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Theory of automata - Unit-1 Handwritten notes

Theory Of Automata & Formal Languages (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University)

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TAFL Jhheory Autom ata and Forma

Lanquae
d=
TAFL Automato theory e
ubject which
doibes the behovioux uto masic maehi nea

mathemati caly
Appicakions
igital circuit design
- .
CompileX dAsign

Sot olsignin the uoduced mathematical modd

Circut dasign L pesi ble matthe matical
mo oll exitl.

Lang Means co mmuwcation

Puogtam Sequun a o instoucti ons

Striig. SequUnce o &ymbol&
Centeh ce/instru ction: An orduud tornbinatio n oy
word 09 8tringthat makas Comlto Sense

why do we tudy thwory?

heory rovidts concabt Ond prin uplas +hot
help s undu tand te genal matwu o disütune
Albhabet Se+[ E): St a to naiL+ing o mbola or

han a ttL

E:E 0, =(0+ )
IwI =6
Length &tring IwI): w a bbe de,
he &tring olunggth0.
Null L4ring (e ot :
LO =0 0
t Eu Ltrin whwuas Let)
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CoCatenation 01O

Cocat enation o Strinq do&s not

uppoTt
aukouati ve proptty mutntiv, t
com
ropetty but supbpot

Kleen CLOAWLOE):u posmble tring)

Uni veual lan9 ua ge ov alphabat £

Positive CLoswLL CEt

NOTE: o) E ,ol,o101, 010

101,
Co)' So1,olo1,01010I,

onqth-0
(610)'o1O anh -3
COIO) o100 0 nth G

*Sumbo * OM +) with E u Uivs al&

ven
lwl= m

nd ntnng h u

Ro voLLe
On
a2,
w an ,Cn-I
XY
twR txy)R yEx*
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PalindHome 10 1
wuR even
R o dd O

Suwbstng
Anu ARqane Con&etudi ve bymbol4 o m w (any strino)

doq
Sublo $e,d,0, do, 0g, dog
But dg not pat
o o sub- &tring. It will
be a
OL H S.

Non nult Sub- 4t+ing'.

Set o Aub&tring o ny &+rinq ex capt nul ahring
i.e.
Sublw) - $¬1 d,o,9 do, 0g ,dog
PHo Subatring
S po slbie Aub&tinqa
all
xupt string
ts
Sub lo - {w}
e,d,o,g do, ogt
Non-muL PHo ubstrin nL
9ubw -E, w
d,0, do, ogt
NUmb o Subting
Symbols aL distint

ab 3I 2

abc 6+1 ung4h otring

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Symbo Ls as Lami

aa 2+1

PHax nd SulxX
Px oong tTin
on no ng but sit
mjuaa*
Symbe2 om to uight R iven
ting
sux Cuo) E,d,
do,doq Y +1)
-

ta+1)
Sax to):{E.g.cgdogJno.su pHx
eco ase pHLentin both

Pouou Lting

0. t .

Opadions on lonauaq
L o, 10,11
La 1, 101, 1 10ot
LUL 0, 10, I1, 11, 1o}

L Y- L
(o+) -L Se, 1, 0,o0,.
JR ,uEL
L 1, 10 1, OIu}
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L LL2 W,o/ o, eLi &0,e }

1LL2 |L1ILl
Finite Auwton ata

Architectute Automata
p Team Tape

One w ay uoad head

Control

|- urt

9 incS)tuple machine2
Finite Automota CFA) is a

O E,6, 9o , F)
wheHe 0 Finite set sta
e-tot
2Finite set ot ehaa

ToQsiti0 n untion
9Single Iritioi Stati

FFinite set of Final State

FO
yb

a,b

F 92
Ve}>2 !a (mon - dutei nisti
XE
nit Cutomata)

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Sa b S:(90
S:Cb
St9.a)-q
S t9b->9
S:a)-q
S:C9b)-q
Di ne b/w ma and da
No Choites ddL olowed. Choigae aloweo
E -tronithon not allow edu)E tronsiton U allowede
) Dead coniqwl Otien is ) Dead tonig wiation iz
mot uo e. alo wed

he Maxiu m Minimum longuoge 0v 2.

Maxinu m lavng uage = E' :

{0,Y =(0,1)> (o +1)*

Mini mu m aduag (Mox L

transition un tion
* asccaoinq o
SCS(S( 10,0),1),
1),1)
(qo o I) =
S(
Praci g ana or hee
or ouutomauta
OLutomata

fruA a int o. 1} ohi

So. 1hich
Ex 1: Cons alhabet+£
=

dve 1.
I.
ang uage exg
oexoty ty lngth
ltngth
Cnnstbing

So,

0, 13 =(o +)
L

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o,
,
X
0, 0,
> dja)
x Valid ma chin
n vau d ma chne

L
O,

Final &tati anamot hen oX inal 4tade asv not

Hea thable om nitt al &trt1.

CX Construct ant Cuto Maka or

Labet
evHy
E»$0,f in oki eveHY
Onquag2 ove aulp mbol 0.
ust
statt uom 9
&trn
S0,
f
o1, 000, 00I, 010, O11,
L o, 0 0,
Wo,

, dummy &tate

L 0 (o+ 1)*
E,0, , o 0.
o
0,00,0l,

20* Se,0, O0,000, O000,

O' So,00, 00 0,

0*
O*o =C*
isyou ate Cookinm
qou m
onguoce
ofhe Athat base Ehen
The base is
oH UniveLol ongua2 Ang 4tring
Cn
dn om
Co uning
b
qven

Ot ot O.0 0*0
3 o, 0, o0o, ,
0tnt: o,00, O00 ..([email protected])
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7, 00+
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0 o e, o,o0, o o0,... }RE,0, 00, O0, ..

e, 0, o0, 0 00,.

COD -o)n-, Ot
to0t)»?

L So
Lo0
0,o0}
L S0,

LD+1 0,1
e,o,
o,

L o+11
NFA lwithout E traunstion) to DA Convs1On
,b b

0,b

93
2

b b

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a,b
a

a,
Comv * v2n NFA inko DFA
etato O

State|

Sq

1 O

O,
O

Dummy o t7aP_state
*Vumm Stata uwi tl aluw ays be in dAa..DumMy
.Dumm wil aluo ag be exa ctly o e tate in
State
be initia&non ina
yany ill mon- State
DUmnu
machino state
Dum tate ShouAd mot have onu outgoing
e eoe n DownloadedSymbo
pet 0.
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 imou
lOMoARcPSD|45488999

alh.
Dummu statr ust have o ne too or
Symbole Aor owch machino as oluneo.
Convt lto wing NFA machi n Äto Rquu valont 0FA
Qa,b
D

Lo,

a,b

a,b
a

1 b b

b
b b
(( 1
a

2,
to.1

O
Q
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a b b

uith e- tranuition +o cacpnves i on

want t» ulace E move. so

Suose we

VeTtex V, to V thon br0 Ceskd as olo 0-

&tting om veex V,.
ind all he edges
se dgsAtaeing 0sLo m y
DuAu cato ot
tho.edgas levl
w ith out changing
then make U alko
on iak &tat
in naltote, maea y
a nitial. 3 V
OLSHeinal & tte.

wih¬-tranaition to
COn vent ti given ma
awih out E tns itlon.
O

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ace pting 4tring

Aang u0qe

ia, b}
ve Yp habe£
he

aor
A
Stina with ab
a

DHa
bao,. ... 2
abb,a
a, b aba,

Sa b,
ab la+b)

b
9
b
a,b e2t
Ov
Ov alphab et
org uage
the mst
must
a da
forhatvoy strin
brauo ad Such
Drauo
tring.
So,1 a substo
subs
as
oo
kave
0,y
o oo,
100 , dhl,
06(0+ 1)* Soo,
(0 0,1

o,

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S- ctoswe q) = q«,9q11

Cw&ww lq) {q22Y 1 2

Clo w Cq)
cO& tq)- *q9 c
(q»3)
-
cLoswre (q, p
- clo &wu
t9,)
-closuwetq)= q2

b-clo&wl (qo,
qu,q2) Clo& wo tq o) U
6-clo Rue Cq)u
0- choLue Cq2)

o,1, 2

Find uivaloals nt da he qven ma

Clo&uAO A
, B,
SA, B,c 9
- clo swe oA
oB A, B,

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B,cY
=¥A,

-clo&ue
(A

6, c?
9A,6,c
A,
CY|$a, 8, c}
gSA,
B,

0,1
0+)

Cnv e ven amau in olquu ve on

aL mauk n.
O,

-clos w A A 6,e}
eloswe A SA,B,C
-closune B {cy

-Clog WL
closwe
e clo&we A = A, B, C

8,cy A, B, t
6,
QB,C c.

o,
o,

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 nalizaion
lOMoARcPSD|45488999

Pot ovi na mthod

9My hill hog1esdt na1oole mlthod

Puntitioning Method
DI&tmguushable 2 Indistingishable &tate
Orm0 than to O st&tIS in dh machi stote
ne
nosti
ng uuhable i or the s0 ma in
pwj
uoe
0
ao
qutti output t i nal or all nonnol
tuoia gta a distinq tshable
aL disti nquts halbleo inlput co

6 C90,w) F =
MF
Cq w) F NE

But thye dtt ng us hable or

Doe wi get
soms
input,
Co w) N1F
91w) = F NE

K-2quivalon be

Two or HA than tuoowill k equivale ltatu -

n

ony utothe tonath K or

and
and
mlst bindis tinqui.
Statu
oB&ible &trih9
ghable & it d denoted by 7tk
quivalat
ct a mn. stakt ato MATa
0.onstru table s oleined
olined
transition
who Le
to dta
dta
Stat
b
by-

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4-9

ble or
deod ta or ible
ac ca4 ible stat
stat
cha
ULa ny Stat us n0t
Ctomate,
.

inite tati Hun it.

In any JLOm Åtati g
taachab taa chab le /de ad /inaccLAible s+
nown as
tate

na{4-3. 9 ,q , 493 93,19s. 9,13

mse
he ve n
.Mn 0,

C E F
A B
E
A D
F
E F
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no A,B,f, e,D,t}
1, {A,B}, F, c, D, E13
2 A, B'}, {F4, 1C,b, E

A,b) c,b
F F
C,D,E E F

Thuorem
Mo Hill Nanod
on by
nimisti
i
do all
pous
pous etati
8tats q
pP2
brauoa
table dor PEFA0¢F
hat
pain P,o kuh
al pouisohee
Hae unman uad hen
hun
Ony eed
I the 5( 0, «)
s uloacy may
abraady
&L'P, , CP,0)
als0. Can he
Con be

na k pai Unit
Mo m i ng
esA
this Pro
Rebea as
hom
Madi. make
alun mau k paul
Coubine
9ingle state Mo
Ma Hill
usina Hil
given oya by
usin
the
Mini mile
Nauoo Theo Hom

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A D EF
A

C
D

EF Vv
ce,E), (D,E)
A,B CC,D)
C,D, E)
Q
o sing
poutionu nq &
pautioni ng
cQNinise he gven dla by
mthdd.
Ma Hill Nawoole
b

=2, 191 =
I
101 8, É ={a, b}, IEl
FI 1,
b

a b 5

X
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mot COAdhable state LOm utia &tato

1 a

5, 9T, Sqs}
,
o,6t, q, , 1*, sq 1%
b

q91
a

Qb b

pautio ni ng 4
he 9ven 4a by
.Uu is metuol.
Hil Nasuode
Ma

b a

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