Building Utilities Reviewer

Week 6

SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM

DRAINAGE SYSTEM - All the piping within the private and public premises which conveys sewage, rainwater and other liquid waste
to a point of disposal. A drainage system does not include the mains of public sewer systems or a private or a public sewage
treatment or disposal plant.

DIRECT WASTE PIPE - Direct waste is one with the terminal directly connected to the plumbing system such as sink, lavatories, and
bidet etc.

INDIRECT WASTE PIPE - It is a pipe that does not connect directly with time drainage systern but conveys liquid wastes by
discharging into a plumbing fixture, interceptor or receptacle directly connected to the drainage system.

PARTS OF A SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEMESSENTIAL COMPONENTS:

-House Sewer
-House Drain
-House Trap
-Fresh-air inlet
-Soil and Waste Stacks
-Traps
-Vents
-Fixture Branches

ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS
HOUSE SEWER
-It extends from the public sewer to the private sewage-disposal tank to the wall of the structure and is entirely outside the
building.
 More Than 1/4 lach in the Foot
 Glazed vitrified clay-min. 6-360, 2-3 long.
 Cast iron- min. 4" 0, 5' to10' long Copper-12' to 20' long
 Plastic pipe -10' to 20' long
 12" deep with concrete pavement
 18" deep without concrete covering
 Slope at 1/8" or %" to the foot

HOUSE DRAIN -The horizontal main into which the vertical soil and waste stacks discharge. It connects directly to the
house sewer,
- Sanitary drain
-Leader drain
 Copper
 Plastic
 Leader drain
 Extra heavy cast iron

-Slope at 1/8" or " per foot

-A cleanout at the cellar/basement wall is recommended to clear obstructions
-A cleanout at the foot of each waste and soilstack should be installed

FRESH AIR INLET - It is intended to admit fresh air to the drainage system so that there will be a free circulation without
compression throughout the house drain and stacks discharging above the roof.
- A necessary adjunct to the house trap
 SOIL & WASTE STACK - The soil and waste stacks collect the sewage from the fixtures through their branches.
-Should rest solidly at the bottom on masonry piers or heavy posts
-The upper ends should extend through the roofor ventilation
-Made of heavy cast-liron, copper.

Plastic
 Supported at intervals of 10' with stout wall hangers or brackets or on beam
 Min 4" T below the roof
 It should be straight free of bends and turns

FIXTURE BRANCHES
Connect the fixtures with the stacks
-Waste or soil branches are connected to the trap of each fixture
-1/8"-" per foot -Horizontal branch should not be more than 5' (from the vertical iniet of
the trap to the vent opening
-Cast-iron, plastic, copper or galvanized steel

VENTS
-Vents are the extension of soil and waste stacks through the roof and a system of
pipes largely paralleling the drainage system for the admission of air and discharging of
gases

TRAPS
-Traps catches water after each discharge from a fixfure so as not to allow unpleasant ad obnoxious gases in a sanitary drainage
system to escape through the fixture
-All fixtures are to be provided with its own trap except for three laundry and kitchen sinks.connected to a single trap
-Trap seal must have a min depth of 2 and max of 4" depth -Placed within 2' of the fixture accessible for cleaning through its
bottom with a plug
-Made of steel, cast-iron, copper, plastic and brass except those in urinals and water closets which are made of vitreous china cast
integrally with the fixture

SEPTIC TANK/SEEPAGE PIT

- In this type of sewage disposal, the cycle is completed below ground and within the property. Liquid wastes are purified due to
the action of anaerobic bacteria through precipitation in the digestion chamber and effluent is discharged in the leaching chamber
by natural percolation.

 Effluent - liquid discharge

 Scum-non-soluble organic matter that floats on the surface of the sewage
 Sludge-organic matter that settles at the base of the septic tank

SEPTIC TANK/SEEPAGE PIT

- Size of tank:
 Residence
6 persons min capacity of 50 cu ft, and for large household 5-6 cu. ft/person
 Commercial, industrial and institutional
2-3 cu ft/person
- Location must be near the structure served: (5') 1.50 m -water-tight and gas-tight and 50'-150' 15m-45m) away from
water sources
 Siphonage
 is the result of a minus pressure in the drainage system.
 Direct siphonage/self siphonage is common in unventilated traps which serve oval-shaped fixtures (lavatories, small slop
sink)
 Indirect siphonage or siphonage by momentum is the result of a minus pressure in the waste piping caused by discharge
of water from a fixture installed on a line which serves a fixture placed at a lower elevation. No possibility. of re-seal.
 Back-pressure is caused by a plus pressure in large plumbing installations. The fixtures in which it occurs are usually
located at the base of a soil stack or where soil pipe changes its direction. Ventilate the base of the soil pipe to correct this
condition.
 Capillary attraction, trap seal is caused by suspension of foreign object (rag, string, lint, hair) into the trap seal extending
over the outlet arm of the trap.
 Evaporation of the trap seal is a phenomenon of nature. The atmosphere absorbs moisture and varies inversely with
temperature It requires weeks to evaporate trap seal Deep seal traps are recommended when air is mot saturated with
moisture.
 Wind effects
- Wind of high velocity passing over the top of the soil pipe roof terminal affects trap seal.
- Downdrafts tends to ripple the liquid content of the trap and spill quantity of it over its outlet leg into the system.
-Soil vent terminals should be away from valleys, gables, abrupt projections of the roof where wind can strike and be
directed to the terminal.
A. VENTILATION
MAIN SOIL & WASTE VENT
- Is that portion of the soil pipe stack above the highest installed fixture branch extending through the roof.
- The same diameter as the water-carrying portion of the soil or waste pipe (2"-4"Ø)

MAIN VENT
- Is that portion of the vent pipe system which serves as a terminal for the smaller, tributary forms of individual and group
fixture trap ventilation (collecting vent line).

A. VENTILATION
Portion of the drainage pipe installation intended to maintain a balanced atmospheric pressure inside the system.

VENT PIPE
4 - A pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and relieving the negative pressure
exerted on trap seals.

ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS
INDIVIDUAL VENT/BACK VENT
- It serves a single trap
- Reconnected to the main vent above the overflow line of the fixture it serves
- Not applied when fixtures are closely grouped 4

FIGURE 11-14 UNIT VENT OF WALL HUNG FIXTURE

UNIT VENT
- It ventilates two fixture traps that discharge into a sanitary cross with deflectors
- Is used on two fixtures of similar design installed on opposite sides of the partition
- For apartment and hotel toilets

CIRCUIT/LOOP VENT
-circuit vent serves two or more fixture traps that discharge into a horizontal soil or waste branch extended at slight grade
battery of fixtures
- The Code allows a maximum of 8 fixture/horizontal branch Supported by a relief vent at the between the last fixture and
the main vent
RELIEF VENT
- it primarily eliminates minus and plus pressures in the drainage system
 - It ventilates the soil and waste pipe and connecting branches rather than the fixture trap
-Commonly used in connection with waste branches which are circuited
Prevents back-pressure at the base of a soil-pipe stack Referred to as yoke or bypass vent at 3 to 5 floor intervals
WET VENT
- a wet vent is a method of ventilation used rather extensively for small groups of bathroom fixtures
- A portion of the vent system through which liquid wastes flow

LOOPED VENT
used on fixtures which are located in the room away from partitions that might be utilized to conceal the waste and vent
- A bleeder or drip connection must be made between the waste pipe and the lowest point of the vent line to avoid
accumulation of water in the loop vent

WEEK 7
STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
-Storm water is a term used to describe water that originates during precipitation events. It may also be used to apply to
water that originates with snowmelt or runoff water from overwatering that enters the storm water System.
-A storm drainage system is a network of structures, channels and underground pipes that carry storm water (rain water)
to ponds, lakes, streams and rivers. The network consists of both public and private systems
 It's an integral part of the stormwater managerpent, system in the county that is designed to control the quantity,
quality, timing and distribution of storm runoff All stormwater in the county eventually flows to the Occoquan and
Potomac rivers and the Chesapeake Bay.
 It's not part of the wastewater (samitary sewer) system, which carries water and waste from drains (sinks, bathtubs,
showers, etc.) and toilets to a treatment plant to be treated and filtered. Stormwater does not flow to a treatment
plant.
A storm drain is designed to drain excess rain and ground water from paved streets, parking lots, sidewalks, and roofs. They are
fed by street gutters on most motorways, freeways and other busy roads, as well as towns in areas which experience heavy
rainfall, flooding and coastal towns which experierice regular storms
 Systern of watercourses or drains for carrying off exces water
 Minimises the impact of flooding from built-up areas into rivers and creeks
 In geomorphology, it is the pattern formed by the surface water in a particular drainage basin.
 The Philippines ranks third among countries most at sk for disasters
 Metro Manila Flood Management Master Plan (2012)- improve management of solid waste within villages in the vicinity
of drainage systems
 Most cities in the Philippines have no separate storm water and waste water system
 Sometimes the drainage system is more or less located underground and sometimes it is open concrete ditches. Most of
the drain pipes were built in the 1960s.

TWO TYPES OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM

 SURFACE DRAINAGE
-Surface drainage is the removal of excess water from the surface of the land. This is normally accomplished by
shallow ditches, also called open drains. The shallow ditches discharge into larger and deeper collector drains. In order
to facilitate the flow of excess water toward the drains, the field is given an artificial slope by means of land grading
 SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
Subsurface drainage is the removal of water from the rootzone. It is accomplished by deep open drains or buried pipe
drains. Subsurface infiltration systems are underground holding areas that receive and store storm water from
impervioust areas such as roofs, driveways, and parking lots. Detained stormwater slowly infiltrates through the
bottom and sides of the systern into the surrounding subsoil
TYPES OF SUBSURFACE
DRAINAGE DEEP OPEN DRAINS
  The excess water from the rootzone flows into the open drains. The disadvantage of this type of subsurface
drainage is that it makes the use of machinery difficult
 Open drains can receive overland flow and thus have the advantage of serving as surface drainage. These drains
collect more silt and rubbish than pipes and allow increased residency of water to break down pollutants

PIPE DRAINS
 Pipe drains are buried pipes with openings through which the soil water can enter. The pipes convey the water to a
collector drain.
 Drain pipes are made of clay, concrete or plastic. They are usually placed in trenches by machines. In clay and concrete
pipes (usually 30 cm long and 5-10 cm in diameter drainage water enters the pipes through the joints. Flexible plastic
drains are much longer (up to 200 mand the water enters through perforations distributed over the entire length of the
pipe
 Plastic pipes are the preferred drainage pipe due to its versatility and availability. It is lightweight and easy to use for
installation. There are several plastic drainage pipes to serve different purposes and they come in various diameter sizes
to accornmodate different amounts of water.

DEEP OPEN DRAINS VS PIPE DRAINS

Open drains use land that otherwise could be used for crops They restrict the use of machines. They also require a large number
of bridges and culverts for road crossings and access to the fields: Open drains require frequent maintenance (weed control,
repairs, etc.).
In contrast to open drains, buried pipes cause no loss of cultivable land and maintenance requirements are very limited. The
installation costs, however, of pipe drains may be higher due to the materials, the equipment and the skilled manpower involved.

SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

SEWAGE SYSTEM
Sewage systems also handle the flow of rainwater, either separately or as part of a single system. Separate systems are generally
preferable because, in single systems, heavy rainfall can overload treatment plants, with the result that untreated overflow can
become a source of pollution, in separat systems, rainwater is often allowed to flew into streams untreated because it is assumed
to be relatively clean.
it is the entire network of pumps, pipes, or mains used for collecting wastewater. Each area has its own sewage systern, and the
sewage may originate from different places such as homes or schools. .
There are two main types of systems: domestic and industrial. Sometimes, both systems are combined into one Although sewage
systems are beneficial for disposing of wastewater, if they are not built or maintained, they can cause a problem for the
environment. Sewage water contains a lot of substances that can be harmful to humans as well
Sewage is processed in three major steps, called primary. secondary, and tertiary treatments. Most areas do not use all three, arfd
different areas use the treatments in different ways

SEWAGE SYSTEM
There are a few main parts of a horme sewerage system such as the pipe, septic tank, soil, and drain field.
 PIPING
 SEPTIC TANK
 DRAIN FIELD
 SOIL

PIPING
 The pipes are used to get the wastewater from your home to the septic tank
SEPTIC TANK
-This tank is usually made from materials such as fiberglass, concrete, or polythene, and it is placed underground. It is used to
keep wastewater until solids settle to the bottom and they form naterial such as grease, sludge, or oil that come up to the surface.
-There is a T-shaped outlet along with some compartments that stop sludge and scum from flowing out of the tank and into the
drain field. Screens can also be used for the same purpose
DRAIN FIELD
-After wastewater flows out of the septic tank, it goes into the drain field. The water is treated by the soil there, and this process is
carried out each time there is new water in the septic tank
-If the drain field gets overloaded, wastewater will flow into the ground. It is recommended to have a backup drain field in the
case of such an event.
SOIL
-From the drain field, wastewater enters the soil Soil consists of microbes that are important for the treatment of wastewater.
These microbes help remove contaminants such as viruses, barena, or harmful nutrients from the wastewater by digesting them.
This process is necessary before wastewater reaches the groundwater.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SEWAGE SYSTEM

 Combined System
 Separate System
 Partially Separate System

Combined System
A combined system is used to carry sanitary sewage and stormwater through one sewer system. Treating the wastewater in this
system is usually easy because it has been diluted by rainwater.
 There is an enormous volume of sewage, which means the water has a high velocity. Because of this high speed of water
and its ability to self-cleanse, there is no need for flushing
The combined system is secure and cheap to implement, especially within house plumbing, since it only requires a single
piping set
Separate System
In a separate sewage system, there are different sewers for storm and surface water, while there is the same sewer system for
domestic and industrial sewage.
This type of system is less expensive than other types because it used less amount of water for treatment, and the entire design is
economical as well
The separate sewage system is preferred over a combined sewage system because it is more economical Another advantage of
this system is that it doesn't affect stream pollution
Partially Separate System
The partially separate sewage system is better than the separate system because it is cheaper and easy to use in small-scale
sewers 4
This type of system takes water from kifthens, bathrooms, and the sainwater collected on the roof through a single pipe. This
allows a reduction in house plumbing because waste from all barts of the house plus water from the roof uses the same pipe.
Remaining water from other places falis into separate sewers or drains. This system actively introduces stormwater into the
sanitary sewage pipes to increase the volume of water and allow it to push itself.
Sewage treatment (or domestic wastewater treatment. municipal wastewater treatment) is a type of wastewater treatment
which aims to remove contaminants from sewage to produce an effluent that is suitable for discharge to the surrounding
environment or an intended reuse application, thereby preventing water pollution from raw sewage discharges Sewage contains
wastewater from households and businesses and possibly pre-treated industrial wastewater. There are a high number of sewage
treatment processes to choose from.

SEWAGE TREATMENT
PRIMARY TREATMENT
During primary treatment, wastewater is temporarily held in a settling tank where heavier solids sink to the bottom while lighter
solids float to the surface.
Once settled, these materials are held back while the remaining liquid is discharged or moved through to the more rigorous
secondary phase of wastewater treatment.
These large tanks are also often equipped with mechanical scrapers that continually drive collected sludge in tae base of the tank
to a hopper which pumps it to sludge treatment facilities.

SECONDARY TREATMENT
Secondary treatment of wastewater works on a deeper level than primary and is designed to substantially degrade the biological
content of the waste through aerobic biological processes
Completing secondary wastewater treatment allows for safer release into the local environment, reducing commor biodegradable
contaminants down to safe levels.
It is done in one of three ways:
Biofiltration
Biofiltration uses sand filters, contact filters or trickling filters to ensure that any additional sediment is removed from the
wastewater.

Aeration
Aeration is a lengthy process which increases oxygen saturation
by introducing air to wastewater. Typically, the aeration process
can last for up to 30 hours, but it is very effective.

Oxidation ponds
Typically used in warmer climates, this method utilises natural bodies of water such as lagoons, allowing wastewater to pass
through for a set period before being retained for two to three weeks.

TERTIARY TREATMENT
The aim of tertiary wastewater treatment is to raise the quality of the water to domestic and industrial standards, or to meet
specific requirements around the safe discharge of water. In the case of water treated by municipalities, tertiary treatment also
involves the removal of pathogens, which ensures that water is safe for drinking purposes.
Water recycling is the process of treating waste water and reusing it. Recycled water can be reused for the same process, for
irrigation or as an alternative to mains water in wash-down applications. Water recycling systems will vary according to the quality
of waste water to be treated and the intended application for the water,
Recycling water allows us to continually reuse one of our most, vital resources. Water recycling removes contaminants from
wastewater and allows it to re-enter local water systems for use in homes and businesses. Recycling water ensures that the water
is safe for consumption and other practical uses.

SEWAGE RECYCLING
WATER RECYCLING STAGES
REMOVING OIL & LARGE PARTICLES
The first step of water recycling is to remove oil and large particles from the water. This first step is possible thanks to the
combined efforts of the triple interceptor and oil separator.
A triple interceptor is a three-compartment tank where water overflows from the first compartment to the second, and then from
the second to the third.
The main purpose of a triple interceptor is to allow time for any sludge to sink to bottom of the first compartment.
Basic oil and water separators can be broadly divided into three groups:
 Separators that primarily rely on gravity for the separation of oil to occur
 Separators that provide a mediung on which oil particles can coalesce
 Separators which apply high centrifugal forces to waste water to separate oil particles
FILTRATION
The first stage in the filtration system is a deep bed media filter. This is where water is pushed at high pressure through
fine sand and other granular particles in order to remove any large particles still present in the water. To ensure that the required.
maximum particle size is achieved, water is then put through 3 stage cartridge filtration capable of reducing sediment size to 1
micron.
REMOVING CHEMICALS
The next step in the water recycling system depends on the presence, type and amount of surfactant in the water.
Surfactants are commonly found in detergents. They help wet surfaces more thoroughly by reducing water surface tension.
Detergents work by allowing soil and oily residue to mix with water and be rinsed off easily. The effectiveness of detergents and
soaps depends on a number of factors, including water hardness. Water hardness is the measure of calcium, magnesium, iron and
manganese ions in water. Calcium and magnesium ions bind to the surfactant and leave an unpleasant residue on water and on
surfaces.

STERILIZATION
Once water is free of detergents, a sterilisation phase can commence. Waste water is full of pathogens which are
disease- . causing organisms, viruses, parasites and bacteria that are found in poor quality water.
Although this stage is only required for when recycled water is to be used around humans, it is highly recommended as a
standard. Pathogens can cause severe illness infected water comes in contact with humans.

USES OF RECYCLED WATER

 Irrigation for agriculture
 Irrigation for landscaping such as parks, rights-of-ways, and
 golf courses
 Municipal water supply
 Process water for power plants, refineries, mills, and factories
 Indoor uses such as toilet flushing
 Dust control or surface cleaning of roads, construction sites, and other trafficked areas
 Concrete mixing and other construction processes
 Supplying artificial lakes and inland or coastal aquifers

WEEK 8
PLUMBING MATERIALS
PIPE
A pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, mainly used to convey substances which can flow-liquids and gases, slurries,
powders and masses of small solids.
Pipes are used for varies purposes as such: In plumbing Pipelines-transporting gas or liquid over long distances Also sometimes as
a structural member.
Casting for concrete pilings used in construction project. The petroleum industry for oil well casting and oil refinery equipment.

TYPES OF PIPES
Material often forms the basis for choosing any pipe.
The following are the types:

CAST IRON PIPES is a pipe which has had historic use as a pressure pipe for transmission of water, gas
and sewage, and as water drainage pipe.

DUCTILE IRON PIPE is a pipe made of ductile iron commonly used for potable water transmission and
distribution.

PVC PIPES
This types of pipe has wide variety of plumbing uses from drainage pipe to water mains. It is most commonly used for irrigation
piping, home, and building supply piping.

PIPE FITTINGS

Pipe fittings are attachments placed on pipe end, which pravide flexibility in piping system. These are commonly used for changing
the direction of flow, distribution, increase or decrease the flow the capacity and interconnection.
Commonly used pipe fittings are Elbow, bend, return, tee, cross, reducer, end cap, plug, nipple, union, coupling, boss, owlet etc.
 ELBOWAn elbow is a pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tubing to allow a change of direction,
usually a 90 degree or 45 degree angle.

COUPLING
A coupling connects two pipes to each other. There is no change in the direction of the two piper. If the size of the pipe is not the
same, the fitting may be called a REDUCING COUPLING or REDUCER, or an ADAPTER

UNION
A Combination pipe union and reducer fitting.
A union is similar to a coupling, except it is designed to allow quick and convenient Disconnection of pipes for maintenance or
fixture replacement.

NIPPLE
A nipple is a short stub of pipe, usually male Threaded steel, brass, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), or copper (occasionally
non threaded copper), which connects two other fittings. A nipple with Continuous uninterrupted threading is known as CLOSE
NIPPLE Nipples are commonly used with plumbing and hoses.

REDUCER
A reducer allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow requirements of the systern or adapt to existing piping of a
different size. Although reducers are usually CONCENTRIC, ECCENTRIC REDUCERS are used as needed to maintain the top or
bottom of pipe level.
 TEE
A tee, the most common pipe fitting, is used to combine (or divide) fluid flow. it is available with female thread sockets, solvent-
weld solvents. Tees can connect pipes of different diameters or change the direction of a pipe run, or both. Tees may be equal or
unequal in size of their three connections, with equal tees the most common.

CAPS
Caps, usually liquid or gas-tight, cover the otherwise open end of a pipe. A cap attaches to the exterior of a pipe, and may have a
solvent-weld socket end or a 'fernale threaded interior. The exterior of an industrial cap may be round, square, rectangle, U-or 1-
shaped or may have a handgrip.

VALVES
VALVES STOP (or regulate) the flow of liquids or gases. They are categorized by application, such as ISOLATION, THROTTLING and
NON-RETURN.

ISOLATION VALVES 4
They are used to temporarily disconnect part of a piping system, to allow maintenance or repair, for example, ISOLATION VALVES
are typically left in either a fully open or fully closed position.

THROTTLING

They are used to control the amount or pressure of a fluid allowed to pass through and are designed to withstand the stress and
wear out in this usage, they are often installed alongside isolation valves which can temporarily disconnect a failing throttling
valve from the rest of the system, so it can be refurbished or replaced

TRAPS & VENTS

All plumbing fixtures have traps in their drains, these traps are either internal or external to the fixtures. Traps are pipes which
curve down then back up, they 'trap' a small amount of water to create a water seal between the ambient air space and the inside
of the drain system. This prevents sewer gas from entering buildings.

Most water closets, bidets, and many urinals have the trap integral with the fixture itself. The visible water surface in a toilet Is the
top of the trap's water seal. Each fixture drain, with exceptions, must be vented so the negative air pressure in the drain Can not
siphon the trap dry, to prevent positive air pressure in the sewer from forcing gases Past the water seal, and to -prevent explosive
sewer gas build up.