___________________________________1.

Refer to norms that individuals or groups have about the

kinds of actions believed to be morally right or wrong, as well as the values placed on what we
believed to be morally good or morally bad.
___________________________________2. Refers to a situation in which a tough decision has to be
made between two or more options, especially more or less equally undesirable ones.
___________________________________3. Acts done either by man’s mental or bodily powers under the
command of the will.
___________________________________4. A kind of ignorance that ordinary and proper diligence cannot
dispel.
___________________________________5. That ignorance which, so to speak, accompanies an act that
would have been performed even if the ignorance did not exist.
___________________________________6. Refer to the bodily appetites or tendencies.
___________________________________7. The shrinking back of the mind from danger.
___________________________________8. The external force applied by a free cause (i.e., by a cause
with free will; by man for the purpose of compelling a person to perform an act which is against his
will.
___________________________________9. A lasting readiness and facility, born of frequently repeated
acts, for acting in a certain manner.
___________________________________10. An ignorance that can be dispelled by the use of ordinary
diligence.
___________________________________11. Refer to the lack of knowledge of the precise sanction (i.e.,
an inducement sufficient to make reasonable men obey the law) affixed to the law.
___________________________________12. The things that may affect human acts in the essential
qualities of knowledge, freedom, voluntariness, and so make them less perfectly human.
___________________________________13. Refer to the ignorance of the existence of a duty, rule, or
regulation.
___________________________________14. is present when there is some defect in the agent’s
knowledge, intention, or in both.
___________________________________15. Refer to the enjoyment of the will derives from the
attainment of the thing he had desired earlier.
___________________________________16. Commanded acts effected by bodily powers under
command of the will.
___________________________________17. An act which proceeds from the deliberate free will of man.
___________________________________18. Refer to cases involving network of institutions and
operative theoretical paradigms.
___________________________________19. Refer to standards by which w judge what is good or bad
and right or wrong in a non-moral way.
___________________________________20. Ethical approach which assumes that only matter exists and
man is responsible only to the State since there is no God who rules the universe.
___________________________________21. It explains the norms with which the moral significance of
the human act is determined.
___________________________________22. It involves examining specific controversial issues, such as
abortion, infanticide, animal rights, environmental concerns, homosexuality, capital punishment, or
nuclear war.
___________________________________23. It is concerned with the content of moral judgments and the
criteria for what is right or wrong.
___________________________________24. The practical science of the morality of human actions.
___________________________________25. Refer to ethical cases encountered and resolves by social
organization.
___________________________________26. Ethical approach which assumes that God is the Supreme
Lawgiver.
___________________________________27. The tendency of the will towards attainable but without
necessarily committing oneself to attain it.
___________________________________28. The selection of the will of those means effective enough to
carry out the intention.
___________________________________29. The command of the will to make use of those means
elected to carry out the intention.
___________________________________30. Commanded acts which are acts done by internal mental
powers under command of the will.
___________________________________31. This kind of voluntariness is present in a human act
performed, whether the agent likes or dislikes doing it.
___________________________________32. This kind of voluntariness is present in a human act of
omitting, refraining from doing.
___________________________________33. This kind of voluntariness is present in a human act done as
a result of (of in virtue) a formerly elicited actual intention, even if that intention be here and now
forgotten.
___________________________________34. This kind of voluntariness is present in a human act done in
harmony with, but not as result of, a formerly elicited and unrevoked actual intention.
___________________________________35. that voluntariness which, in the judgment of prudence and
common sense, would be actually present if opportunity or ability for it were given.
___________________________________36. The negation of knowledge.
___________________________________37. Refer to the ignorance of the nature or circumstances of an
act as forbidden.
___________________________________38. Ignorance which follows upon an act of the will.
___________________________________Ignorance which precedes all consent of the will.
___________________________________40. Ignorance that is present in a human act willed in itself.

___________________________________1. As practical science, ethics deals with a systemized body of

knowledge that is applicable to human action.
___________________________________2. As normative science, ethics sets a basis or norm for the
direction and regulation of human actions.
___________________________________All ethical theories and all moral decisions must have their basis
in the power of reason.
___________________________________4. Ethics is not concerned with acts of man, but only with
human acts.
___________________________________5. Vincible ignorance lessens the voluntariness of an act.
___________________________________6. Invincible ignorance in one way lessens and, in another way,
increases voluntariness.
___________________________________7. Vincible ignorance destroys the voluntariness of an act.
___________________________________8. Invincible ignorance does not destroy the voluntariness of an
act.
___________________________________9. Consequent concupiscence lessens the voluntariness of an
act.
___________________________________10. Elicited acts or those done by the ill alone are not subject to
violence and are therefore voluntary.
___________________________________11. An act done from fear, however great, is simply voluntary,
although it is regularly, also conditionally involuntary.
___________________________________12. Habit does not destroy voluntariness; and acts from habit
are always voluntary, at least in cause, as long as the habit is allowed to endure.
___________________________________13. Without will or consent, knowledge and freedom, there can
be no human act properly so called.
___________________________________14, Ethics and religion are both concerned with moral education.
___________________________________15. Special ethics is applied ethics.
___________________________________16. The end of agent is the end which the agent intends to
achieve by his act.
___________________________________17. The proximate end is that which the agent wishes to achieve
later on, and toward attainment of which he employs the present act as a means.
___________________________________18. An end, whether proximate or remote, is willed either for its
own sake or as a means to an end more remote.
___________________________________19. Ethics particularly deals with voluntary human conduct.
___________________________________20. According to Socrates, ethics is the investigation of life.

1. Approaches/Branches of Ethics
2. Divisions of Ethics
3. Ethical Approaches
4. Levels of Moral Dilemmas
5. Elicited acts according to Paul Glenn
6. Commanded Acts
7. Classification of Human Acts according to the relation of human acts to reason
8. Constituents of Human Acts
9. Modifies of Human Acts
10. Levels of Moral Dilemma

Make a brief discussion on the importance of studying Ethics.