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Engineer Computer Graphics

Computer engineering

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mayurdeshmukh3992
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6 views

Engineer Computer Graphics

Computer engineering

Uploaded by

mayurdeshmukh3992
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Prof.

MEHTA Computer Graphics : 9819192707


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Architecture of Raster Graphics System with


Display processor, Architecture of
Random Scan Systems
Interactive raster-graphics systems typically employ several processing units. In
addition to the CPU, a special purpose processor called the video controller or display
controller is used to control the operation of the display device.

The figure shows the organization of a raster system. The frame buffer can be
anywhere in the system memory, and the video controller access the frame buffer to
refresh the screen.

Video Controller
A fixed area of the system memory is reserved for the frame buffer, and the video
controller is given direct access to the frame buffer memory. The co-ordinates of the
graphics monitor starts at the lower left screen corner. Positive x values increasing to
the right and y values increasing from bottom to top.

The above diagram shows the refresh operation of video controller. Two registers are
used to store the co-ordinates of the screen pixels. Initially x=0 and y=ymax. The value
stored in the frame buffer corresponding to this pixel position is retrieved. And the x
value is incremented by 1 and the corresponding y value is retrieved, like that the
pixel values are retrieved line by line. Once the last pixel is reached again the registers
are reset to initial value to repeat the process.

Display Processor
The purpose of the display processor or graphics controller is to free the CPU from
the graphics chores. In addition to the system memory a separate display processor
memory area can also provided.
Prof. MEHTA Computer Graphics : 9819192707
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A major task of the display processor is digitizing a picture definition given in an


application program into a set of pixel-intensity values for storage in the frame buffer.
This digitization process is called scan conversion. Lines and other geometric objects
are converted into set of discrete intensity points. Characters can be defined with
rectangular grids, or they can be defined with curved outlines.

To reduce the memory space required to store the image information, each scan line
are stored as a set of integer pairs. One number of each pair indicates an intensity
value, and the second number specifies number of adjacent pixels the scan line that
is also having same intensity. This technique is called run-length encoding.

ADVANTAGES:

• Real life images with different shades can be displayed.


• Color range available is bigger than random scan display.

DISADVANTAGES:

• Resolution is lower than random scan display.


• More memory is required.
• Data about the intensities of all pixel has to be stored.
Prof. MEHTA Computer Graphics : 9819192707
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Random-scan Systems:
An application program is input and stored in the system memory along with a
graphics package. Graphics commands in the program are translated by the graphics
package into a display file stored in the system memory. This display file is then
accessed by the display processor to refresh the screen. The display processor cycles
through each command in the display file program once during every refresh cycle.
Sometimes the display processor in a random-scan system is refreshed to as a display
processing unit or a graphics controller.

Graphic patterns are drawn on a random scan system by directing the electron beam
along the component lines of the picture. Lines are defined by the values for their co-
ordinate endpoints, and these input co-ordinate values are converted to x and y
deflection voltages. A scene is then drawn one line at a time by positioning the beam
to fill in the line between specified endpoints.

ADVANTAGES:

• Higher resolution as compared to raster scan display.


• Produces smooth line drawing.
• Less Memory required.

DISADVANTAGES:

• Realistic images with different shades cannot be drawn.


• Colour limitations.
Prof. MEHTA Computer Graphics : 9819192707
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S.No Basic Random Scan Raster Scan

1. Resolution Higher than raster scan. Lower than random scan.

Cost of raster scan is lesser than


2. Cost It is costlier than raster scan.
random scan.

3. Interlacing Interlacing is not used. Interlacing is used.

Mathematical function is used For image or picture rendering,


Line for image or picture rendering. raster scan uses pixels. It is
4.
Drawings It is suitable for applications suitable for creating realistic
requiring polygon drawings. scenes.

Electron Beam is directed to Electron Beam is directed from


Motion of
only that part of screen where top to bottom and one row at a
5. Electron
picture is required to be drawn, time on screen. It is directed to
Beam
one line at a time. whole screen.

Picture As a set of line commands in As a set of intensity values of


6.
Definition the Refresh buffer. the pixels in the frame buffer.

Refresh rate depends on the Refresh rate is 60 to 80 frames


Refresh
7. number of lines to be displayed per second and is independent
Rate
i.e. 30 to 60 times per second. of picture complexity.

8. Example CRO, DVST TV, Computer Monitor

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