EDUC 101:

THE CHILD AND

ADOLESCENT
LEARNER AND THE
LEARNING
PRINCIPLES

MS. JESSYL JOY VALERA

Instructor
LESSON 1.2

Human
Development:
Meaning, concepts, and
approaches
Today, you will...
Derive the meaning of human
1 development in your own words;

Relate developmental changes

2 of learners in light to its
educational implications; and

Distinguished between the

3
traditional and the life-span
approach of development.
 Learning Activity:
Here are the pictures of a seven-year-old Joseph and five-year-
old Anna. Each one is a bundle of possibilities. Describe what
they were before birth (their point of origin) and who will they
possibly after birth unto adulthood. What will they possibly
become? Expound your answers.
 Definitions of Growth and Development

GROWTH
increase in physical size of a whole or any of its parts, or an
increase in number and size of cells; Growth can be
measured.

DEVELOPMENT
A continuous, orderly series of conditions that leads to
activities, new motives for activities, and patterns of
behavior.
 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
It is the pattern of change that begins at a conception
and continues through the lifespan.
This change can be growth or decline/decay.

Why there’s a need for development?

Because we aim for MATURITY.
MATURITY is characterized by the completion of
structural changes and attainment of the
capacity to function physically and mentally in a
manner characteristics to a normal adult.
 Major Principles of Human
Development
PRINCIPLE 1:
Development is relatively orderly
 Major Principles of Human
Development
PRINCIPLE 1:
Development is relatively orderly

Proximodistal Pattern
the muscular control of the
trunk and the arms comes
earlier as compared to
hands and fingers.
Development proceeds from
the body outward.
Major Principles of Human Development
Major Principles of Human Development

PRINCIPLE 1:
Development is relatively orderly

Cephalocaudal Pattern
development proceeds from the head
downward.
the greatest growth always occurs at the top-
the head- with physical growth in size, weight
and future differentiation gradually working its
way down from top to bottom. (for ex. neck,
shoulders, middle trunk and so on.
Major Principles of Human Development
 Major Principles of Human
Development
PRINCIPLE 2:

While the pattern of

development is likely to be
similar, the outcome of the
developmental process and the
rate of development are likely to
vary among individuals.
 Major Principles of Human
Development
PRINCIPLE 3:

Development takes place

gradually.
 Major Principles of Human
Development

PRINCIPLE 4:

Development as a process
complex because it is the
product of biological, cognitive
and socioemotional process.
Two Approaches to Human Development
Two Approaches to Human Development

TRADITIONAL APPROACH
believes that individuals will
show extensive change
from birth to adolescence,
little or no change in
adulthood and the decline
in late old age.
Two Approaches to Human Development
LIFE-SPAN APPROACH
believes that even in
adulthood, developmental
change takes place as it
does during childhood.
 Check your understanding:
Answer the following questions:
1. “Growth is an evidence of life” or “development is an evidence of
life”. What does this mean? What does this imply to a person’s
development?
2. Define development on your own understanding.
3. If your approach to human development is traditional, are the
characteristics of human development from a life-span perspective
acceptable? Explain your answer.

Criteria for rating:

Content-5
Organization of Ideas -3
Mechanics (3-5 sentences) - 2
LESSON 1.3

The Stages of
Development
and Development Tasks
 A Charades Challenge

ECONOMIC CAREER RETIREMENT COGNITIVE CHANGE

MEMORY PROBLEMS LATE ADULTHOOD

SOCIALIZING

MATURATION INFANCY PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

ADOLESCENCE
STARTING A FAMILY MEMORY PROBLEMS

EMOTIONAL MATURATION DEPRESSED CHILDHOOD

DEVELOPMENT
Today, you will...
Describe the developmental
1 tasks in each developmental
stage.

Appreciate stages of life through

2
simple recall of life’s milestone.

Compare and contrast

3 Santrock’s and Havinghurst’s
concepts in significance to
education
 Stage of
Development

A stage of development is an age period when

certain needs, behavior, experience and
capabilities are common different from other
age period.
 The 8 Stages of Development
by Santrock (2002)
1. Prenatal Period (Conception to
birth)
2. Infancy and Toddlerhood (Birth to 2
years)
3. Early Childhood (3 to 5 years old)
4. Late Childhood (6 to 12 years old)
5. Adolescence (13 to 18 years old)
6. Early Adulthood (19 to 29 years old)
7. Middle Adulthood (30 to 60 years
old)
8. Late Adulthood (61 years and
above)
 The 8 Stages of Development
by Santrock (2002)
1. Prenatal Period (Conception to
birth)
conception occurs and development
begins.
Involves tremendous growth - from
single cell to an organism complete
with brain and behavioral activities.

Divided into 3 stages

1. Germinal Stage- fertilization to 2
weeks. The period of Zygote.
2. Embryo Stage - 2 weeks to 2
months.
3. Fetal Stage - 2 months to birth.
 The 8 Stages of Development
by Santrock (2002)
2. Infancy and Toddlerhood
(Birth to 2 years)

Extreme dependence on adults

Beginning of psychological
Activities: (language, symbolic
thought, sensorimotor
coordination, and social
learning.)
Begins to walk and talk
Begins to communicate
verbally
Great imitators
 The 8 Stages of Development
by Santrock (2002)
3. Early Childhood (3 to 5 years
old)

referred to as the preschool

years.
vocabulary and pronunciation
continue to expand.
gaining a sense of self and
greater independence.
beginning to learn the working
of the physical world.
develop fears.
The 8 Stages of Development
byLEARNING
Santrock (2002)
CHECK:

4. Late Childhood (6 to 12 years

old)
both large and small muscles are
well-developed.
develop complex motor skills
from independent activities to
same sex activities.
acceptance by peers are very
important
parental approval is still important
achievement becomes a more
central theme of the child’s world
and self-control increases.
 The 8 Stages of Development
by Santrock (2002)
5. Adolescence (13 to 18 years
old)
period of dramatic physical
change marked by an overall
physical growth spurt and sexual
maturation.
Cognitive change - begins to think
of new possibilities (love, fear, and
freedom)
traumatic life stage for child and
parent.
extremely concern with
appearance
 The 8 Stages of Development
by Santrock (2002)
6. Early Adulthood (19 to 29 years
old)
emotional maturation continues
to develop.
usually learned to accept
responsibility for actions and
accept criticism.
usually know how to profit from
errors.
socially progress from age-
related peer groups to people
with similar interests.
starting a family
 The 8 Stages of Development
by Santrock (2002)
7. Middle Adulthood (30 to 60
years old)
physical change begin to occur
time of expanding personal and
social involvement and
responsibility.
main concerns: children, health,
job security, aging parents, and
fear of aging.
love and acceptance still take a
major role.
 The 8 Stages of Development
by Santrock (2002)
8. Late Adulthood (61 years and
above)

fastest growing age bracket of

society
physical deterioration
some memory problems
coping with retirement and forums
for entertainment
very concerned with health and
finances
significant number become
depressed; suicide rate is high.
Developmental
Tasks
One that “arises at a certain period in our life,
the successful achievement of which leads
to happiness and success with later tasks
while failure leads to unhappiness, social
disapproval and difficulty with later tasks.”
(Havinghurst, 1972)
 Developmental Tasks

STAGE TASKS

1. Learning to walk
2. Learning to take solid foods
1. INFANCY AND EARLY 3. Learning to talk
4. Learning to control the elimination of
CHILDHOOD (0 TO 5 years old)
body wastes
5. Learning sex differences and sex
modesty
6. Acquiring concepts and language to
describe social and physical reality
7. Readiness for reading
8. Learning to distinguish right from wrong
and developing a conscience.
 Developmental Tasks

STAGE TASKS

1. Learning physical skills necessary for ordinary

games
2. LATE CHILDHOOD (6 TO 12 2. Building a wholesome attitude toward oneself
years old) 3. Learning to get along with agemates
4. Learning an appropriate sex role
5. Developing fundamental skills in reading, writing,
and calculating
6. Developing concepts necessary for everyday
living
7. Developing conscience, morality, and a scale of
values
8. Developing acceptable attitudes toward society.
 Developmental Tasks

STAGE TASKS

1. Achieving mature relations with both sexes

2. Achieving a masculine or feminine social
3. ADOLESCENCE (13 to 18 role
years old) 3. Accepting one’s physique
4. Achieving emotional independence of
adults
5. Preparing for marriage and family life
6. Preparing for an economic career
7. Acquiring values and an ethical system to
guide behavior
8. Desiring and achieving socially responsible
behavior
 Developmental Tasks

STAGE TASKS

4. EARLY ADULTHOOD (19 to 1. Selecting a mate

2. Learning to live with a partner
29 years old)
3. Starting a family
4. Rearing children
5. Managing a home
6. Starting an occupation
7. Assuming civic responsibility
 Developmental Tasks

STAGE TASKS

1. Helping teenage children to

5. MIDDLE ADULTHOOD (30 become happy and responsible
to 60 years old) adults
2. Achieving adult social and civic
responsibility
3. Satisfactory career achievement
4. Developing adult leisure time
activities
5. Adjusting to aging parent
 Developmental Tasks

STAGE TASKS

1. Adjusting to decreasing strength and

6. LATER MATURITY (61 years health
and above) 2. Adjusting to retirement and reduces
income
3. Adjusting to death of spouse
4. Establishing of relations with one’s
own age group
5. Meeting social and civic obligations
6. Establishing satisfactory living
quarters.
Developmental Matters!
Answer the following questions:
1. Match the descriptions given by Santrock. Are Havinghurst and Santrock
saying the same thing? Explain your answer.
2. How should children relate to their parents in their late adulthood stage?
As a future teacher, what should you teach your students about how to
treat and relate to their parents and grandparents in their late adulthood?
Criteria for rating:
Content-5; Organization of Ideas -3; Mechanics (3-5 sentences) - 2

ASSIGNMENT: PICTURE PERFECT!

In every stage of life presented, provide a photo of yours and associate ONE
WORD that symbolizes that particular stage.
LESSON 1.4

ISSUES ON
HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
Today, you will...
Explain every issue of
development with regards to
human development;

Justify every issue on

development as to how it affects
the learner’s behavior; and

Advocate your stand about

human development in light to
its processes.
 Continuity ISSUES ON Stability
VS HUMAN VS
Discontinuity Change
DEVELOPMENT

Nature
VS
Nurture
 Nature vs Nurture
NATURE
refers to an individual’s
biological inheritance.
refers to all of the
genes and hereditary
factors that influence
who we are - from our
physical appearance to
our personality
characteristics.
 Nature vs Nurture

individual’s quality or
traits
attributes like
personality, likes,
dislikes, and sexual
orientation are gene-
coded in DNA
controversial religious
Nature vs Nurture

environmental factors
individual personal
experiences
attributes like behavior
and or personality can
be conditioned or
changed based on the
environment
controversial religious
 Time for Sharing!

1. Give some of your qualities

that you think were nurtured.
2. Give some of your qualities
that you think were natured.
3. What do you think is the
most significant in the human
development of people?
Why?
 Continuity vs Discontinuity

Is development Continuous or Discontinuous?

Does change occur smoothly over time or through a

series of predetermined steps?
 Continuity vs Discontinuity
CONTINUITY
Consistency of skills or
characteristics.
Development involved
gradual, cumulative change.
Changes are simply a matter
of quantity, as children grow
in height, they also tend to
display more of certain skills
as they grow older.
Continuity vs Discontinuity
DISCONTINUITY
Change in skills or
characteristics
Developmental Theories sees
development as more abrupt
- a succession of changes
that produce different
behaviors in different age-
specific life periods called
stages.
 Time for Sharing!

1. Are you for continuity or discontinuity?

Why? Cite a personal experience to
support your answer.
 Stability vs Change
STABILITY CHANGE
Implies personality traits Theorist argue that
present during infancy personalities are modified by
endure throughout the interactions with family,
lifespan. experiences at school, and
acculturation .
First experience has made First experience develops us
us. into someone different from
who we are at an earlier point
in development.
 Time for Sharing!
1. Share some experiences that help you
change or be stable from a first
experience. (e.g. poverty, abuse, bullying,
etc.)
THANK YOU
for Listening!
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