Stack Data Structure

What is a Stack?
A stack is a linear data structure where elements are stored in the LIFO (Last In First
Out) principle where the last element inserted would be the first element to be deleted.
A stack is an Abstract Data Type (ADT), that is popularly used in most programming
languages. It is named stack because it has the similar operations as the real-world
stacks, for example − a pack of cards or a pile of plates, etc.

Stack is considered a complex data structure because it uses other data structures for
implementation, such as Arrays, Linked lists, etc.

Stack Representation
A stack allows all data operations at one end only. At any given time, we can only
access the top element of a stack.

The following diagram depicts a stack and its operations −

A stack can be implemented by means of Array, Structure, Pointer, and Linked List.
Stack can either be a fixed size one or it may have a sense of dynamic resizing. Here,
we are going to implement stack using arrays, which makes it a fixed size stack
implementation.

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Basic Operations on Stacks

Stack operations are usually performed for initialization, usage and, de-initialization of
the stack ADT.

The most fundamental operations in the stack ADT include: push(), pop(), peek(),
isFull(), isEmpty(). These are all built-in operations to carry out data manipulation and
to check the status of the stack.

Stack uses pointers that always point to the topmost element within the stack, hence
called as the top pointer.

Stack Insertion: push()

The push() is an operation that inserts elements into the stack. The following is an
algorithm that describes the push() operation in a simpler way.

Algorithm

1. Checks if the stack is full.

2. If the stack is full, produces an error and exit.
3. If the stack is not full, increments top to point next
empty space.
4. Adds data element to the stack location, where top
is pointing.
5. Returns success.

Example
Following are the implementations of this operation in various programming languages
−

C C++ Java Python

Open Compiler

#include <iostream>
 int MAXSIZE = 8;
int stack[8];
int top = -1;

/* Check if the stack is full*/

int isfull(){
if(top == MAXSIZE)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}

/* Function to insert into the stack */

int push(int data){
if(!isfull()) {
top = top + 1;
stack[top] = data;
} else {
printf("Could not insert data, Stack is full.\n");
}
return data;
}

/* Main function */
int main(){
int i;
push(44);
push(10);
push(62);
push(123);
push(15);
printf("Stack Elements: \n");

// print stack data

for(i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
printf("%d ", stack[i]);
}
return 0;
}

Output
 Stack Elements:
44 10 62 123 15 0 0 0

Note − In Java we have used to built-in method push() to perform this operation.

Stack Deletion: pop()

The pop() is a data manipulation operation which removes elements from the stack.
The following pseudo code describes the pop() operation in a simpler way.

Algorithm

1. Checks if the stack is empty.

2. If the stack is empty, produces an error and exit.
3. If the stack is not empty, accesses the data element at
which top is pointing.
4. Decreases the value of top by 1.
5. Returns success.

Example
Following are the implementations of this operation in various programming languages
−

C C++ Java Python

Open Compiler

#include <iostream>
int MAXSIZE = 8;
int stack[8];
int top = -1;

/* Check if the stack is empty */

int isempty(){
if(top == -1)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
/* Check if the stack is full*/
int isfull(){
if(top == MAXSIZE)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}

/* Function to delete from the stack */

int pop(){
int data;
if(!isempty()) {
data = stack[top];
top = top - 1;
return data;
} else {
printf("Could not retrieve data, Stack is empty.\n");
}
return data;
}

/* Function to insert into the stack */

int push(int data){
if(!isfull()) {
top = top + 1;
stack[top] = data;
} else {
printf("Could not insert data, Stack is full.\n");
}
return data;
}

/* Main function */
int main(){
int i;
push(44);
push(10);
push(62);
push(123);
push(15);
printf("Stack Elements: \n");
 // print stack data
for(i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
printf("%d ", stack[i]);
}

/*printf("Element at top of the stack: %d\n" ,peek());*/

printf("\nElements popped: \n");

// print stack data

while(!isempty()) {
int data = pop();
printf("%d ",data);
}
return 0;
}

Output
Stack Elements:
44 10 62 123 15 0 0 0
Elements popped:
15 123 62 10 44

Note − In Java we are using the built-in method pop().

Retrieving topmost Element from Stack: peek()

The peek() is an operation retrieves the topmost element within the stack, without
deleting it. This operation is used to check the status of the stack with the help of the
top pointer.

Algorithm

1. START
2. return the element at the top of the stack
3. END

Example
Following are the implementations of this operation in various programming languages
−
 C C++ Java Python

Open Compiler

#include <iostream>
int MAXSIZE = 8;
int stack[8];
int top = -1;

/* Check if the stack is full */

int isfull(){
if(top == MAXSIZE)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}

/* Function to return the topmost element in the stack */

int peek(){
return stack[top];
}

/* Function to insert into the stack */

int push(int data){
if(!isfull()) {
top = top + 1;
stack[top] = data;
} else {
printf("Could not insert data, Stack is full.\n");
}
return data;
}

/* Main function */
int main(){
int i;
push(44);
push(10);
push(62);
push(123);
push(15);
 printf("Stack Elements: \n");

// print stack data

for(i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
printf("%d ", stack[i]);
}
printf("\nElement at top of the stack: %d\n" ,peek());
return 0;
}

Output
Stack Elements:
44 10 62 123 15 0 0 0
Element at top of the stack: 15

Verifying whether the Stack is full: isFull()

The isFull() operation checks whether the stack is full. This operation is used to check
the status of the stack with the help of top pointer.

Algorithm

1. START
2. If the size of the stack is equal to the top position of the stack,
the stack is full. Return 1.
3. Otherwise, return 0.
4. END

Example
Following are the implementations of this operation in various programming languages
−

C C++ Java Python

Open Compiler

#include <iostream>
int MAXSIZE = 8;
int stack[8];
int top = -1;
 /* Check if the stack is full */
int isfull(){
if(top == MAXSIZE)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}

/* Main function */
int main(){
printf("Stack full: %s\n" , isfull()?"true":"false");
return 0;
}

Output
Stack full: false

Verifying whether the Stack is empty: isEmpty()

The isEmpty() operation verifies whether the stack is empty. This operation is used to
check the status of the stack with the help of top pointer.

Algorithm

1. START
2. If the top value is -1, the stack is empty. Return 1.
3. Otherwise, return 0.
4. END

Example
Following are the implementations of this operation in various programming languages
−

C C++ Java Python

Open Compiler

#include <iostream>
int MAXSIZE = 8;
 int stack[8];
int top = -1;

/* Check if the stack is empty */

int isempty(){
if(top == -1)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}

/* Main function */
int main(){
printf("Stack empty: %s\n" , isempty()?"true":"false");
return 0;
}

Output
Stack empty: true

Stack Complete implementation

Following are the complete implementations of Stack in various programming languages
−

C C++ Java Python

Open Compiler

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int MAXSIZE = 8;
int stack[8];
int top = -1;
/* Check if the stack is empty */
int isempty(){
if(top == -1)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
/* Check if the stack is full */
int isfull(){
if(top == MAXSIZE)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
/* Function to return the topmost element in the stack */
int peek(){
return stack[top];
}
/* Function to delete from the stack */
int pop(){
int data;
if(!isempty()) {
data = stack[top];
top = top - 1;
return data;
} else
cout << "Could not retrieve data, Stack is empty." << endl;
}
/* Function to insert into the stack */
int push(int data){
if(!isfull()) {
top = top + 1;
stack[top] = data;
} else
cout << "Could not insert data, Stack is full." << endl;
}
/* Main function */
int main(){
push(44);
push(10);
push(62);
push(123);
push(15);
cout << "Element at top of the stack: " << peek() << endl;
printf("Elements: \n");
// print stack data
while(!isempty()) {
int data = pop();
cout << data <<endl;
 }
printf("Stack full: %s\n" , isfull()?"true":"false");
printf("Stack empty: %s\n" , isempty()?"true":"false");
return 0;
}

Output
Element at top of the stack: 15
Elements:
15
123
62
10
44
Stack full: false
Stack empty: true

Stack Implementation in C
Click to check the implementation of Stack Program using C