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Author - Suman Bagdi

Top 115 CCNA Interview Questions

& Answers
Here some basic CCNA interview Questions & Answers and this is help you in
CCNA exam. But before we reading this topic, we have learned some of basic
CCNA related certification.

CCNA is an IT certification from Cisco. There are certain levels in

CCNA. These Industry leading networking certifications are into

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divided 3 levels like Associate Level, Professional Level & Expert

Level.

• CCNA: - Cisco Certified Networking Associate.

A beginner level certification & we have learn like Cloud,
Collaboration, Cyber Operation, Data Center, Industrial,
Routing & Switching, Security, Service Provider and Wireless
Network.

• CCNP: - Cisco Certified Network Professional.

This is a Professional level Cisco Certification, a successor of
CCNA, those students are deeper understanding of each concept
on this certification.

• CCIE: - Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert.

This is a highest-level Cisco certification and very difficult to
achieve. It is world most demanded, highest paying job.

Covered CCNA certifications exams: -

Routing Technologies, LAN Switching Technologies, Network
Fundamentals, Network Access, WAN Technologies, IP Services,
IP Connectivity, Security, Fundamentals, Automation and
Programmability, Infrastructure Security, Infrastructure
Services, Infrastructure Maintenance, Infrastructure
Management.

Q1. What is CCNA?

Ans: - CCNA stands for Cisco Certified Network Associate. It is a
one of the popular certifications in Information Technology for
computer networking people from cisco system. It certifies a
technician’s ability to understand install/ uninstall, setup
configures, troubleshoots problems and operated a medium sized
routed and switched computer network.
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Q2. What is the Router User Mode?

Ans: - This mode is used to Login to be Router.
Command: -
Router>en

Q3. What is Router Privileged Mode?

Ans: - This mode is used to see all router configurations.
Command: -
Router#

Q4. What is Router Global Configuration Mode?

Ans: - This mode is used to configure the router globally.
Command: -
Router (Config)#

Q5. What is different between User mode & Privileged

mode?
Ans: - In User mode, no configuration can made but some
commands of Privilege mode can change the configuration. We
can only check the reachability and some basis commands in User
mode but in Privilege mode we save, delete and modify the
configuration filter.

Q6. Give some description about Telnet Remote service?

Ans: -
• It is a TCP oriented service.
• Its port no. is 23.
• It creates session in clear text.
• No encryption is there.
• It can be used from both Windows, Linux and Mac system.
• It is a remote connection protocol.

Q7. Give some description about SSH remote service?

Ans: -
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• Secure Shell (SSH) is a protocol which provides a secure

remote access connection to network devices.
• It is using TCP and its port no. 22.
• It is more secure then Telnet.
• It is use cryptographic algorithm to encrypt session.
• It encrypts password using RSA (River Shamir Addelman)
algorithm.

Q8. What is RSA Algorithm?

Ans: - RSA algorithm is a public key encryption technique and it
is the most secure way of encryption process. In 1978, it was
invented by Rivest, Shamir and Addleman and that’s way this
name is RSA algorithm.

Q9. Give some description about TACACS+?

Ans: -
• It’s full from Terminal Controller Access Control System
plus.
• It uses TCP service.
• It is Cisco proprietary, but it uses with Kerberos and
Microsoft network.
• It is an additional, authentication, authorization, accounting
service for providing secure remote access.
• This service is known as AAA service (Authentication,
Authorization and Accounting).

Q10. What is Routing?

Ans: - Routing is a process by which we make two or more
different networks communicate. The devices named router are
used for routing process and these devices are network layered of
OSI model to complete the process.

Q11. What is Switching?

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Ans: - Switching is the forward or exchange the data packets/

signals from one point to another point.

Q12. What are the types of Routing?

Ans: - There are 3 types of routing –
❖ Static Routing
❖ Dynamic Routing
❖ Default Routing

Q13. What is Static Routing? What are disadvantages of

Static Routing uses?
Ans: -
• Here routers are added manually by the administrator.
• Here administrator overhead is high.
• It is can be configured low end router.
• It is secure & fast.
• Mandatory need of destination network ID.
• Administrator distance for Static Routing is 0 & 1.

Disadvantage: -
• It is used for small network.
• Everything to manually configure.
• Network changes affect the complete network.

Q14. What is Default Routing?

Ans: -
• It is the last preferred routing.
• It is done between companies EDGE router/ Gateway router
and Service Provider router (ISP).
• It is configured for unknown destinations.
• It helps in reducing the size of your routing table.

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Q15. What is Dynamic Routing? Advantage of Dynamic

Routing?
Ans: -
• This is the most advance routing.
• Here, Administrator need to advertise only the connected
networks in the router.
• Here, no need to know the other unknown networks.
• Routing protocol will find out how to reach to other
networks.
• Some protocols are RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, BGP, Is-Is.

Advantage: -
• There is no need to know the destination network.
• Need to advertise directly connected networks.
• Updates the topology changes dynamically, Administrator
work is reduced.
• Used for large organizations.
• Neighbor routers exchange routing information and build
the routing table automatically.

Q16. What is Routing Protocol & Routed Protocol?

Ans: -
• Routing Protocol: - Routing protocol will calculate the
best path for source to destination for data delivery.
Example: - RIP, RIPv2, OSPF, BGP, Is-Is.

• Routed Protocol: - Routed protocol will carry the data

from source to destination.
Example: - IP, IPX, XNS, Apple Talk.

Q17. What are types of Dynamic Routing protocol?

Ans: -Dynamic Routing protocol are 3 types –

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❖ Distance Vector Routing Protocol.

Example: - RIP, RIPv2, IGRP.

❖ Link State Routing Protocol.

Example: - OSPF, IS-IS.

❖ Hybrid or Advanced Routing Protocol.

Example: - EIGRP.

Q18. What are the features of Distance Vector Protocol?

Ans: -
• It works with Bellman Ford Algorithm.
• It performs periodic updates.
• It uses classful routing protocol.
• Its full routing table are Exchanged.
• Its updates are through Broadcast (255.255.255.255).
• It also known as “Routing by Rumor”.
• Example: - RIP, IGRP.

Q19. What is the feature of Link State Protocol?

Ans: -
• It works with Dijkstra or SPF (Shortest Path First) algorithm
to find the best path to a destination.
• It performs link state updates.
• It uses classless routing protocol.
• Here missing route are exchanged (incremental update).
• It also known as “Routing by Intelligence”.
• Example: OSPF, Is-Is.

Q20. What are the features of Hybrid protocol or

Advance Distance Vector protocol?
Ans: -
• It works with DUAL algorithm (Diffuse Update Algorithm).
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• It uses classless routing protocol.

• Here missing route are exchanged.
• Its updates are through multicast.
• It also known as “Routing by Intelligence”.
• Example: EIGRP.

Q21. What is Bellman Ford algorithm?

Ans: -Bellman Ford algorithm is used to calculate routes, based
on the distance. This distance is replaced by more accurate values
to reach the correct solution. The true distance is replaced by its
old value with the length of a new path.

Q22. What is Dijkstra’s algorithm?

Ans: - Dijkstra’s algorithm is used to find the shortest path
between the nodes in a network. Based on the shortest path, it
creates the path tree and forwards the packet to the network.

Q23. What is DUAL?

Ans: - Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) is used by the EIGRP
routing protocol. It creates loop free network, routing and
selecting the best path to destination network.

Q24. What is Autonomous System?

Ans: -
• It is a logical group where routes are exchanged between
routers.
• It is a unique number identifying the routing domain of the
routers.
• An autonomous system is a collection of networks under a
common administrative domain.
• It ranges from 1 – 65535.

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Q25. Comparison of different Dynamic Routing

protocol?
Ans: -
Routing Administrative Metric Periodic Algorithm
Protocol Distance Updates
RIP 120 Hop Count Yes Bellman
255.255.255.255 Ford
RIP - v2 120 Hop Count Yes Bellman
Multicast Ford
224.0.0.9
OSPF 110 Cost, Yes Dijkstra
Bandwidth Multicast
224.0.0.5 to
224.0.0.6
EIGRP 90 Bandwidth, Yes Dual
Load, Multicast
Delay, 224.0.0.10
Reliability

Q26. What is Triggered Update?

Ans: - Triggered update allows a device to advertise routing
information changes immediately, which speeds up network
convergence.

Q27. What is the type of Gateway protocol?

Ans: - It is 2 types –

❖ IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol): -

It handles routing within a single autonomous system.
Example: - RIP, IGRP, EIGRP and OSPF.

❖ EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol): -

It handles routing between different autonomous system.

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Example: - BGP.

Q28. What is the different between an IGP and an EGP?

Ans: - An Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) is a routing protocol
that routes within an autonomous system but an Exterior
Gateway Protocol (EGP) is a routing protocol that routes between
Autonomous System.

Q29. What is AD value (Administrative Distance)?

Ans: - Administrative Distance is a measure of the
trustworthiness if the source of the routing information.
❖ The number is between 0 to 255.
❖ Less value is more trusted.

Q30. What is the different protocol of AD value?

Ans: -
Routing Administrative
Protocol Distance
Directly 0
Connected
Static Route 1
Internal EIGRP 90
OSPF 110
RIP 120
External EIGRP 170
Unknown 255

Q31. What is Metrics?

Ans: - Metrics are used to make routing decisions in a router and
it is the variable used in the algorithm. When calculate routing
decisions, every routing protocol uses different metrics to choose
the best path.
Example – Bandwidth, Delay, Path Cost & MTU.

Q32. What is Bandwidth?

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Ans: - Bandwidth is defined as the amount of data that can be

carries from one node to another node within a time period.
Bandwidth is normally expressed as bits per second (bps),
Megabits per second (Mbps) and Gigabits per second (Gbps).

Q33. What is Delay?

Ans: - Delay is defined as how long the bit of data travels between
source and destination nodes. Normally it is measured in
Seconds.

Q34. What is Path Cost?

Ans: - Path Cost is determined based on the bandwidth of the
links.

Q35. What is MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit)?

Ans: - The Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) is the size of the
protocol data unit that can travel through the communication.
MTU is associated with interfaces like NIC and serial port.

Q36. What is RIP? What are the features of RIP?

Ans: - Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a Dynamic protocol.
It is used to find the best path or route from source to destination
over a network by using a routing metrics/ hop count algorithm.

Features: -
• It is an Open Standard protocol.
• It is 2 version (RIPv1 – Classful & RIPv2 – Classless).
• It is a Dynamic and Distance Vector routing protocol.
• Its updates are Broadcasted (255.255.255.255).
• Its Administrative Distance is 120.
• Its metric Hop Count.
• Its maximum Hop Counts 15.
• Its maximum routers 16.
• Its Load Balancing of 4 equal paths.

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• It is used for small organizations.

• It exchanges entire routing table for every 30 second.

Q37. What is RIP Request & RIP Response message

types?
Ans: -

• RIP Request message type: -

In this type of message forwarding, RIP enabled routers to sends a
request message to the next connected router for a dynamic
update using the Broadcast message 255.255.255.255.

• RIP Response message type: -

Here, the next router replies via a Broadcast message with its
connected route information.

Q38. What is RIP Update timers?

Ans: - Every 30 seconds the entire routing table is update to
neighbor routers.

Q39. What is RIP Invalid/ Hold timers?

Ans: - 180 seconds time a router waits to gets updates, if no
updates receive within 180 seconds the route is marked as
unreachable (16th Hop).

Q40. What is RIP Route Flash timers?

Ans: - 240 seconds the marked unreachable route will be cleared
from routing table.

Q41. What is different between RIPv1 & RIPv2?

Ans: -

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RIPv1 RIPv2
Original specification of To overcome insufficiencies of
RIP. the original RIP specification,
RIPv2 was developed.
It supports only classful It supports classless routing
routing (does not support (support VLSM).
VLSM).
Here, No authentication. Here, Authentication is
available.
It uses Broadcast for RIP It uses Multicast for RIP
updates. updates instead of Broadcast.
It sends routing updates It sends routing updates as
periodically every 30 multicast traffic at
seconds as broadcasts, destination, multicast address
using 255.255.255.255 of 224.0.0.9.
along with the destination
IP address.
It does not support It is support Triggered update.
Triggered update.

Q42. What is Topological Database?

Ans: - A Topological Database is a collection of information
gathered from LSAs.

Q43. What is SPF algorithm (Dijkstra algorithm)?

Ans: - The Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm is a calculation
performed on the database resulting in the SPF tree.

Q44. What is Routing Table?

Ans: - A list of the known paths and interfaces stored in the
Routing Table.

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Q45. What is OSPF? What are the features of OSPF?

Ans: - OSPF stands for Open Shortest Path First. It is a link state
routing protocol that can connect a large number of networks
without having any limitation to number of hops.

Features: -
• It was developed by IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force).
• It is the successor of RIP.
• It is a Classless routing protocol.
• It is an Open Standard protocol, not Cisco proprietary.
• It uses SPF algorithm (Dijkstra algorithm), developed by
Edger Dijkstra.
• It is a Link State routing protocol.
• It works with Link State Advertisements.
• Here update is through Multicast (224.0.0.5).
• Its AD value is 110.
• Hello packets are sent every 10 seconds.
• Here Area 0 is called the Backbone Area.
• Unlimited Hop count.
• Metric is Cost.
• It supports VLSM and CIDR.
• It supports only equal cost load balancing.
• It Incremental updates.

Q46. Give some characteristics of DR & BDR?

Ans: -
• The router having highest priority is DR.
• The router with second highest priority is BDR.
• The default priority value is 1.
• In the case of a tie, router with highest router ID is DR and
second highest router ID becomes the BDR.
• If router priority is 0 it cannot become the DR & BDR.

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• Router which is not a DR or BDR is called DROTHER.

• DR & BDR election is not preemptive.

Q47. What is Hello Protocols?

Ans: - Hello Protocols provides dynamic neighbor discovery and
it also maintains neighbor relationship, when a hello goes from an
OSPF enabled router to designated router it uses 224.0.0.6 and
address to reach and when it goes from DR to client it uses
224.0.0.5.

Q48. What is EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway

Routing Protocol)? What are the features of EIGRP?
Ans: - This is a Cisco proprietary enhanced distance vector
routing protocol.

Feature: -
• It is a Hybrid (Advanced Distance Vector) routing protocol.
• It is used in large network.
• It provides classless routing protocol/ VLSM support.
• It gives an auto summarization feature.
• It supports IP, IPX and Apple Talk protocols.
• It uses Diffusing Updates Algorithm (DUAL) for best path
selection.
• It uses Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) for
communication.
• It AD value 90.
• It has the maximum Hop Count 255 but default 100.
• It provides a Hello packet for Neighbor discovery in every 5
seconds.
• It supports equal cost an unequal cost load balancing.

Q49. What is RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol)?

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Ans: - RTP is used in EIGRP for reliable connection-oriented

communication. It simply provides sequencing and
acknowledgement for EIGRP packets between neighbors.

Q50. What is EIGRP K-value? Define of the different

types of K-value?
Ans: - EIGRP metric value is called as K-value.
K1 Bandwidth (Value - 1)
K2 Load (Value - 0)
K3 Delay (Value - 1)
K4 Reliability (Value - 0)
K5 MTU (Value - 0)

Q51. What are the tables are maintains in EIGRP?

Ans: - EIGRP maintains are 3 table –

❖ Neighbor Table: - Contains list of directly connected

routers.
❖ Routing Table: - The best route to the destination.
❖ Topology Table: - List of all the best routes learned from
each neighbor.

Q52. What is Successor Route & Feasible Successor

Route?
Ans: -
❖ Successor Route: - This is the best route as per DUAL
algorithm which is stored in the routing table.

❖ Feasible Successor Route: - This is the second-best route

but it is kept in the topology table. If the successor route goes
down then it is going to be injected instantly to the routing
table.

Q53. What is Load Balancing?

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Ans: - Load Balancing is the process of sending packets over

multiple paths to the same destinations.

Q54. What is Equal Cost Load Balancing & Unequal Cost

Load Balancing
Ans: -
• Equal Cost Load Balancing: - The EIGRP has the
capability to distribute traffic over all routers that have the
same metric for the target destination, this is known as
Equal Cost Load Balancing.

• Unequal Cost Load Balancing: - The EIGRP can

distribute traffic over routers which have different metrics,
this is known as Unequal Cost Load Balancing.

Q55. What is different between equal-cost and unequal-

cost load balancing?
Ans: - Equal-cost load sharing distributes traffic equally among
multiple paths with equal metrics. Unequal-cost load sharing
distributes packets among multiple paths with different metrics.

Q56. What are the EIGRP packet format?

Ans: - There are 5 packet format –
▪ Update.
▪ Query.
▪ Reply.
▪ Hello.
▪ Ack.

Q57. What is BGP? What are the features of BGP?

Ans: - BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is an exterior gateway
protocol used to connect two or more different autonomous
system. It has AD value 20 for external routes and 200 for
internal routes.

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Features: -
• It is an Open Standard protocol.
• It is a TCP oriented protocol uses port no. 179.
• It is an Exterior Gateway routing protocol.
• Designated for Inter-As domain routing.
• Designated to scale huge inter-network like internet.
• It is a Classless protocol.
• It Updates are incremental and trigger.
• Path vector protocol.
• It Metric is Attributes.
• It sends updates to manually defined neighbor as unicast.
• It AD value – 20 (E-BGP) & 200 (I-BGP).

Q58. What are the types of BGP?

Ans: - There are 2 types of BGP –

❖ E-BGP (External BGP)

❖ I-BGP (Internal BGP)

Q59. What is ACL? Classification of ACL?

Ans: - ACL (Access Control List) is a list of conditions that are
used to filter packets.
ACL are 2 types –

❖ Name ACL: -
It is 2 type – Standard Name ACL & Extended Name ACL

❖ Number ACL: -
It is 2 type – Standard Number ACL & Extended Number
ACL

Q60. What are the features of Numbered ACL?

Ans: -

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❖ Numbered ACL has a unique number to all ACLs.

❖ Addition or deletion in not possible, the whole list must to
deleted and recreated.

Q61. What is the feature of Named ACLs?

Ans: -
• Named ACL is identified by a unique name which is unique.
• The naming is based on the function of that access list.
• Addition or deletion of a specific line is possible.

Q62. Where we use Standard ACL?

Ans: - Standard ACL is used to source IP address to filter traffic.

Q63. Where we use Extended ACL?

Ans: - Extended ACL is used to source IP address & destination
IP address.

Q64. What are the different between Standard &

Extended ACLs?
Ans: -

Standard ACL Extended ACL

Filter based on source. Filter based on the
source and destination.
Permits or denies the Action a specific IP
entire TCP/ IP protocol protocol and port
suite. number.
The normal range is 1 to The normal range is 100
99. to 199.
The expended range is The expended range is
1300 to 1999. 2000 to 2699.

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Q65. What is NAT? Advantage & disadvantage of using

NAT?
Ans: - Network Address Translation (NAT) is also one of the IP
services. This service is used to translated a private IP address to a
public IP address.

Advantage: -
• It prevents the depletion of global IPv4 addresses.
• It provides additional security. (The original source and
destination address are hidden)
• It increases flexibility when connecting to the public internet.
• It allows use of private IPv4 addressing system and prevents
internal address changes if users change the service provider.

Disadvantage: -
• NAT consumes a lot of processor and memory because it
translated the IP addresses of all incoming and outgoing
datagrams.
• Sometimes it comes delays in communication.

Q66. What are the types of NAT?

Ans: - There are 3 types of NAT -
▪ Static NAT
▪ Dynamic NAT
▪ PAT

Q67. What is Static NAT?

Ans: - Static NAT is also called ‘Inbound Mapping’. It is the
process of mapping an unregistered IP address to a registered IP
address on a one-to-one basis.

Q68. What is Dynamic NAT?

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Ans: - Dynamic NAT maps private IP addresses to public

addresses. Dynamic NAT uses a pool of public addresses and
assigns them on a first come, first serve basis.

Q69. What is PAT (Port Address Translation)?

Ans: - NAT overload is also called PAT, which maps multiple
unregistered or private IP addresses to a single registered or
public IP address by using different ports.

Q70. What is Frame Relay?

Ans: - Frame Relay is a wide area network technology which is
used to specify the Physical and Data Link layers (OSI model) of
digital telecommunications changes using packet switching.

Q71. What is X.25?

Ans: -
• This is a protocol used for packet switching across computer
networks.
• The X.25 protocols work on the Physical, Data Link and
Network layers of the OSI model.
• Each X.25 packet contains maximum 128 bytes of data.
• It is uses in ATM network, variety of mainframe terminal or
server applications and credit card verification networks.

Q72. What is ISDN?

Ans: - ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is a system of
digital phone connections. This system allows voice and data to be
transmitted simultaneously across the world using end-to-end
digital connectivity.

Q73. What is VPN?

Ans: - A VPN (Virtual Private Network) is private network that
uses a public network to connect remote sites or users together.

Q74. What is AAA?

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Ans: - It is a service to use in TACACS. It is Authentication,

Authorization and Accounting (AAA) services for providing secure
remote access.

Q75. What is AAA server?

Ans: -
• AAA is a server program used to handle user requests to
access computer resources in an enterprise.
• It provides Authentication, Authorization and Accounting
(AAA) services.
• The AAA server interacts which network access, gateway
servers, database and directories containing the user’s
information.
• The current standard by which devices or applications
communication Dial-in User service (RADIUS).

Q76. What is PPP?

Ans: - Point to Point protocol (PPP) is an Open Standard
Protocol. It supports authentication and compression. It is a Data
Link layer protocol of OSI model. Internet Service Provider (ISP)
have used these protocols for customer dial-up access to the
internet.

Q77. What are the types of PPP?

Ans: - There are 2 types of authentication in PPP –
• PAP (Password Authentication Protocol)
• CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication
Protocol)

Q78. What is PAP?

Ans: -
• It sends username and password are in clear text.
• It is insecure protocol.

Q79. What is CHAP?

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Ans: -
• It sends username in clear text and password in encrypted
form.
• It is secure protocol.

Q80. What is MPLS?

Ans: - Cisco IOS MPLS (Multiple Protocol Label Switching)
enables enterprises and service provider to build next-generation
intelligent networks that deliver a wide variety at advanced, value
added services over a single infrastructure.

Q81. What is ‘Vty’?

Ans: - The ‘Virtual tty’ line is a virtual connection. This line is
used for a Telnet or SSH login to a router. Different routers and
switches can have different number of connections in the VTY
port.

Q82. What is Radius?

Ans: -
• Remote Authentication Dial-in User service encrypts just the
password and uses UDP.
• It is a generic standard which uses centralized
authentication, when more than one remote access server is
being used.
• Database is maintained on the RADIUS server, instead of
maintaining a database of authorized users on each remote
access server.
• All remote access servers forward their authentication
request to this RADIUS server.

Q83. What is EtherChannel?

Ans: - EtherChannel is a port channel technology developed by
Cisco. It is a technology that can logically group several first or

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gigabit ethernet port into one logical channel. It works on Data

Link layer of OSI model.

Q84. What is CRC?

Ans: - Data communicated through the network, may have errors
in it. One way of checking for errors in the transmitted data is by
using the Cyclic Redundancy Checking (CRC) method.

Q85. What is mean of these terms’ Multicast, Unicast,

Anycast and Broadcast?
Ans: -
▪ Multicast: -It is used to specify one-to-one communication.
▪ Unicast: -It is used to specify one-to-group/ many
communications.
▪ Broadcast: -It is used to specify to all communications.
▪ Anycast: -It is used to specify one-to-nearest association
communication.

Q86. What is different between RIP & IGRP?

Ans: - RIP will depend on the number of hops for determination
of the best route to the network. In IGRP, several factors like
Reliability, Bandwidth, Hops Count and MTU are considered to
decide the best route to the network.

Q87. What is PoE?

Ans: - PoE stands for Power Over Ethernet. It will be used to pass
the electric signal with the data at a time.

Q88. What are the different types of passwords that are

used to secure the Cisco router?
Ans: - There are 5 types of passwords are used to secure Cisco
router –
▪ Consol
▪ Aux
▪ Vty

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▪ Enable password
▪ Enable Secret

Q89. What are the main function of router?

Ans: -
• Packet Switching
• Packet Filtering
• Internetwork Communication
• Path Selection
• Quality of Service

Q90. What is the function of CDP?

Ans: - CDP is stands for Cisco Discovery Protocol that is a Data
Link layer (OSI model) protocol and works on the basis of MAC
address. It is also used to find out port numbers, ios details, IP
address, switch modules, router models, interface details and
device ID.

Q91. What is Latency?

Ans: - Latency is considered the amount of time delay. It can be
measured as the time difference between the time when the
network will receive data and when it will be sent by another
network.

Q92. What is VLAN?

Ans: - VLAN is a Virtual LAN. It also called as switch inside
switch. We create our switch port into different VLAN to divide
single broadcast domain into different broadcast domain.

Q93. What is Backbone Area?

Ans: - Area 0 is in OSPF is called as Backbone Area as to avoid
loop mechanism every area must pass traffic from Backbone Area.

Q94. What is BPDU?

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Ans: - BPDU or Bridge Protocol Data Unit is originally of an

802.1d standard. It is a type of STP message which switches use to
exchange information of each other. BPDU contains information
that help the switch to determine the topology. The topology
BPDU sent in every 2 sec.

Q95. What is BPDU Guard?

Ans: - BPDU Guard is used for protecting the switch port which is
using the port fast.

Q96. What is STP?

Ans: - STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) is a Cisco proprietary
switching protocol that used to avoid loop in switching
environment. The new version is IEEE802.1d. STP is a bridge-to-
bridge protocol used to maintain a loop free network.

Q97. What is Frame Relay?

Ans: - Frame Relay is a packet switching technology, it is used to
join two or more routers with a single interface. It is cheaper in
cost belongs to ISP.

Q98. What is HSRP?

Ans: - Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP). HSPR is a
redundancy protocol developed by Cisco to provide gateway
redundancy without any additional configuration on the end
devices in the subnet.

Q99. What is BootP?

Ans: - BootP is a short from of Boot Program. It is a protocol that
is used to boot diskless workstation connected to the network.
BootP is also used by diskless workstation to determine its own IP
address and also the IP address of server PC.

Q100. What is HDLC?

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Ans: - HDLC stand for High Level Data Control protocol. It is the
property protocol of Cisco which is the default encapsulation
operated with Cisco routers.

Q101. What are the different memories used in a Cisco

router?
Ans: -

• NVRAM: - NVRAM stores the startup configuration file.

• DRAM: - DRAM stores the configuration file that is being
executed.
• Flash Memory: - Flash memory stores the cisco ios.

Q102. What is NVRAM?

Ans: - NVRAM stands for Non-Volatile Random-Access Memory.
It is used to store the startup configuration file even if the router
shut down.

Q103. What is Checksum?

Ans: - Checksum is nothing but a code or count of bits that were
transmitted with the data and then the receiver can check that
code or count of bits.

Q104. What is Route Poisoning?

Ans: - Route Poisoning is used to prevent the router from sending
packets to the invalid route within the network. Normally, this is
used in a Distance Vector Routing protocol. This technique is used
in order to prevent problems caused by inconsistent updates on a
route.

Q105. What is VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol)?

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Ans: - VTP is a Cisco proprietary protocol. It is used to share the

VLAN configuration with multiple switches and to maintain a
large network with many interconnected switches.

Q106. What is IEEE502.1Q or dot1q?

Ans: - This is a Standard protocol for trunking multiple VLANs
between cross platform switches. 802.1Q is the IEEE standard for
frame tagging on a trunk and supports up to 4096 VLANs.

Q107. What is Bridge ID?

Ans: - A Bridge ID is a single 8-byte value which consists of two

fields. They are Bridge Priority & Mac address.

Q108. What is Bridge Priority?

Ans: - The Bridge Priority is a 2-byte value assigned to the switch.
It is a value existing between 0 to 65535. The default value is
32768.

Q109. Name of the Router Port and their function?

Ans: -
Port Function Color
Power Port To provide Electricity. -
Console Port To provide Administration/ Sky
To configure the device and Password Blue
recovery.
Ethernet Port It is use to connect LAN to the Router. Yellow
4 type -
10BaseT -It is known as Ethernet port.
100BaseT -It is Fast Ethernet port.
1000BaseT -It is Gigabit Ethernet port.
10000BaseT -It is 10 Gigabit Ethernet
port.

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Auxiliary It is known as Remote Administrative Port Black

Port & used for remote administration or
connect a modem to the router.
Serial Port It is known as WAN port. Blue
It is use to connect another Router. It is 2
type –
Serial Port - 60 pins & Speed is Less.
Smart Serial - 26 pins & Speed is Higher.
USB Port It is used to connect any USB device. -
BRI Port It is used to connect ISDN device. -

Q110. What is Aux Port?

Ans: - This is also known as Auxiliary port. This is also a physical
access port on the router. Not every router has this port. It is a
backup configuration port for the console and it also use configure
a password.

Q111. What is Auto Summarization?

Ans: - Auto Summarization will summarize the classless subnets
into classful subnets automatically. There are some routing
protocols have these features. Example - RIP & EIGRP.

Q112. What is Wildcard Mask?

Ans: - Wildcard Masks are used to specify a range of network
addresses. They are commonly used with routing protocol like
OSPF and access list. It is 32 bits long like a subnet mask. It acts
as an inverted subnet masks, but with wildcard mask, the zero bits
indicate that the corresponding bit position must match the same
bit position in the IP address. The one bit indicates that the
corresponding bit position doesn’t have to match the bit position
in the IP address.

Q113. What is Syslog?

Ans: - Syslog is using for popular server to store the log files,
usually known as a syslog server. Most network equipment, like
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routers and switches, can send syslog messages. Not only that, but
Unix/ Linux servers also have the ability to generate Syslog data.

Q114. Comparison of data speeds by various generation

mobile technology?
Ans: -

Maximum Maximum
Download Upload
Symbol Standard Full Name Speed Speed
(Theoretical) (Theoretical)

2G GSM Global System for 14.4 kb/s 14.4 kb/s

Mobile
Communications
G GPRS General Packet 53.6 kb/s 26.8 kb/s
Radio Service
E EGDE Enhanced Data rates 217.6 kb/s 108.8 kb/s
for GSM Evolution
3G UMTS Universal 384 kb/s 128 kb/s
Telecommunications
System
H HSPA High Speed Packet 7.2 Mb/s 3.6 Mb/s
Access

H+ HSPA+ High Speed Packet 28.0 Mb/s 5.76 Mb/s

Access Release
4G LTE Long Term 100 Mb/s 50 Mb/s
Evolution
4G LTE-A Long Term 150 Mb/s 50 Mb/s
Evolution Advanced

Q115. What is PuTTY?

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Ans: - PuTTY is an Open Source application or it is a terminal

emulator and network file transfer application. We use this
application to make communication between the Switch and your
PC.

Conclusion: - This CCNA questions and answers help you in networking

interview. I suggest all the students, at first read carefully the CCNA
related books, clear the concept and then read this blog. “Good luck for
your interview”.

-----Thank You-----

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