COMPUTER SCIENCE
SUBJECT NAME : WEB TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER NO : 8
CHAPTER NAME : Server Side Programming
with PHP
LECTURE NO: 2
1
PHP Logical Operators
The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional
statements.
Example
<?php
$a = 10;
$b = 4;
$c = 15;
echo $a>$b and $b<$c;
?>
PHP String Operators
PHP has two operators that are specially designed for strings.
Example
Concatenation using comma (,) operator
PHP Array Operators
The PHP array operators are used to compare arrays.
PHP Conditional Assignment Operators
The PHP conditional assignment operators are used to set a
value depending on conditions:
Example
<?php
$a = 10;
$b = 4;
$result = $a>$b ? $a : $c;
echo $result;
?>
PHP Control Statements
PHP supports the following control statements
Conditional Statements
Loop Statements
Conditional Statements
In PHP we have the following conditional statements:
if statement - executes some code if one condition is true
if...else statement - executes some code if a condition is true and
another code if that condition is false
if...elseif...else statement - executes different codes for more than
two conditions
switch statement - selects one of many blocks of code to be
executed
The if Statement
The if statement executes some code if one condition is true.
Syntax
if (condition) {
code to be executed if condition is true;
}
Example: -
<?php
$t = 21;
if ($t < "20") {
echo "Have a good day!";
}
?>
The if...else Statement
The if...else statement executes some code if a condition is
true and another code if that condition is false.
Syntax
if (condition) {
code to be executed if condition is true;
} else {
code to be executed if condition is false;
}
<?php
$t = 10;
if ($t < "20") {
echo "Have a good day!";
} else {
echo "Have a good night!";
}
?>
The if...elseif...else Statement
The if...elseif...else statement executes different codes for
more than two conditions.
Syntax
if (condition) {
code to be executed if this condition is true;
} elseif (condition) {
code to be executed if first condition is false and this condition is true;
} else {
code to be executed if all conditions are false;
}
Example
<?php
$t = 9;
if ($t < "10") {
echo "Have a good morning!";
} elseif ($t < "20") {
echo "Have a good day!";
} else {
echo "Have a good night!";
}
?>
The PHP switch Statement
Use the switch statement to select one of many blocks of code to be
executed.
Syntax
switch (n) {
case label1:
code to be executed if n=label1;
break;
case label2:
code to be executed if n=label2;
break;
case label3:
code to be executed if n=label3;
break;
...
default:
code to be executed if n is different from all labels;
}
Example
<?php
$favcolor = "red";
switch ($favcolor) {
case "red":
echo "Your favorite color is red!";
break;
case "blue":
echo "Your favorite color is blue!";
break;
case "green":
echo "Your favorite color is green!";
break;
default:
echo "Your favorite color is neither red, blue, nor green!";
}
?>
PHP Loops
In PHP, we have the following loop types:
while - loops through a block of code as long as the specified
condition is true
do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the
loop as long as the specified condition is true
for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times
foreach - loops through a block of code for each element in an array
The PHP while Loop
The while loop executes a block of code as long as the
specified condition is true.
Syntax
while (condition is true) {
code to be executed;
}
<?php
$x = 1;
while($x <= 5) {
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
$x++;
}
?>
do...while Loop
The do...while loop will always execute the block of code once, it will then check
the condition, and repeat the loop while the specified condition is true.
Syntax
do {
code to be executed;
} while (condition is true);
<?php
$x = 1;
do {
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
$x++;
} while ($x <= 5);
?>
The PHP for Loop
The for loop is used when you know in advance how
many times the script should run.
Syntax
for (init counter; test counter; increment counter) {
code to be executed for each iteration;
}
<?php
for ($x = 0; $x <= 10; $x++) {
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
}
?>
PHP Arrays
An array stores multiple values in one single variable:
Create an Array in PHP
In PHP, the array() function is used to create an array.
In PHP, there are three types of arrays:
Indexed arrays - Arrays with a numeric index
Associative arrays - Arrays with named keys
Indexed arrays
In PHP, the array() function is used to create an array.
Arrays with a numeric index.
<?php
$fruits = array('apple','orange','grapes','mango');
echo $fruits[0];
?>
Empty Array
$fruits = array();
count()
function used to get the length of the array.
<?php
$fruits = array('apple','orange','grapes','mango');
echo count($fruits);
?>
Iterating Arrays
for loop can be used to run through the array elements.
<?php
$fruits = array('apple','orange','grapes','mango');
for($i=0;$i<count($fruits);$i++)
{
echo $fruits[$i] . '<br>';
}
?>
Iterate the PHP Arrays using foreach
The foreach loop - Loops through a block of code for each element in
an array.
<?php
$fruits = array('apple','orange','grapes','mango');
foreach($fruits as $value)
{
echo $value . '<br>';
}
?>
foreach() with key and value
<?php
$fruits = array('apple','orange','grapes','mango');
foreach($fruits as $key=>$value){
echo $key." ". $value . '<br>';
}
?>
Array Operators
+ operator can be used perform the union operation between
two arrays.
The Union operator appends the right-hand array appended to left-
hand array. ;
If a key exists in both arrays, the elements from the left-hand array
will be used, and the matching elements from the right-hand array
will be ignored.
<?php
$x = Array(1,2,3,4);
$y = Array(5,6,7,8,9,10);
$z = $x + $y;
var_dump($z);
?>
Comparison of arrays
== operator used to compare two arrays
<?php
$x = Array(1,2,3,4);
$y = Array(1,2,3,4);
echo ($x==$y);
?>
PHP Associative Arrays
Associative arrays are arrays that use named keys that
you assign to them.
<?php
$names = array();
//save data
$names['101'] = 'john';
$names['102'] = 'anish';
$names['103'] = 'victor';
//accessing using key
echo $names['102'];
?>
Loop Through an Associative Array
To loop through and print all the values of an associative
array, you could use a foreach loop,
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
foreach($age as $x => $x_value) {
echo "Key=" . $x . ", Value=" . $x_value;
echo "<br>";
}
?>
Read all keys
The array_keys() function returns an array containing the
keys.
<?php
$a=array("Volvo"=>"XC90","BMW"=>"X5","Toyota"=>"Highlander");
print_r(array_keys($a));
?>
Reading all values
The array_values() function returns an array containing all the
values of an array.
<?php
$a=array("Name"=>"Peter","Age"=>"41","Country"=>"USA");
print_r(array_values($a));
?>
PHP Global Variables – Superglobals
Some predefined variables in PHP are "superglobals", which means
that they are always accessible, regardless of scope - and you can
access them from any function, class or file without having to do
anything special.
The PHP superglobal variables are:
$GLOBALS
$_SERVER
$_POST
$_GET
$_REQUEST
$_FILES
$_COOKIE
$_SESSION
$GLOBALS
$GLOBALS is a PHP super global variable which is used to access global
variables from anywhere in the PHP script (also from within functions or
methods).
PHP stores all global variables in an array called $GLOBALS[index]. The index
holds the name of the variable.
<?php
function fun(){
$y = 20;
$GLOBALS['x'] = 10;
}
fun();
echo $x . "<br>";
echo $y;
?>
$_SERVER
$_SERVER is a PHP super global variable which holds information
about headers, paths, and script locations.
• $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] Returns the filename of the currently executing script
• $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'] Returns the name of the host server
• $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] Returns the Host header from the current request
• $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'] Returns the complete URL of the current page
• $_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR'] Returns the IP address of the host server
• $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] Returns the name of the client browser
• $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] Returns the path of the current script
$_SERVER Example
<?php
echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'];
?>
PHP Form Handling
Super Global Variables
$_GET
To read form data send by HTTP method GET.
$_POST
To read form data send by HTTP method POST.
$_REQUEST
To read form data send by HTTP method both GET and POST.
Example
<form method="get" action=“server.php">
Name: <input type="text" name="fname"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
server.php
<?php
$name = $_GET['fname'];
echo $name;
?>
Example
<form method=“post" action=“server.php">
Name: <input type="text" name="fname"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
server.php
<?php
$name = $_POST['fname'];
echo $name;
?>
How HTTP submits form data?
HTTP GET Request
http://localhost/PhpProject1/register.php?user=arul&pass=cse&email=arul%40gmail.com
How HTTP submits form data?
http://localhost/PhpProject1/register.php?user=arul&pass=c
se&email=arul%40gmail.com
PHP Program
$_GET is an associative array
HTTP writes the form data in Super global variable $_GET automatically
GET vs. POST
Both GET and POST create an array (e.g. array( key1 =>
value1, key2 => value2, key3 => value3, ...)).
This array holds key/value pairs, where keys are the names of
the form controls and values are the input data from the user.
$_GET is an array of variables passed to the current script via the
URL parameters.
$_POST is an array of variables passed to the current script via the
HTTP POST method.
