The coin possesses inertia of rest, it resists the change and hence falls in the glass.
(b) The coin possesses inertia of motion; it resists the change and hence falls in the
glass.
(c) The coin possesses inertia of rest, it accepts the change and hence falls in the
glass.
(d) The coin possesses inertia of rest, it accepts the change and hence falls in the
glass.
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(ii) Name the law involved in this case.
(a) Newton's second law of motion.
(b) Newton's first law of motion.
(c) Newton's third law of motion.
(d) Law of conservation of energy
(iii) If the above coin is replaced by a heavy five rupee coin, what will be your
observation. Give reason.
(a) Heavy coin will possess more inertia so it will not fall in tumbler.
(b) Heavy coin will possess less inertia so it will fall in tumbler.
(c) Heavy coin will possess more inertia so it will fall in tumbler.
(d) Heavy coin will possess less inertia so it will not fall in tumbler.
(iv) Name the law which provides the definition of force.
(a) Law of conservation of mass
(b) Newton's third law.
(c) Newton's first law
(d) Newton's second law.
(v) State Newton's first law of motion.
(a) Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, it can be converted from one
form to another, total amount of energy always remains constant.
(b) A body at rest remains at rest or, if in motion, remains in motion at constant
velocity unless it is acted upon by an external unbalanced force.
(c) For every action in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction.
(d) The acceleration in an object is directly related to the net force and inversely
related to its mass.
2. Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v)
Akhtar, Kiran and Rahul were riding in a motorcar that was moving with a high velocity
on an expressway when an insect hit the windshield and got stuck on the windscreen.
Akhtar and Kiran started pondering over the situation. Kiran suggested that the insect
suffered a greater change in momentum as compared to the change in momentum of
the motorcar (because the change in the velocity of the insect was much more than that
of the motorcar). Akhtar said that since the motorcar was moving with a larger velocity,
it exerted a larger force on the insect. And as a result the insect died. Rahul while
putting an entirely new explanation said that both the motorcar and the insect
experienced the same force and a change in their momentum.

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(i) Whose suggestion is correct?

(a) Akhtar's suggestion is incorrect as momentum is never conserved
(b) Kiran's suggestion is incorrect as momentum is always conserved
(c) Rahul's suggestion is incorrect as momentum is never conserved
(d) All of them have given correct suggestion.
(ii) Define momentum.
(a) Momentum is the product of mass and displacement.
(b) Momentum is the product of mass and distance.
(c) Momentum is the product of mass and velocity.
(d) Momentum is the product of mass and acceleration.
(iii) What is the SI unit of momentum?
(a) SI unit of momentum is kg
(b) SI unit of momentum is kg/s.
(c) SI u nit of momentum is kg. m/s.
(d) SI u nit of momentum is m/s.
(iv) Find the momentum of a man of mass 75 kg when he walks with a velocity of 2 m/s.
(a) P = 75 kgm/s
(b) P = 15 kgm
(c) P = 37.5 kgm/s
(d) P =150 kgm/s
(v) What is velocity?
(a) Distance travelled in given time.
(b) Rate of change of momentum.
(c) Rate of displacement.
(d) Shortest distance travelled.

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 Answer Key-
 Multiple Choice Answers:
1. (d) A force is always acting on it
2. (b) always act on different bodies in opposite directions
3. (d) decrease the rate of change of momentum
4. (c) to resist any change in its state of motion
5. (a) accelerated
6. (b) 0 N
7. (c) momentum
8. (b) move forward
9. (a) remain same
10. (d) opposite forces
11. (a) inertia of motion
12. (a) move away from the shore
13. (c) Unbalanced force produces constant velocity.
14. (c) return back to the thrower
15. (c) A rocket explodes on midway from the ground
 Very Short Answers:
1. Answer: It is a push or pull on an object that produces acceleration in the body on which
it acts.
2. Answer: S.I. unit of force is Newton.
3. Answer: A force of one Newton produces an acceleration of 1 m/s2 on an object of mass
1 kg.
1 N = 1 kg m/s2
4. Answer: When forces acting on a body from the opposite direction do not change the
state of rest or of motion of an object, such forces are called balanced forces.
5. Answer: The force that always opposes the motion of object is called force of friction.
6. Answer: The natural tendency of an object to resist a change in their state of rest or of
uniform motion is called inertia.
7. Answer: An object remains in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line
unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force.
8. Answer: The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the applied

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unbalanced force in the direction of the force.
9. Answer: The momentum of an object is the product of its mass and velocity and has the
same direction as that of the velocity. The S. I. unit is kg m/s. (p = mv)
10.Answer: To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction and they act on two
different bodies.
 Short Answers:
1. Answer:

2. Answer: Force can bring following changes in the body:

 It can change the speed of a body.
 It can change the direction of motion of a body,
 It can change the shape of the body.
3. Answer: It is due to law of inertia. When we are sitting in car moving in straight line, we
tend to continue in our straight-line motion. But when an unbalanced force is applied by
the engine to change the direction of motion of the motorcar. We slip to one side of the
seat due to the inertia of our body.
4. Answer: While moving in a bus our body is in motion. On jumping out of a moving bus
our feet touches the ground and come to rest. While the upper part of our body stays in
motion and moves forward due to inertia of motion and hence we can fall in forward
direction.
Hence, to avoid this we need to run forward in the direction of bus.
5. Answer: While catching a. fast moving cricket ball, a fielder on the ground gradually
pulls his hands backwards with the moving ball. This is done so that the fielder increases
the time during which the high velocity of the moving ball decreases to zero. Thus, the
acceleration of the ball is decreased and therefore the impact of catching the fast
moving ball is reduced.
6. Answer: In a high jump athletic event, athletes are made to fall either on a cushioned
bed or on a sand bed so as to increase the time of the athlete’s fall to stop after making
the jump. This decreases the rate of change of momentum and hence the force.
7. Answer: A karate player applied the blow with large velocity in a very short interval of
time on the ice slab which therefore exerts large amount of force on it and suddenly
breaks the ice slab.

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8. Answer: Momentum of two bodies before collision is equal to the momentum after
collision.
In an isolated system, the total momentum remain conserved.
 Long Answers:
1. Answer: Newton’s second law of motion: The rate of change of momentum of an object
is proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of the force.
Let us assume:
Object of mass m, is moving along a straight line with an initial velocity ‘u’, It is
uniformly accelerated to velocity v in time ‘t by the application of force,

In cricket field, the fielder gradually pulls his hands backward while catching a ball. The
fielder catches the ball and gives swing to his hand to increase the time during which
the high velocity of the moving ball decreases to zero.
The acceleration of the ball is decreased and therefore the impact of catching the fast
moving ball4s reduced.
If not done so, then the fast moving ball will exert large force and may hurt the fielder.
2. Answer: Newton’s I law of motion: An object remains in a state of rest or of uniform

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motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force.
Newton’s II law of motion: The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional
to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of the-force.
Newton’s III law of motion: To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction and
they act on two different bodies.
Inertia: The natural tendency of an object to resist a change in their state of rest or of
uniform motion is called inertia.
Momentum: The momentum of an object is the product of its mass and velocity and has
the same direction as that of the velocity. Its S.I. unit is kgm/s. p = m x v
3. Answer: Force: It is a push or pull on an object that produces acceleration in the body
on which it acts.
A force can do 3 things on a body
(a) It can change the speed of a body.
(b) It can change the direction of motion of a body.
(c) It can change the shape of the body.
The S.I. unit of force is Newton.
Newton: A force of one Newton produces an acceleration of 1 m/s2 on an object of
mass 1 kg.
1N = 1kg m/s2
Types of forces:
 Balanced force: When the forces acting on a body from the opposite direction do
not change the state of rest or of motion of an object, such forces are called
balanced forces.
 Unbalanced force: When two opposite forces acting on a body move a body in the
direction of the greater force or change the state of rest, such forces are called as
unbalanced force.
 Frictional force: The force that always opposes the motion of object is called force
of friction.
 Assertion Reason Answer:
1. (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
2. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and reason is the correct explanation for
assertion.
 Case Study Answer:
1. Answer:
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(i) (a) The coin possesses inertia of rest; it resists the change and hence falls in the
glass.
(ii) (b) Newton's first law of motion.
(iii) (c) Heavy coin will possess more inertia so it will fall in tumbler.
(iv) (c) Newton's first law
(v) (b) A body at rest remains at rest or, if in motion, remains in motion at constant
velocity unless it is acted upon by an external unbalanced force.
2. Answer:
(i) (b) Kiran's suggestion is incorrect as momentum is always conserved
(ii) (c) Momentum is the product of mass and velocity.
(iii) (c) SI u nit of momentum is kg. m/s.
(iv) (d) P =150 kgm/s
Solution:
Momentum, P = m x v
= 75 x 2
= 150 kg.m/s
(v) (c) Rate of displacement

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