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CHAPTER 2

KINEMATICS
Q1: Define Mechanics and Kinematics?
Ans: MECHANICS
The branch of physics which is related with the study of motion of objects is called
Mechanics.
It can be divided into two sub branches
1. Kinematics.
2. Dynamics.
KINEMATICS
The word kinematics is derived from Greek word “Kinema” which means motion. It
can be defined as:
“Kinematics is the branch of Mechanics which deals with motion of objects without
reference of force which causes motion.”

Q2: Define Rest and Motion. Give examples.

Ans: REST
A body is said to be at rest, if it does not change its position with respect to its
surroundings e.g., a book lying on the table etc.
MOTION
A body is said to be in motion, if it changes its position with respect to its
surroundings e.g., a moving bus, a person walking on the road etc.
Q3: What is meant by relative motion?

Ans: RELATIVE MOTION

A relative motion is a motion observed in an object with respect to some other object.

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Suppose there are four passengers (A, B, C and D) sitting in a moving car at the speed
of 60 Km/h. If we compare the motion of passenger A with respect to other passengers
in the car then we can easily say that the relative motion of A to passengers B, C and D
is zero but the person observing all four passengers from outside will say that all four
passengers are in motion with the speed of 60 Km/h because the relative motion of car
with respect to observer is 60 Km/h. This is called relative motion.

Q4. Define Translatory Motion?

Ans: Translatory motion can be defined as:

“When all points of a moving body move uniformly along the same straight line, such
motion is called translatory motion.”

Linear, circular and random motion of objects is regarded as translatory motion.

Q5. What is vibratory motion?

Ans: Vibratory motion can be defined as:

“Back and forth motion of a body about its mean position is called vibratory or
oscillatory motion.”

Vibratory motion is also called oscillatory motion.

Example: motion of simple pendulum, vibration of strings in guitar or sitar, vibration

of mobile phones, vibration of vocal cords and many more.

Q6. What is rotatory motion?

Ans: Rotatory motion can be defined as:

“The spinning motion of a body around a fixed axis which passes through the body
itself is called rotatory motion”.

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The fixed point is called axis of rotation.

Examples: the rotation of Earth around its axis, motion of wheel in automobiles,
motion of spin top etc.

Q7. Differentiate between translatory motion, rotatory motion and vibratory

motion.

Ans: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRANSLATORY, ROTATORY AND

VIBRATORY MOTION

Q8: What is the difference between Distance and Displacement?

Ans: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

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S.No. PROPERTY DISTANCE DISPLACEMENT

Displacement is the shortest distance

between two points.
The complete length of the path
OR
1 Definition between any two points is called
Displacement is the distance travelled in
distance.
a particular direction.

2 Symbol S

Distance is a scalar quantity as it Displacement is a vector quantity as it

3 Quantity only depends upon the magnitude depends upon both magnitude and
and not the direction. direction.

4 Formula Speed × Time Velocity × Time

Distance is not indicated with an Displacement is always indicated with

5 Indication arrow. This means that it does not an arrow. This means that it has an
have arrow over its symbol. arrow over its symbol.

6 Unit Meter (m) Meter (m)

Q9: Define speed. Also write formula and unit of speed.

Ans: SPEED

Speed can be defined as “the distance travelled by a body in unit time”

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OR

Speed is the ratio of the distance travelled by the body to the time taken by the body to
cover that distance.

Speed is a scalar quantity.

Formula of speed:

Speed = Distance travelled by the body

Time taken to cover the distance

V= S

t
Unit of speed:

−1
The S.I unit of speed is meter per second (m/s or m ).

Q10: Define Uniform Speed.

Ans: UNIFORM SPEED

An object is said to be in uniform speed when the object covers equal distance in equal
time intervals.

Q11: Define velocity. Also write its unit and formula.

Ans: VELOCITY

The displacement (d) covered by a body in a unit time ( ) is called velocity. It is denoted
by .

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OR

The time rate of change of displacement of a body is called velocity.

Unit of velocity:

−1
Velocity is a vector quantity and its SI unit is meter per second (m/s or m ).

Formula of velocity:

Velocity = Change in displacement of a body

Time taken by the body to cover displacement

= d

Q12: Define uniform velocity?

Ans: UNIFORM VELOCITY

If a body covers equal displacement in equal intervals of time, then the body is said to
be moving with uniform velocity or constant velocity. In uniform velocity, the speed
as well as direction of the body does not change with time.

Q13: Define Acceleration. Also write formula and unit of Acceleration.

Ans: ACCELERATION

The measure of change in velocity” ∆ ” with the passage of time “ ”is called
acceleration.

OR
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Time rate of change of velocity of a body is called acceleration.

Formula of Acceleration:

Acceleration= Change in Velocity

Time

Acceleration= (Final Velocity) − (Initial Velocity)

Time

= ∆v

= vf - vi

Unit of Acceleration:

Acceleration is a vector quantity and its SI unit is meter per second square (m/s2 or ms-
2
)

Q14: Define Uniform Acceleration?

Ans: UNIFORM ACCELERATION

A body is said to be moving with uniform acceleration, if equal change occurs in velocity
in equal intervals of time. Uniform acceleration can be calculated by using the following
formula:

Q15: Define Scalar and Vector quantities with example.

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Ans: SCALAR QUANTITIES

Physical quantities which are completely specified by magnitude only are called Scalar
quantities.

OR

Those physical quantities which have magnitude only but no direction, are called Scalar
quantities. Scalar quantities can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided by using
simple arithmetic methods.

Examples of scalar quantities: Time, Energy, Temperature, Mass, Distance, Speed,

Work, Intensity of Light, Amount of substance etc.

VECTOR QUANTITIES

Physical quantities which are specified by magnitude as well as direction are called
Vector quantities.

OR

Those physical quantities which have magnitude and direction both are called Vector
quantities. Vector quantities cannot be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided by
using simple arithmetic methods. We use trigonometric method or vector algebra to
perform these arithmetic operations. A vector quantity is represented graphically by
using a line segment with an arrow head. The length of a line gives magnitude and arrow
head gives direction.

Examples of vector quantities: Weight, Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Force,

Pressure, Torque, Momentum, etc.

Q16: Differentiate between vector and scalar quantities.

Ans: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES

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Parameters Scalar Vector

A scalar quantity has only Vector quantity has both magnitude

Meaning
magnitude, but no direction. and direction.

Every scalar quantity is one- Vector quantity can be one, two or

Quantities dimensional e.g., Time, three-dimensional e.g., Force, Velocity,
Temperature, Mass etc. Pressure etc.

It changes with the change in their It either changes with the change in its
Change
magnitude direction or magnitude or both.

They are denoted by boldface letters,

They are denoted by simple
Expression e.g., V for velocity or putting an
alphabets, e.g., V for velocity.
arrowhead over the letter.

A car is moving at a speed of 30 A car is moving with a velocity of 30 Km

Example
Km per hour. per hour in the East.

Q17: How represent vector quantities are represented graphically?

Ans: Vector diagram is an easy way to represent a vector quantity. The directed line
segment can be used to represent a vector. The length of the line segment gives the
magnitude of the vector and arrow head gives its direction. For example, Fig represents
velocity of a car travailing at 50 m/s in the direction of 300 North of East.

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Q18: Derive First Equation of Motion

Ans: FIRST EQUATION OF MOTION

Suppose a body is moving with initial velocity vi and is undergoing uniform

acceleration "a" for a time "t" such that its final velocity becomes vf.

Change in velocity of the body in time t = vf - vi

Therefore, change in velocity in unit time = vf - vi

As change in velocity in unit time (i.e., the rate of change velocity) is called
acceleration.

Therefore

a = vf - vi

vf - vi = at

Therefore,

vf = vi + at
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This is the first equation of motion.

Q19: Derive Second Equation of Motion.

Ans: SECOND EQUATION OF MOTION

Suppose a body starts with an initial velocity vi and travels with uniform acceleration
"a" for a period of time t. The distance covered by the body in this time is "S" and its
final velocity becomes vf.

Since the acceleration is uniform, the velocity of the body increases or decreases by
equal amount in equal time intervals i.e., the velocity changes at a constant rate.

Therefore, Average velocity

Vavg -------------> Eq 1

By putting the value of Vf from first equation of motion in Eq 1 we get

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Q20: Derive Third Equation of Motion

Ans: THIRD EQUATION OF MOTION

OR

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This is known as Third equation of motion.

Q21: What is motion under gravity. Also write equations of motion under
gravity.

Ans: MOTION UNDER GRAVITY

If an object is thrown vertically upward it rises to a particular height and then falls back
to the ground. This is due to the attraction of the earth on the object which pulls the
object towards the ground. During the upward motion of the object, this attraction
causes deceleration in the object, whereas the object is accelerated during the downward
motion. The attraction of the earth on the thrown object is called gravitational attraction
or gravity and the acceleration caused by this attraction is known as acceleration due to
gravity. The motion of object in such cases is called motion under gravity.

The acceleration due to gravity is represented by "g" and its value is 9.8ms-2 directed
downward towards the center of the earth.

The equations of motion for the bodies moving freely under gravity can be written as

Q22: Is it possible for a body to have acceleration if its speed is constant?

A: Yes, a body can accelerate if its speed is constant.

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Explanation:

In uniform circular motion, the magnitude of velocity remains constant however, the
direction of velocity of the body changes with the time. When a body moves around a
circular path with a constant speed that means it is accelerated. So, we can say that a
body can be accelerated when it is moving with a constant speed not constant velocity.

Q23: Why gravity is taken negative for an object moving in upward direction?

Ans: Gravity is taken negative for an object moving in upward direction because when
an object moves upward then gravity acts against its direction of motion (since gravity
acts in downward direction) which reduces the acceleration of object or in other words
gravity causes de-acceleration in objects moving upward therefore its value is taken as
negative in such cases.

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