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Precalculus Enhanced with Graphing Utilities 4th
Full chapter at:
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Chapter 2

Section 2.1
Functions and Their Graphs
12. True
1. ( −1, 3)
13. False; if the domain is not specified, we assume
it is the largest set of real numbers for which the
value of f is a real number.
2. 3 ( −2 ) − 5 ( −2 ) + 1 = 3 ( 4 ) − 5 ( −2 ) − 1
2
2
x −4
( −2 ) 2 14. False; the domain of f ( x ) = is
1 x
= 12 +10 − { x | x ≠ 0} .
2
43
= or 21 1

2 15. Function
2
Domain: {Elvis, Colleen, Kaleigh, Marissa}
3. We must not allow the denominator to be 0. Range: {Jan. 8, Mar. 15, Sept. 17}
x + 4 ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ −4 ; Domain: { x x ≠ −4} .
16. Not a function

4. 3 − 2x > 5 17. Not a function

−2x > 2
x < −1 18. Function

th th th
Domain: {Less than 9 grade, 9 -12 grade,
Solution set: { x | x < −1} or ( −∞, −1)

−1 0

5. independent; dependent

6. range

7. [0, 5]
We need the intersection of the intervals [ 0, 7 ]
and [ −2, 5] .

74 74
 High School Graduate, Some College, 20. Function
College Graduate} Domain: {–2, –1, 3, 4}
Range: {$18,120, $23,251, $36,055, $45,810, Range: {3, 5, 7, 12}
$67,165}
21. Function
19. Not a function Domain: {1, 2, 3, 4}
Range: {3}
−2 0 5 7
g 22. Function
5 7 Domain: {0, 1, 2, 3}
−2 0
Range: {–2, 3, 7}
f+g
−2 0 5 7 23. Not a function

8. ≠ ; f ( x ) ; g ( x ) 24. Not a function

9. g ( x ) − f ( x ) , or ( g − f )( x ) 25. Function
Domain: {–2, –1, 0, 1}
Range: {0, 1, 4}
10. False; every function is a relation, but not every
relation is a function. For example, the relation 26. Function
x 2 + y 2 = 1 is not a function. Domain: {–2, –1, 0, 1}
Range: {3, 4, 16}
11. True

75 75
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
and Their Graphs Chapter 2: Functions
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs

27. Graph y = x 2 . The graph passes the vertical line 34. x + y 2 = 1

test. Thus, the equation represents a function. Solve for y : y = ± 1 − x

For x = 0, y = ±1 . Thus, (0, 1) and (0, –1) are

on the graph. This is not a function, since a
distinct x corresponds to two different y 's.
35. Graph y = 2x 2 − 3x + 4 . The graph passes the

28. Graph y = x3 . The graph passes the vertical line vertical line test. Thus, the equation represents a

test. Thus, the equation represents a function. function.

1 3x −1
29. Graph y = . The graph passes the vertical line 36. Graph y = . The graph passes the vertical
x x+2

test. Thus, the equation represents a function. line test. Thus, the equation represents a
function.

30. Graph y = x . The graph passes the vertical line

test. Thus, the equation represents a function.
37. 2x 2 + 3y 2 = 1
Solve for y: 2x 2 + 3y 2 = 1
3y 2 = 1 − 2x 2
2
1 −2 x
y2 =
3
31. y 2 = 4 − x 2 1 − 2x 2
y=±

Solve for y : y = ± 4 − x 2 3

For x = 0, y = ±2 . Thus, (0, 2) and (0, –2) are 1 ⎛ 1⎞

For x = 0, y = ± . Thus, 0, and

⎜ ⎟
on the graph. This is not a function, since a 3 ⎝ 3⎠
distinct x corresponds to two different y 's.

⎛ 0, −

76 76
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
and Their Graphs Chapter 2: Functions
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs

1⎞ are on the graph. This is not a

⎜ ⎟
32. y = ± 1− 2x ⎝ 3⎠

For x = 0, y = ±1 . Thus, (0, 1) and (0, –1) are function, since a distinct x corresponds to two
on the graph. This is not a function, since a different y 's.
distinct x corresponds to two different y 's.

33. x = y 2
Solve for y : y = ± x

For x = 1, y = ±1 . Thus, (1, 1) and (1, –1) are on

the graph. This is not a function, since a distinct
x corresponds to two different y 's.

77 77
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
and Their Graphs Chapter 2: Functions
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs

38. x 2 − 4 y 2 = 1 e.
⎣ (
− f ( x ) = − ⎡ − 2x 2 + x −1 ⎤ = 2x 2 − x +1
⎦ )
Solve for y: x − 4 y = 12 2
2

f. f ( x +1) = − 2 ( x +1) + ( x +1) −1

4 y 2 = x 2 −1

y = 2
2
x −1 (
= − 2 x 2 + 2x +1 + x +1−1 )
4 = − 2x 2 − 4x − 2 + x
± x 2 −1 = − 2x 2 − 3x − 2
y=
f ( 2x ) = − 2 ( 2x ) + ( 2x ) −1 = −8x 2 + 2x −1
2 2
g.

For x = 2, y = ± . Thus, ⎛ 2, ⎞ and

1 1

⎜ ⎟
2 2 2
⎝ ⎠ h. f ( x + h ) = − 2(x + h) + ( x + h ) −1

⎛
2, −
1⎞
are on the graph. This is not a (
= − 2 x 2 + 2xh + h 2 + x + h −1 )
⎜ ⎟
2

⎝ ⎠
function, since a distinct x corresponds to two = − 2x 2 − 4xh − 2h 2 + x + h −1
different y 's.
x
f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 2x − 4 41. f ( x) =
39. x 2 +1

f (0) = 3( 0) + 2 ( 0) − 4 = − 4 0 0
2
a. a. f ( 0) = = =0

0 2 +1 1
f (1) = 3 (1) + 2 (1) − 4 = 3 + 2 − 4 = 1
2
b.

1 1
b. f (1) = =
c. f ( −1) = 3 ( −1) + 2 ( −1) − 4 = 3 − 2 − 4 = −3
2 12 +1 2

−1 −1 1
d. f ( −x ) = 3 ( −x ) + 2 ( −x ) − 4 = 3x 2 − 2x − 4
2 c. f ( −1) = = =−

( −1)2 +1 1 +1 2
e. (
− f ( x ) = − 3x 2 + 2x − 4 = −3x 2 − 2x + 4)
−x −x
d. f ( −x ) = =

78 78
⎝ ⎠
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
and Their Graphs Chapter 2: Functions
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs

f. f ( x +1) = 3 ( x + 1) + 2 ( x +1) − 4
2 ( −x )2 +1 x 2 +1

(
= 3 x 2 + 2x +1 + 2x + 2 − 4 ) e. − f ( x) = −
⎛ x ⎞
=
−x

⎜ ⎟
x 2 +1 x 2 +1
= 3x + 6x + 3 + 2x + 2 − 4
2

x +1
= 3x 2 + 8x +1 f. f ( x +1) =
( x +1)
2
+1
f ( 2x ) = 3 ( 2x ) + 2 ( 2x ) − 4 = 12x 2 + 4x − 4
2
g.

x +1
=
f ( x + h) = 3( x + h) + 2 ( x + h) − 4
2
h. x 2 + 2x +1 +1
( )
= 3 x 2 + 2xh + h 2 + 2x + 2h − 4 =
x +1
x 2 + 2x + 2
= 3x 2 + 6xh + 3h 2 + 2x + 2h − 4
2x 2x
g. f ( 2x ) = =
2 2
40. f ( x ) = − 2x 2 + x −1 ( 2x ) +1 4x +1

x +h x +h
a. f ( 0 ) = − 2 ( 0 ) + 0 −1 = −1
2
h. f ( x + h) = =

( x + h )2 +1 x 2 + 2xh + h 2 +1
f (1) = − 2 (1) +1−1 = − 2
2
b.
x 2 −1
42. f ( x) =
f ( −1) = − 2 ( −1) + ( −1) −1 = − 4
2
c. x+4

d. f ( −x ) = − 2 ( −x ) + ( −x ) −1 = − 2x 2 − x −1
2 0 2 −1 −1 1

a. f ( 0) = = =−
0+4 4 4

79 79
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
and Their Graphs Chapter 2: Functions
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs

b. f (1) =
2
1 −1
=
0
=0
e. − f ( x) = − ( )
x 2 + x = − x2 + x
1+ 4 5

f ( x +1) = ( x +1) + ( x +1)

2
(= −1)= f.
2
−1
0
= x 2 + 2x +1+ x +1
c. f ( −1) = = =0
−1+ 4 3

2
−x −1 2
− 2

( ) x 1 = x + 3x + 2
d. f ( −x ) = =

−x + 4 −x + 4
g. f ( 2x ) = ( 2x )2 + 2x = 4x 2 + 2x
⎛ x −1 ⎞
2
1− x 2

e. − f ( x) = − ⎜ ⎟ = x+4
x + 4 h. f ( x + h) = ( x + h )2 + ( x + h )
⎝ ⎠

(x +1)=2 −1 x 2 +2 x +1 −1 = x 2 + 2xh + h 2 + x + h
f. f ( x +1) = =

( x +1) + 4 x+5
2 x +1
x 2 +2 x 45. f ( x) =
= 3x − 5
x+5 2 ( 0 ) +1 0 +1 1

2x
2
−1 4 x 2 −1 a. f ( 0) = = =−
3 0 −5 0−5 5
( ) ( )
g. f ( 2x ) = =
2x + 4 2x + 4
2 (1) +1 2 +1 3 3
( x +h ) 2 −1 x 2 +=2xh +h 2 −1 b. f (1) = = = =−
h. f ( x + h) = = x+h+4 3 (1) − 5 3−5 −2 2
( x + h) + 4
2 ( −1)+1 −2 +1 −1 1
c. f ( −1) = = = =
43. f ( x) = x + 4 3 ( −1) − 5 −3 − 5 −8 8

f (0) = 0 + 4 = 0 + 4 = 4 2 ( −x )+1 −2 x +1 2 x −1
a. d. f ( −x ) = = =

3 (⎝−x ) − 5⎠ −3x − 5 3x + 5
b. f (1) = 1 + 4 = 1 + 4 = 5

80 80
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
and Their Graphs Chapter 2: Functions
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs

⎛ 2 x +1 ⎞ −2 x −1
c. f ( −1) = −1 + 4 = 1+ 4 = 5 e. − f ( x) = − =

⎜ 3x − 5 ⎟ 3x − 5
d. f ( −x ) = − x + 4 = x + 4

2 (x +1)+1 2 x +2 +1 2 x +3
f. f ( x +1) = = =
e. − f ( x) = − ( x + 4) = − x − 4 3 ( x +1) − 5 3x + 3 − 5 3x − 2

2 ( 2 x )+1 4 x +1
f. f ( x +1) = x +1 + 4 g. f ( 2x ) = =
3 ( 2x ) − 5 6x − 5
g. f ( 2x ) = 2x + 4 = 2 x + 4
2 ( x + h ) +1 2x + 2h +1
h. f ( x + h) = x + h + 4 h. f ( x + h) = =
3( x + h) − 5 3x + 3h − 5

44. f ( x ) = x2 + x 1
46. f ( x ) = 1− 2

a. f ( 0 ) = 02 + 0 = 0 = 0
( x + 2)
1 1 3
f 0 =1− = 1− =
b. f (1) = 12 +1 = 2 a. ( )
(0 + 2)
2
4 4

c. f ( −1) = ( −1)2 + ( −1) = 1−1 = 0 = 0 1 1 8

b. f (1) = 1− = 1− =

(1+ 2 )2 9 9
f ( −x ) = ( −x ) + ( −x ) = x − x
2 2
d.

81 81
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
and Their Graphs Chapter 2: Functions
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs

1 1 x −2
c. f ( −1) = 1− = 1− = 0 53. F (x) =

( −1+ 2 ) x3 + x
2
1
x +x≠0
3

1 1
d. f ( −x ) = 1− = 1− x(x 2 +1) ≠ 0

( −x + 2 ) (2 − x)
2 2

x ≠ 0, x 2 ≠ −1

⎛ ⎞
1 1 Domain: {x x ≠ 0}
e. − f ( x ) = − ⎜ 1− ⎟= −1

⎜ ( x + 2 )2 ⎟ ( x + 2 )
2

⎝ ⎠
x +4
1 1 54. G(x) =
f. f ( x +1) = 1− = 1− x3 − 4x

( x +1+ 2 )2 ( x + 3)2 x 3 − 4x ≠ 0
2
1 1 x(x − 4) ≠ 0
g. f ( 2x ) = 1− = 1−

( 2x + 2 )2 4 ( x +1)
2
x ≠ 0, x2 ≠ 4
x ≠ 0, x ≠ ±2
1
h. f ( x + h ) = 1−

( x + h + 2 )2 Domain: {x x ≠ 0, x ≠ 2, x ≠ − 2}

47. f (x) = −5x + 4 55. h(x) = 3x −12

Domain: { x x is any real number} 3x −12 ≥ 0

3x ≥ 12
x≥4
48. f (x) = x 2 + 2
Domain: { x x is any real number}
Domain: {x x ≥ 4}

x 56. G(x) = 1− x
49. f (x) =
1− x ≥ 0
x 2 +1

Domain: { x x is any real number}

x2

82 82
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
and Their Graphs Chapter 2: Functions
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs

− −1
x x ≤1
≥
Domain: {x x ≤ 1}
50. f (x) =
x 2 +1
Domain: { x x is any real number} 57. f (x) =
4
x −9
x x −9 > 0
51. g(x) = x>9
x 2 −16
x −16 ≠ 0
2 Domain: {x x > 9}

x 2 ≠ 16 ⇒ x ≠ ±4
x
Domain: {x x ≠ − 4, x ≠ 4} f (x) =
58.
x−4
x−4 > 0
2x
52. h(x) = x>4
x2 − 4 Domain: {x x > 4}
x2 − 4 ≠ 0
x 2 ≠ 4 ⇒ x ≠ ±2
Domain: {x x ≠ − 2, x ≠ 2}

83 83
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
and Their Graphs Chapter 2: Functions
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs

2 2 c. ( f ⋅ g)(x) = (2x +1)(3x − 2)

59. p(x) = =

x −1 x −1 = 6x 2 − 4x + 3x − 2
x −1 > 0 = 6x 2 − x − 2
x >1 The domain is { x x is any real number} .

Domain: {x x > 1}
⎛f⎞ 2 x +1
d. ⎜ ⎟ (x) =
60. q(x) = −x − 2 ⎝g⎠ 3x − 2
−x − 2 ≥ 0 3x − 2 ≠ 0

−x ≥ 2 2
3x ≠ 2 ⇒ x ≠
x ≤ −2 3
Domain: {x x ≤ − 2} The domain is
⎧
x x≠
2⎫
.

⎨ ⎬
3
⎩ ⎭
61. f (x) = 3x + 4 g(x) = 2x − 3
63. f (x) = x −1 g(x) = 2x 2

a. ( f + g)(x) = 3x + 4 + 2x − 3 = 5x +1
a. ( f + g)(x) = x −1+ 2x 2 = 2x 2 + x −1
The domain is { x x is any real number} .

The domain is { x x is any real number} .

b. ( f − g)(x) = (3x + 4) − (2x − 3)
= 3x + 4 − 2x + 3 b. ( f − g)(x) = (x −1) − (2x 2 )
= x+7 = x −1− 2x 2
The domain is { x x is any real number} . = − 2x 2 + x −1

c. ( f ⋅ g)(x) = (3x + 4)(2x − 3) The domain is { x x is any real number} .

= 6x 2 − 9x + 8x −12 c. ( f ⋅ g)(x) = (x −1)(2x 2 ) = 2x3 − 2x 2

= 6x − x −12
2
The domain is { x x is any real number} .
The domain is { x x is any real number} .
⎛f⎞ x −1
d. (x) =
⎛f⎞ 3x +4 ⎜ ⎟
d. (x) = g 2x 2

⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
⎝g⎠ 2x − 3
The domain is { x x ≠ 0} .
3 T e
2x − 3 ≠ 0 ⇒ 2x ≠ 3 ⇒ x ≠ d
2 h

84 84
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
and Their Graphs Chapter 2: Functions
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs

⎧ 3⎫
omain is x x≠ .
64. f (x) = 2x 2 + 3 g(x) = 4x3 +1
2 3
⎨ ⎬ a. ( f + g)(x) = 2x + 3 + 4x +1
2

⎩ ⎭ = 4x 3 + 2x 2 + 4
62. f (x) = 2x +1 The domain is { x x is any real number} .
g(x) = 3x − 2

a. ( f + g)(x) = 2x +1+ 3x − 2 = 5x −1
The domain is { x x is any real number} .
b. ( ) (
( f − g)(x) = 2x 2 + 3 − 4x 3 +1 )
= 2x 2 + 3 − 4x3 −1
b. ( f − g)(x) = (2x +1) − (3x − 2)
= − 4x 3 + 2x 2 + 2
= 2x +1− 3x + 2
= −x + 3 The domain is { x x is any real number} .
The domain is { x x is any real number} . c. ( )(
( f ⋅ g)(x) = 2x 2 + 3 4x 3 +1 )
= 8x5 +12x3 + 2x 2 + 3
The domain is { x x is any real number} .

85 85
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
and Their Graphs Chapter 2: Functions
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs

⎛f ⎞ 2x 2 + 3 1 1

d. ⎜ ⎟ (x) = 3 67. f (x) = 1+ g(x) =

4x +1 x x
⎝g⎠
4x 3 +1 ≠ 0

1 1 2
a. ( f + g)(x) = 1+ + = 1+
4x3 ≠ −1 x x x
3 The domain is { x x ≠ 0} .
x3 ≠ − ⇒ x ≠ 3 − = −
1 1 2
1 1
4 4 2 b. ( f − g)(x) = 1+ − =1

⎧⎪ 3 ⎫
2⎪ x x
The domain is ⎨ x x ≠ − ⎬. The domain is { x x ≠ 0} .
⎪⎩ 2 ⎪⎭
⎛ 1⎞1 1 1
( f ⋅ g)(x) = 1+ = +
65. f (x) = x g(x) = 3x − 5 c. ⎜ x ⎟ x x x2

⎝ ⎠
a. ( f + g)(x) = x + 3x − 5 The domain is { x x ≠ 0} .

The domain is { x x ≥ 0} . 1 x +1

⎛f⎞ 1+ x +1 x
x x

b. ( f − g)(x) = x − (3x − 5) = x − 3x + 5 d. ⎜ ⎟ (x) = = = ⋅ = x +1

⎝g⎠ 1 1 x 1
The domain is { x x ≥ 0} . x x

The domain is { x x ≠ 0} .
c. ( f ⋅ g)(x) = x (3x − 5) = 3x x − 5 x

The domain is { x x ≥ 0} .
68. f (x) = x − 2 g(x) = 4 − x

⎛f⎞ x
d. (x) = a. ( f + g)(x) = x − 2 + 4 − x

⎜g⎟
⎝ ⎠ 3x − 5
x − 2 ≥ 0 and 4 − x ≥ 0
x ≥ 0 and 3x − 5 ≠ 0 x ≥ 2 and − x ≥ −4
5 x≤4
3x ≠ 5 ⇒ x ≠

86 86
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
and Their Graphs Chapter 2: Functions
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs

The domain is
⎧
x x ≥ 0 and x ≠
5⎫
. The domain is { x 2 ≤ x ≤ 4} .

⎨ ⎬
3
⎩ ⎭ b. ( f − g)(x) = x − 2 − 4 − x

x − 2 ≥ 0 and 4 − x ≥ 0
66. f (x) = x g(x) = x x ≥ 2 and − x ≥ −4

a. ( f + g)(x) = x + x x≤4

The domain is { x x is any real number} . The domain is { x 2 ≤ x ≤ 4} .

b. ( f − g)(x) = x − x c. ( f ⋅ g)(x) = ( x−2 )( 4− x )

The domain is { x x is any real number} . = −x 2 + 6x − 8

x − 2 ≥ 0 and 4 − x ≥ 0
c. ( f ⋅ g)(x) = x ⋅ x

x ≥ 2 and − x ≥ −4
The domain is { x x is any real number} .
x≤4

⎛ f ⎞ x The domain is { x 2 ≤ x ≤ 4} .
d. ⎜ ⎟ (x) =
⎝g⎠ x

The domain is { x x ≠ 0} .

87 87
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
and Their Graphs Chapter 2: Functions
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs

⎛f⎞ x −2 2 x +3
d. (x) =

⎜ ⎟ ⎛f⎞ 2 x +3 3x −2 2 x +3
g 4− x d. x = 3x −2 = ⋅ =

⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟( )
g 4x 3x − 2 4x 4x
x − 2 ≥ 0 and 4 − x > 0
⎝ ⎠ 3x − 2

x ≥ 2 and − x > −4 3x − 2 ≠ 0 and x≠0

x<4 3x ≠ 2

The domain is { x 2 ≤ x < 4} . 2

x≠
3
2 x +3 4x ⎧ ⎫
69. f (x) = g(x) = 2

3x − 2 3x − 2 The domain is ⎨ x x ≠ and x ≠ 0 ⎬ .

⎩ 3 ⎭
2 x +3 4x
a. ( f + g)(x) = +

3x − 2 3x − 2 f (x) = x +1
2
70. g(x) =
2 x +3 +4 x
= x
3x − 2
2
6 x +3 a. ( f + g)(x) = x +1 +
= x
3x − 2 x +1 ≥ 0 and x≠0
3x − 2 ≠ 0 x ≥ −1

3x ≠ 2 ⇒ x ≠ 2 The domain is { x x ≥ −1, and x ≠ 0} .

3

The domain is x x ≠ 2 . { } 2

3 b. ( f − g)(x) = x +1 −
x
2 x +3 4x x +1 ≥ 0 and x≠0
b. ( f − g)(x) = −
3x − 2 3x − 2 x ≥ −1

2 x +3 −4 x
= The domain is { x x ≥ −1, and x ≠ 0} .
3x − 2

−2 x +3 2 2 x +1
= c. ( f ⋅ g)(x) = x +1 ⋅ =
3x − 2 x x

88 88
Another random document with
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Kungrad channel eastwards to the Taldik channel and thence to the
Yani Su which, at present, is receiving the main discharge. In former
times a far greater deviation took place. No less than twice during its
history has the Oxus oscillated between the Caspian and the Aral
seas. In the time of Strabo it was a sort of eastern continuation of
the Kura route from Georgia across the Caspian and the Kara Kum to
Charjui. Its course across the desert is indicated by the Igdy and
other wells dotted over the plains in a line with its former bed, which
reached the Caspian in the depression between the Great and Little
Balkan hills. Later on Edrisi found the Oxus flowing into the Aral. But
in the fourteenth century it was flowing into the Caspian—this time
along the Uzboi channel. The bed ran from near Nukus westwards to
the Sara Kamish Steppe and thence southwards to the Igdy wells,
along the original course between the Balkans to the Caspian, close
to Mikhailovsk.
The navigation of the Oxus has been the subject of constant
inquiry from the time when, in 1875, the steamer Petrovski, drawing
3½ feet of water, picked a passage for itself as far as Nukus. Three
years later another steamer, the Samarkand, with a draught of 3 feet
and of 24 horsepower, made the journey from Petro Alexandrovsk to
Kelif. Between 1878 and 1880 further attempts were made to
demonstrate the navigability of this waterway; but between 1880
and 1887 there was so much conflict of opinion that matters scarcely
advanced beyond the experimental stage. At that date the increasing
importance of the interests of Russia along the Afghan border made
evident the advisability of improving all possible lines of
communication with it. With this end in view, the Russian
Government equipped a small fleet of steamers for river service and
the navigation of the Oxus to-day is controlled by these vessels,
which are described as the Government Amu Daria Flotilla. Between
Patta Hissar on the middle reaches and Khiva, Petro Alexandrovsk
and Kungrad on the lower reaches, these craft conduct a regular
shipping business, Farab and Charjui acting as the central depôt to
the service—Farab holding the headquarters of the company and
Charjui being the principal anchorage.
 From Patta Hissar to Charjui the journey occupies between seven
and ten days, dependent upon the size of the steamer and the
character of the voyage. Sand banks are a perpetual menace to
rapid navigation, and the length of time varies according to the
immunity of the undertaking from mishap. From Charjui to Kungrad
the same amount of time is usually required.
The ports of call between Patta Hissar and Charjui are:
Patta Hissar
Shur Ob
Kuyu-Shur Ob
Chushka Gisar
Kuyu Kara-Mazar
Kelif
Charshangu
Ak Kum
Makri
Kundalem
Jishak
Karki
Bashir
Polvart
Burdalik
Narazim
Sakar Bazar
Charjui

Below Charjui the stations to Petro Alexandrovsk are:

Kavakli
Gugerdjeili
Ak Rabat
Sartarask
Uch Uchak
Itchkeyar
Meshekli
Pitniak
and Petro Alexandrovsk.

The boats are of old construction and only number five in all.
They are supplemented by a fleet of barges of large and small
capacity, the larger class carrying 12,000 poods, the smaller, of
which there are two divisions, carrying 5000 poods and 3000 poods
each.
The two principal steamers, respectively the Tsar and Tsaritsa,
were the first to be launched and date back to 1887. The three
others, which are slower, smaller and more akin to river tugs than
passenger craft, are the Samarkand, Bokhara and Kabul. Their cost
was borne by the Government and ran into several thousand pounds
apiece. All the vessels are paddle-boats and flat-bottomed. The two
larger ships are supposed to be able to make sixteen knots per hour;
their length is 150 feet, with 23 feet beam and engines of 500
horse-power.
Their draught, when laden, is rather less than 3 feet, while they
carry a crew of thirty hands and possess accommodation for 300
men and 20 officers. They take any class of cargo and passengers
and are also utilised for towing the freight barges of the military
authorities up-stream to the frontier stations at Karki, Kelif, Patta
Hissar and Termes. Navigation between Patta Hissar and Charjui
continues throughout the year unless prevented by the freezing of
the river; between Charjui and Kungrad the continuity of the down
river service is dependent upon the sand banks, their sudden
appearance and constant change of position quite upsetting the
ordinary schedule.
From April 1 to October 1, the steamers leave Charjui twice a
week—on Wednesdays for Karki and on Sundays for Patta Hissar.
During the remainder of the year they leave once a week, on
Sundays, for Patta Hissar. On the journey from Patta Hissar to Karki,
during the summer, steamers leave on Saturdays and in the winter
months on Thursdays; for the journey from Karki to Patta Hissar
steamers leave in the summer months on Wednesdays and in the
winter months on Fridays. From Patta Hissar to Charjui steamers run
every Friday and Sunday in summer and during the winter on
Sundays.
 In general, navigation on the lower Oxus is difficult. Above
Charjui the swiftness of the current, which averages 5 miles and, in
some places, even 6 miles an hour, impedes the up-stream progress
of any but the more powerful boats. Unfortunately, the narrowness
of the channel above Charjui and its extreme tortuousness makes
the employment of steamers of a class that would be really
serviceable against so strong a current quite unsuitable. Again, the
constant shifting of the proper channel in the lower reaches, the
liability of the river to sudden rises between April and August and
the irregular falls between August and October—sometimes making
within a few hours a difference of 8 feet in the level of the stream—
create a further obstacle against the successful organisation of a
purely commercial service. The difficulty is much greater down-
stream where obstructions to navigation, owing to the diminution of
the current as the surface of the stream increases, are more
frequent.
In this respect it is interesting to study the fall of the river from
Kelif to Charjui, and from that point to the mouth. [9]According to the
Russian reckoning, between these two points, a distance of 200
miles, there is a fall of 220 feet, the altitude of the several stations
along the bank being:
Kelif, 730 feet.
Karki, 640 feet.
Burdalik, 580 feet.
Narazim, 545 feet.
Charjui, 510 feet.
 petro alexandrovsk

From Charjui to the mouth of the river there is a fall of only 167
feet in a distance of 500 miles. If the fall in the river between Patta
Hissar and Charjui be compared with the width of the stream, the
difficulty presented to navigation through the current will be
understood. There is a breadth at Kelif of 540 yards which increases
to 650 yards at Charjui during the normal flow of the river; but for a
considerable distance from the bank the stream is shallow,
possessing a bare depth of 3 feet with an average of 10 feet in the
centre. At the time of flood these dimensions become greatly
increased and the Oxus from Farab to its mouth is an imposing
spectacle. In places it is fully a mile in width and a very general
measurement is 1000 mètres. The flood channel is usually three-
fourths wider than the ordinary stream; in the extremely broad
places the average strength of the current per hour is 4 miles, falling
as low as 2½ miles per hour when the flood has subsided. The
water passing down is in the desert stretches of a yellow hue. In
those portions where rocks take the place of sand it shows a grey
tone, imparted by the masses of granite, sand and mica which are
held in suspension. In spite of its curious colouring the water is used
extensively for drinking purposes without apparent ill-effect. In taste
it is slightly saline, but it does not possess a sufficient quantity of
salt to prevent freezing. The temperature of the river in mid-summer
is 73°. In winter the stream above Kunduz freezes regularly, the
frozen surface becoming a passage-way between the banks. Below
Khiva a similar physical condition prevails, caravans crossing the ice
without risk. At Charjui the river freezes over from bank to bank, but
it is only at rare seasons that the ice is of sufficient solidarity to
support general traffic. At Karki the surface of the river coats over,
but the ice itself is unsubstantial; at Kelif, where numerous floes
appear in the stream, the force of the current is sufficient to prevent
any general formation of ice.

native church at khiva

The banks of the river about Kelif, for a distance of 50 miles

above the ferry and particularly on the right bank, reveal
considerable agricultural activity. Further along the left bank of the
lower Oxus there is a zone, 5 miles in width, in which cultivation has
been extensively practised. Wheat and barley, the spreading willow
and the luscious mulberry-tree grow in profusion, imparting to the
scene an appearance of prosperity in odd contrast with the dreary
expanses distinguishing so much of the country through which the
river courses. Irrigation is widely employed; water is drawn from the
Oxus in long canals, the heads of which are constantly being
destroyed by flood and renewed again as rapidly. The scene in these
attenuated strips of cultivation is bright and there is a happy note of
industry and peace. Small villages, the houses neatly built of stone,
stand scattered about the landscape; single, substantial and very
comfortable-looking homesteads are numerous. Where cultivation
ceases, too, there is usually a narrow tract of jungle between the
reeds of the river-bed and the edge of the desert, where admirable
cover exists for wild animals and birds.
The passage of the stream by the steamers of the Oxus flotilla is
made only during daylight. From Charjui, where there are excellent
facilities, the hour of departure is eight o’clock. If overtaken by
darkness between the stages the vessels tie up to the bank,
resuming the journey at dawn. In calm weather an average daily
passage is 50 miles, although down stream a better run is generally
recorded. In the event of arriving in advance of the scheduled time,
the hour of departure is left to the discretion of the captain. Regular
halts are arranged at Patta Hissar, where the steamers stay four
hours, and at Karki where, on the voyage to Patta Hissar, four hours
are also spent. This interval is reduced to two hours on the return
journey and also at Charjui; but elsewhere it is a matter of
uncertainty, the duration of the stop merely being governed by the
time occupied in loading and unloading the barges. Steamers, as a
rule, start punctually, particularly at Charjui, the vessels leaving their
moorings according to Askhabad time. This is the standard on the
Central Asian railway.
 temple on the banks of the oxus

The custom of granting passages at reduced rates to all and

sundry associated with the Government, observed throughout the
railway systems of Russia, is adopted on the steamers of the Oxus
flotilla. There are three classes of tariffs and two standards of
accommodation:
(1) Officers and doctors travelling on duty;
(2) Children between the ages of five and ten years;
(3) Non-commissioned officers, soldiers, emigrants with families
and prisoners.
These are all carried at a reduction of 50 per cent. Soldiers are
compelled to show a warrant attested by the authority for the
transport of troops by water; emigrants a permit signed by the local
civil authority and the guard in charge of prisoners an order from the
local police bureau, before being supplied with tickets. All
passengers are entitled to one pood of baggage, free of charge; but
for the unloading and reloading of baggage or of cargo, passengers
must pay at the rate of one and a half kopecks per pood; for the hire
of boats for the transportation of such baggage to the steamer or
from the steamer to the shore at the rate of one kopeck per pood.
Animals of a domestic description, such as sheep, camels, horses,
cattle and dogs, bales of merchandise and timber are carried by
special arrangement and under a special tariff. This can be supplied
on demand at the chief bureau of the flotilla at Charjui and Farab, at
the principal goods office of the company at Karki, by the captains of
steamers and the mates of barges. Steamers are permitted to tow
private vessels of any description at the rate of half a kopeck per ton
of their displacement in addition to whatever other charges may be
contracted.
The accommodation is divided between the first and third classes,
the cabins being at the disposal of the first-class passengers.
Restrictions are not placed on the movements of native passengers
who, if they dared to pay for a cabin, would be permitted to berth in
the first saloon. Meals are supplied on board by arrangement with
the purser; but, while there is no material difficulty attaching to the
journey up and down the river, permission to travel by these
steamers is very rarely accorded to foreigners.
For the better comprehension of the terms which have been
mentioned the following table is given.
1 ton = 62 poods
1 pood = 36 lbs.
1 rouble = 2 shillings
100 kopecks = 1 rouble

In addition to the steamers of the flotilla there are 380 native-

owned craft engaged in trading along the lower and middle reaches
of the stream. These vessels conduct a very flourishing trade in
various native commodities—fruit, vegetables, wood, live stock,
cotton goods and such minor manufactures as may be required
among the native villages. The boats used in this traffic are of rough
native workmanship, capacious and damp, but in their way
serviceable enough.
Their dimensions are:
Length. Beam. Depth.
50 feet 18 feet 4 feet

Photo, Olufsen

the shrine of hazrat ali

Each boat can accommodate 150 passengers, twenty mounted

men, and stow twenty tons of cargo—an estimate which strains their
capacity to its utmost limit. In design these craft, flat-bottomed, with
a draught of 18 inches and 2½ feet of gunwale above the water, are
constructed of square logs of willow or mulberry, 6 feet in length,
peeled, clipped into shape and clamped together with iron pins. The
craft trade principally on the lower reaches of the river although
there is nothing to prevent them, save the difficulty of the task, from
venturing further up-stream. In this respect a few of the better class
do manage to reach Patta Hissar, whence large floats of timber are
despatched to Charjui. The existence of this trade at Patta Hissar is
characteristic of the middle reaches of the stream, where white
poplar, willows and mulberry trees grow in profusion. The presence
of the timber encourages native shipping to tie up to the trees, the
several little colonies of vessels thus laid up imparting to the
appearance of the river an amount of life and animation not always
borne out by actual traffic.

village on the middle oxus

The contrivances used by ferries on the Oxus are in a measure

identical with those which may be noticed on the Murghab and along
the Helmund. Neither rafts nor inflated skins are in any favour on
the lower reaches, although skins are employed by natives in the
region of the Upper Oxus, this method constituting the sole means
by which a passage of the river is effected. On the middle and lower
reaches there are rough boats, similar in design to the trading craft
but somewhat smaller in dimension. Rafts are requisitioned only for
the transportation of firewood.
Above Charjui, as far as a little east of the mouth of the Kunduz
river, a distance of nearly 300 miles, there are fifteen ferries, four of
which have been abandoned. Below Charjui, from that point as far
as Petro Alexandrovsk, there are nine. The following are the stations
between Kunduz and Charjui:
 Fords.

Sharwani
Takhb-i-Kuva

Ferries.

Karawal Tepe
Kakul Gusar
Kanda Gusar
Khisht Tepe
Mouth of Surkhab river
Mouth of Kafirnahan river
Kara’_Kaldar
Patta Hissar
Chushka Gisar
Kelif
Khwaja Sala
Karki
Burdalik
Narazim
Charjui.

Between Charjui and Petro Alexandrovsk they are:

Charjui
Ustik
Ili-jik
Kavakli
Guzhari Tozakar
Khandek-li
Sumpana Bi Baba
Kheradj
Petro Alexandrovsk.

These ferries are provided with two boats, stationed one on either
side of the river. The passage is accomplished by punting or through
the services of small horses trained to tow the boat while swimming
and attached by means of a surcingle to an outrigger which projects
beyond the gunwale. Native shipping relies principally on man-
haulage up stream, supplemented by constant poling; down stream
the boats drift with the current.
 It is characteristic of a large portion of the river that the stream
flows within double banks. The inner one is the line of the water at
ordinary seasons, while the outer one is the limit of the river in
flood. The distance between the banks is as much as two miles in
many places and the zone thus formed is laid out in fields and
gardens. Moreover, it rarely happens that this interior space is
altogether inundated and a portion, therefore, is cultivated
permanently. Elsewhere the area available for development is
measured by the flood season. Where these intra-spaces occur
considerable length is added to the ferry passage. Sometimes the
river forms a series of separate channels until its waters have united
beyond the interruption. Such a point is met with at Khwaja Sala,
where in certain seasons the stream is divided into three branches,
the width of each channel being 295 yards, 113 yards and 415
yards. The average depth there is 9 feet. At Kelif, 33 miles up
stream, on the other hand, these double banks do not appear, the
river flowing in a single and very narrow bed. The Kelif ferry is of
interest as a link in the affairs of Central Asia. It was the point where
Alexander crossed the Oxus in b.c. 330; while, to-day, it is one of the
most important Customs stations on the Russo-Afghan border. At
every ferry station small posts of observation, formed of Bokharan
levies, have been established. During the prevalence of plague in
India and cholera in Afghanistan and Persia orders were issued
which closed all ferries against the passage of caravans and
travellers. Only at Charjui and Karki was traffic permitted. Lately
there has been some relaxation in the execution of these
regulations; but a number of the minor ferries are still barred against
any description of communication from Afghanistan, India and
Persia.
The river does not continue for many miles in the turbulent spirit
that distinguishes its appearance at Kelif; at Karki, a few miles to the
west, on account of a second channel there is greater width. At
Charjui the ferry is nearly 700 yards across at low water, with several
branches formed by sand banks. At the time of flood this distance
becomes double with a depth of 30 feet in mid-stream; the further
dimensions of the river down stream corresponding in proportion
with the level of the banks.

[7] “Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus.” G. N. Curzon.

[8] “Through the Unknown Pamirs.” O. Olufsen.
[9] “Russian Central Asia.” H. Lansdell.
 CHAPTER V

THE MURGHAB VALLEY RAILWAY

The Russian Government has shown
remarkable energy during the past few
years in improving its railway
communications in Central Asian
regions. After the Trans-Caspian line
had been finished from the Caspian
Sea to Samarkand there was a lull in
construction, but presently an
extension was carried on to Tashkent
and thence to Andijan. By creating
railway communication with Merv,
Russia met half-way the difficulties of
her station in Trans-Caspia. In the
event of any military crisis arising with
street scene, andijan Afghanistan 300 versts of difficult
country yet remained to be crossed
before concentration upon that frontier could be effected. At a later
date, a branch was run from Merv to Pendjeh, by which this hiatus
was at once repaired and Russia secured to herself a position of
commanding importance across the road to Herat.
Surveys, carried out in the year 1894 in two directions, from the
station of Tejend and from Merv, demonstrated that the Merv-
Murghab route did not present any technical difficulties. Shorter than
the Tejend line by 65 versts and more level, it traversed the well-
populated Merv, Yulatan and Pendjeh oases. Water was also
plentiful. On the other hand the line from Tejend crossed very
difficult country; while it doubled the distance, necessitating 700,000
cubic sagenes’ additional excavation. Perhaps a more emphatic
objection arose from the inadequacy of water between Tejend and
Sarakhs, supplies in the Tejend district drying up between
September and January. As a consequence the line was constructed
from Merv to Kushkinski Post, on the Afghan frontier, through the
valleys of the Murghab and Kushk rivers, just over 293 versts or 192
miles in length, with a terminal depôt only 80 miles distant from
Herat. From motives of economy one station was allowed to every
50 versts, with sidings half-way between them; only two engine
sheds and workshops were provided, while all other buildings were
limited and none but the cheapest materials employed. Bridges were
made of wood instead of stone, the rolling-stock sufficing for four
trains in the twenty-four hours. Railway and military telegraph wires
were fixed to the same posts and it was not intended to ballast the
permanent way. Construction was reduced by these precautions to
8,408,000 roubles. After revision by a commission of the General
Staff this sum was increased by the cost of ballasting the permanent
way, 329,000 roubles; the total expenditure upon the work finally
amounting to 9,669,000 roubles or 33,000 roubles per verst.
Imperial ukase authorised construction on August 26, 1896,
actual work beginning on April 27, 1897.
Colonel Ulyanin, of the Corps of Engineers, was appointed Chief
Constructor and the overseers were also engineer officers, the
majority of whom had already taken part in the laying of the
Krasnovodsk-Merv section of the Trans-Caspian railway. The
workmen consisted of Russians, Persians, Bokharans, Sarts from the
province of Samarkand, Ersaris and Afghans from Maimana, the daily
roll averaging between 3500 and 5000. Of this number from 27 per
cent. to 45 per cent. were Russians, who were paid from eighty-nine
kopecks to one rouble eighty kopecks per day. Native workmen
received no more than eighty kopecks daily; several hundred of
them worked for a monthly salary of between fifteen and seventeen
roubles. The prevalence of malaria in the Kushk and Murghab valleys
interrupted the building and hundreds of instances of labourers
breaking their contracts occurred, the authorities being obliged to
repair the shortage by enlisting inexperienced men. In spite of this
difficulty work upon the permanent way was completed in November
1898, and the task of laying the rails, which began on November 15,
1897, was finished on December 4, 1898. Rails were laid at a rate
varying between 1 and 2½ versts per day, the job being carried out
by the newly formed companies of the Railway Battalion. The cost
per verst fluctuated from 350 to 450 roubles. The difference existing
between the gauge of this railway and the standard of the Russian
railways has since been altered. At first the line was of narrow gauge
with rails weighing 18 lbs. to the cubic foot, metals of a heavier type
only being laid for a distance of forty versts. The service of trains
from Merv to Kushkinski was opened on December 4, 1898. At the
present time, it comprises four daily local trains and two bi-weekly
expresses, “through” trains, which complete the journey in eighteen
hours at a speed of 11 miles an hour.
Upon completion and after inspection by a commission, control of
the Murghab valley line reverted to the Minister of Ways and
Communications by whom the original narrow gauge was adapted to
the broad gauge of the Russian system. Various other alterations
and improvements in the siding and hutting accommodation were
also carried out. In 1901-02 branch lines to Chahil Dukteran and
Tanur Sangi, skirting the left bank of the Murghab and passing
Maruchak on the Afghan bank, were constructed. It is now proposed
to double the entire track between Merv and Kushkinski Post, these
highly significant changes making the railway available for any
service the military authorities might impose upon it. The line itself is
veiled in such close secrecy by the Russian authorities that peculiar
interest attaches to any particulars upon it, and these notes,
presented for the first time to the public, convey an accurate and not
unimportant description of its character, from the junction at Merv to
the terminus at Chahil Dukteran.
 a notable gathering

From Merv station, 118.01 sagenes above sea-level, the railway

runs at first in a south-easterly direction, passing due south and
south-west along the valleys of the Murghab and Kushk rivers. The
first station beyond Merv is Talkhatan Baba, some 37 versts distant
at an elevation of 127.06 sagenes. This place is situated in country
which is both sandy and flat, while barely 6 versts away is the
Murghab river, upon which the station is dependent for its water-
supply. Twenty versts further the line meets the spreading prosperity
of the Yulatan oasis, from which the point derives its name. Yulatan
station stands at a height of 134.16 sagenes; and, although a
pleasant freshness is imparted by the oasis to its environment, the
general spectacle is very dreary, being broken only by the contours
of low dunes and undulating sand ridges. A small village has been
founded by the Russians on the banks of the stream, the first
colonists to establish themselves in Yulatan appearing in 1885. An
open square, surrounded by little brick and stone buildings
distinguishes the centre of the settlement. Four wide streets, along
the gutters of which are planted tall trees, radiate from it; while the
population consists principally of Persians, Khivans, Sarts, Armenians
and Bokharan Jews. The percentage of Russians is inconsiderable.
Yulatan contains the headquarters of the District Commissioner,
the Sixth Company of the 1st Trans-Caspian Railway Battalion and
two companies of the 1st Caucasian Rifle Battalion. There are also a
post and telegraph office, a mixed primary school, an hospital with
six beds, a synagogue and a large public garden. The trade is in the
hands of Bokharan Jews and the market assembles upon Mondays
and Thursdays. In the district around the station there is a Tekke
population of 15,000, occupied, for the most part, in the cotton
industry. By reason of its trade this station is the most important
commercial centre on the line. In 1901, for which statistics have only
just become available, there were:
Passengers.
Arrivals. Departures.
2108 2084
Imports. Exports.
Merchandise 10,569 poods Merchandise 30,161 poods.
Sugar 413 ” Wheat 2,109 ”
Kerosene 602 ” Barley 3,581 ”
Flour 856 ” Cotton 16,763 ”

These figures have increased greatly in more recent years, the bulk
of the trade from the Yulatan oasis line now converging upon this
point.
The third station from Merv is Sultan-i-band, some 76 versts
distant and at an altitude of 139.55 sagenes. A slight change in the
character of the country is here noticeable; the flat, sandy, barren
expanse which begins wherever the Yulatan oasis leaves off giving
place to dense reeds and marshes. Water is not drawn from the
Murghab river at this station, the supply coming from the Khani Yab
canal. Originally the region was fertilised by the Sultan-i-band; but
that once magnificent work has fallen into decay, and, although the
surrounding country contains a large Tekke population, there is very
little industry. The ruins of the Sultan-i-band lie in the immediate
vicinity,—the word “band” means “dam,”—this famous canal once
being connected very closely with the history of Old Merv when the
waters of the Murghab irrigated that oasis. But to-day the
commercial importance of the district is insignificant and in the year
under review only 3689 poods of cotton were forwarded to Merv.

on the central asian railway.

The environment of the next station, Imam Baba, which is 44

versts distant, reveals on account of the prevalence of malaria a very
desolate appearance. It is situated where the sand-hills approach
the banks of the Murghab river, but the spot is desert and marshy. It
rests 148.60 sagenes above the sea, drawing its water from the
Murghab river. There is little local industry and the district owing to
the fever, is very scantily populated.
The fifth station from Merv is Sari Yazi, where a small buffet
denotes its importance. The mean gradient of the line between Merv
and this point is 0.0005 and the distance is 157 versts. The depôt is
situated in the Murghab valley, bounded on the east by the Karabyl
hills, a low-lying ridge of sandy clay. It lies 155.57 sagenes high and
depends for its water upon the Murghab river. Sari Yazi occupies an
interesting region and is itself the site of an important Turcoman
fortress, now in ruins. Among the valleys on the northern slopes of
the Karabyl hills there are the traces of numerous Tekke villages,
whose men held the region in subjection while the women cultivated
the ground. At the station there are railway yards and workshops;
attached to it is an hospital with fifteen beds and barracks for one
company of the Railway Battalion. In 1901 there arrived:
Imports. Exports.
Merchandise, 9188 poods. Cotton and Merchandise, 2139 poods.

Tash Kepri, the sixth station from Merv and 197 versts from that
place, is situated in the broad valley of the Murghab river at its
confluence with the Kushk river. It is at a height of 164.0 sagenes
and the water-supply is from the Murghab river. The place derives its
name from a handsome old brick bridge of nine arches, which spans
the Kushk river at a distance of three-quarters of a mile to the
south-west of Ak Tepe and connects the station with the village. It is
also described as Pul-i-Khisti. The Karabyl hills, which bound the
valley of the Murghab on the east, here recede somewhat from the
river and there is a vestige of cultivation, the green plots imparting a
welcome note of relief to the general aspect of the scene. Close to
the station is a monument to the soldiers who fell during the
expedition of 1885, which was commanded by Lieut.-General
Komaroff. Among the trophies of the fight were eight guns and the
whole of the Afghan camp. The monument was erected at the
instance of the late Commander of the Forces in the Trans-Caspian
province, Lieut.-General Kuropatkin, by those who took part in the
fight together with the troops in garrison in the district. The
commercial development of the Tash Kepri district is growing and,
conformably with the increase of trade with Afghanistan, the station
itself is becoming of greater importance. In 1901 there were:
Arrivals. Departures.
1631 1710
Imports. Exports.
33,632 poods 41,913 poods

school children

Almost upon the frontier and connected with it by a carriage-road

22 versts in length, is Takhta Bazar, the headquarters of the Harzagi
section of the Pendjeh Sariks who control the Kashan valley
cultivation. It is situated on the Murghab river and is the only
settlement of importance in the Pendjeh district. The population
comprises Jews, Persians, Bokharans, Armenians, Khivans, Russians,
Afghans and Tartars. There are, including a native school under
Russian supervision, fifty-seven buildings, in the village of which at
least one-half belongs to the Jews. The Pendjeh Custom House, a
frontier establishment of the third class through which passes the
trade with Afghanistan, is situated near it. The trade statistics of the
year under notice are:
Exports.
Merchandise, 28,226 poods Roubles, 128,124.
Imports.
Sheep, 86,630
⎬ Roubles, 297,836.
Cattle, 2,863
From Pendjeh the main line, taking a south-westerly direction,
runs through the narrow valley of the Kushk river to Kushkinski Post.
Since the completion of this work a branch line has been carried
through from Tash Kepri a distance of 22 versts along the Murghab
to Tanur Sangi, affording a supplementary avenue of approach for
the purposes of concentration and the transport of stores to points
on the actual Russo-Afghan frontier. From this extension a further
line, 25 versts in length, has been projected towards Torashekh from
a little south-east of Pendjeh up the Kashan valley. Ten miles south-
east of Tanur Sangi, at Bala Murghab and 30 miles south of
Torashekh, at Kala Nao the Afghans possess strong frontier posts.
Herat already lay so snugly in the grasp of Russia that it might have
been spared this little further attention.
Kala-i-Mor, the station before Kushkinski Post, is situated almost
mid-way between Pendjeh and the terminus at Kushk. It is 244
versts from Merv and 202 sagenes above sea-level. The position of
the station, bounded by hills where wild boars are plentiful and snipe
and pheasants offer attractive sport, occupies a dreary and desolate
scene. There is little vegetation and considerable malaria; the local
springs are quite brackish as the result of extensive deposits of salt
in the sand. Fresh water is brought by train to the station where a
drinking-water reservoir has been established. No trade exists at
Kala-i-Mor, which fails to attract a population.
 Beyond Kala-i-Mor, at a distance of
259 versts from Merv, the line crosses
the Kushk river by a bridge with stone
abutments supported upon iron piles.
Half-way to Kushkinski Post station,
near the railway siding, are the ruins of
the small fortress of Chemen-i-Bed.
While approaching it the line passes
the Alexeieffski village, established by
Russian colonists in 1892 and
containing forty-one families. This
village and the neighbouring one of
Poltavski, founded in 1896 and where
there are thirty-five families, are the
most southern settlements within the
Russian Empire. The inhabitants exist
almost entirely by the exportation of
inconsiderable quantities of wheat, hay
and straw to Kushkinski Post for the
hindu traders at pendjeh
purposes of the garrison.
Kushkinski Post station, 306.4
sagenes above sea-level, is 293 versts from Merv. It possesses a fine
buffet. The military post, situated near the frontier in the broad
valley of the Kushk river, is bounded by the undulating slopes of the
Bend Chengurek chain, an off-shoot of the Paropamisus. With the
completion of the Murghab railway, Kushkinski Post immediately
attained special importance and, in 1900, it was declared a fortress
of the fourth rank. The hoisting of the Imperial standard over the
walls was carried out in the presence of the late Minister of War,
General Kuropatkin. In the early days, before the lines of the fortress
had been planned, Kushkinski Post comprised a number of detached
works within which the various arms were quartered. At that time,
too, the officers’ accommodation, consisting of one-storey buildings
roughly constructed out of mud, was in the railway settlement
where, pending the completion of the main works, long narrow
sheds for the use of the troops had been erected. Now improvement
has followed upon preliminary chaos and the men are comfortably
housed in cool barracks upon the upper slopes of the adjacent
heights. The officers are disposed with equal care and convenience
elsewhere. Public buildings likewise have improved upon their
original sites. The military hospital, the post and telegraph bureau
and the Custom House have taken up locations upon high ground,
their positions crowned, if not protected by forts upon the crest of
these very useful eminences. Kushkinski Post, therefore, may be said
to be a thriving settlement where, if the hours are wearisome and
the days charged with ennui, there is always the prospect of a “dust
up.”
Attempts have been made from time to time, by officers stationed
at Kushkinski Post, to become familiar with the officers in command
of the Afghan posts across the frontier. More often these attempts at
friendliness have been rebuffed, the Afghan soldiery neither
accepting advances from the Russians nor making any overtures
themselves. Strained relations exist, as a rule, between military
posts on either side of any frontier, although, in regard to the Russo-
Afghan frontier, there was an occasion when friendly conditions
prevailed between the Russians and the Afghans.[10] At that time the
staff of the frontier regiment on guard along the Afghan side of the
border had accepted an invitation to the mess at the Russian post.
They arrived in due course—appearing in all the full-dress grandeur
of second-hand railway uniforms! The officer commanding the
detachment exhibited on the collar of his tunic the mystic words
“Ticket Collector”; his subordinate, a subaltern, was content with the
less exalted label of “Guard.” Out of courtesy to their guests the
Russians suppressed their merriment, receiving nevertheless the
impression that a portion of the subsidy, granted by the Government
of India to the Amir of Afghanistan, was taken out in the castoff
uniforms of British public companies. The facts were that the Amir,
through his Agent in India, had acquired a large parcel of discarded
clothing at one of the annual sales of condemned stores in Northern
India.
 This exchange of courtesies on the frontier illustrates only the
pleasant side of service in this region. More serious incidents occur.
Occasionally in the heat of the chase, when parties of Russian
officers have crossed the frontier in pursuit of their quarry they have
been fired upon by the Afghan patrols or ridden down by Afghan
sowars. Sporting trips around Kushkinski Post or in the valleys of the
Murghab are infrequent among the Russians, although wild boar
abound in the thick patches of reeds which hem in the banks of the
rivers; the tufts of grass, the hardy scrub and the patches of bush
also afford excellent cover for partridges and pheasants. The scarcity
of good water at any distance from the railway is the great drawback
to such excursions, since the transport of water is both costly and
cumbersome. In cantonments goat-skins of the precious fluid are
brought for sale by water-sellers who come round, earning a
precarious livelihood by their industry.
This custom, which prevails throughout the East, was once turned
to account by an Afghan who was afterwards discovered to be an
Hazara sapper from the Kabul garrison. Disguised as a water-seller
he spent three weeks at Kushkinski Post, conducting an exhaustive
inspection of the works and coming every night and morning to the
fort with his supplies of water. Chance, which in Asia plays no less a
part in the affairs of man than in Europe, threw across his path a
native who had visited Kabul some weeks before with letters from
the Governor-General of Turkestan. The Afghan had been deputed
by the Amir to attend to the Turkestani. He had met and escorted
him to the capital and back again to the western boundary. As the
Russian had entered Afghanistan from the Kushkinski Post, along the
Hari Rud valley, he was conducted from the capital to the frontier by
the route he had first followed. At the frontier he had dismissed his
Afghan attendant, who promptly proceeded to disguise himself as a
water-carrier and to obtain admission to the station. Here he busied
himself daily until, meeting of a sudden his late charge, recognition
upon the part of the Russian subject was immediate and the spy was
arrested in the act of escaping from the precincts of the fort.
Suspicion as to the man’s identity became assured when a packet of
notes was found, wrapped in a rubber sheath, at the bottom of the
goat-skin water-bag.
Until the advent of the railway the colony at Kushkinski Post apart
from the garrison, comprised a few Armenian and Persian traders.
With the prolongation of the line from Merv the civilian population
began to increase rapidly. There is, of course, no hotel in the station;
although the officers of the garrison have established a small military
club wherein they mess together and where, when the bi-weekly
trains bring the supply of ice, there is usually an animated gathering
of desolated humanity. At the present time there are in Kushkinski
Post 123 buildings, of which some thirty odd belong to private
persons. Apart from the garrison the civil population numbers fifty
people.

native water-sellers

Kushkinski Post station consists of a handsome, spacious

structure in the white stone which is brought from quarries in the
basin of the Kushk. The railway buildings include a depôt with
workshops, eight bungalows for the heads of the staff and special
quarters for the employés. There are also large barracks for the 6th
Company of the 1st Trans-Caspian Railway Battalion, who are not
included in the field state of the post. All buildings are lighted by
electricity and the workshops are furnished with electric motors,
while the water is drawn from springs on Gumesli mountain.
Kushk region is malarial in consequence of the marshy nature of
the surrounding country. For some years past measures have been
undertaken with a view to draining the swamps and regulating the
running of the streams. By these means it has been hoped to render
more healthy the general environment of the station, including the
fortress works, Kushkinski village and the district lying between the
Afghan frontier post of Kara Teppe and the Russian Alexeieffski and
Poltavski villages.
The specific disease which makes duty in the Murghab and Kushk
valleys peculiarly obnoxious is a low fever of an endemic nature. Its
pathological history is still undetermined and, although investigations
have been made into its character and numerous experiments
essayed, the malady is usually fatal. In general, the patient is
stricken suddenly when the liver would appear immediately to be
affected, the skin becoming yellow and the sufferer lapsing into
unconsciousness within a few hours of the attack. Systematic study
of the disease has enabled the medical authorities to trace it
indirectly to the soil from which, just as in Africa and any of the
countries lying within the fever belt, germs are released whenever it
is disturbed. In this way the most infectious points in the Kushk and
Murghab valleys are those lying within the cultivated areas, more
especially around those places where digging operations are of
frequent occurrence. As the order of life becomes more settled and
the necessity for any interference with the soil disappears, it is
anticipated that the extreme virulence of the disease may diminish.
At one time the soldiers of the Railway Battalions were so
susceptible to its ravages that its course assumed the appearance of
an epidemic.
 No commercial importance belongs to Kushkinski Post and it is
solely the strategic considerations which attach to it that give it so
much value. In the hands of Russia and commanding the trade
routes into Afghanistan, as well as the road to Herat, Kushkinski Post
well might play a leading part in the settlement of questions still
outstanding between Russia and Great Britain in respect of
Afghanistan. Whether the existence of the post will promote the
development of trade relations, which are now restricted by the
Amir’s Government and directed by the Afghan frontier authorities
through Khorassan, remains to be seen. Nothing can underestimate
its significance. The post, together with the whole of this branch
line, is a deliberate military measure against Afghanistan, the
boundaries of which kingdom can almost be seen from the ramparts
of the forts which crown the crest of the hills.
 khorassan dervish

Eighteen versts to the south of the fortress, at Chahil Dukteran,

there is the post of the Russian Frontier Guard and the present
terminus of the Murghab Valley railway. Beyond may be noted the
solitary figures of the Russian sentinels keeping their beat along the
extensive line of their position; while southward and serving at the
moment for a caravan route lies the road to Herat. As an interesting
link in the chain of evidence which points to the future use of this
road in another way, there is the existence of a large store of light
railway plant prepared for the purposes of extending it into
Afghanistan itself, whenever the troops of Russia may require to be
carried forward to the walls of Herat through the passes of the
Paropamisus, a little less than 80 miles.